Mbese, Bibiliya yaba irimo ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe?

HASHIZE imyaka igera hafi kuri ibiri nyuma y’iyicwa rya Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Isirayeli witwaga Yitzhak Rabin mu mwaka wa 1995, hari umunyamakuru wihandagaje avuga ko yari yaravumbuye ubuhanuzi bwavugaga ibihereranye n’ibyo bintu buhishwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere wa Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo yifashishije ikoranabuhanga rya za orudinateri. Uwo munyamakuru witwa Michael Drosnin, yanditse avuga ko yari yaragerageje kuburira minisitiri w’intebe mu gihe gisaga umwaka mbere y’uko yicwa, ariko ntibyagira icyo bitanga.

Ibindi bitabo hamwe n’ingingo ubu byamaze kwandikwa bivuga ko ubwo butumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe butanga igihamya kidakuka cy’uko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana. Mbese, bene ubwo butumwa bubaho? Mbese, ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe ni bwo bwagombye kuba urufatiro rwo kwizera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana?

Mbese, icyo ni igitekerezo gishya?

Igitekerezo cy’uko mu mwandiko wa Bibiliya haba harimo ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe si icya none. Ni cyo gitekerezo cy’ibanze kigenda kigaruka muri Cabala, cyangwa igitabo cy’imigenzo y’inyigisho z’amayobera za Kiyahudi. Dukurikije uko abarimu bigisha ibya Cabala babivuga, ibisobanuro by’ibanze by’umwandiko wa Bibiliya, si byo bisobanuro byawo nyakuri. Batekereza ko Imana yagiye ikoresha inyuguti zitandukanye z’umwandiko wa Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo mu rwego rw’ibimenyetso, ku buryo iyo umuntu abisobanukiwe mu buryo bukwiriye bihishura ukuri gukomeye cyane kurushaho. Babona ko buri nyuguti y’Igiheburayo hamwe n’umwanya irimo mu mwandiko wa Bibiliya yagiye ishyirwamo n’Imana ifite undi mugambi wihariye.

Dukurikije uko uwitwa Jeffrey Satinover abivuga, akaba ari umushakashatsi mu bihereranye n’ubutumwa bwo muri Bibiliya bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe, abo Bayahudi bakurikiza inyigisho z’amayobera bemera ko inyuguti z’Igiheburayo zakoreshejwe mu kwandika inkuru yo mu Itangiriro ivuga iby’irema zifite imbaraga z’amayobera zidasanzwe. Yaranditse ati “muri make, inkuru yo mu Itangiriro ntisobanura uko ibintu byagenze gusa; ni igikoresho cy’igikorwa cy’irema ubwaryo, ni igishushanyo mbonera kinonosoye cyo mu bwenge bw’Imana cyagaragajwe mu buryo bw’ibintu bifatika.”

Umuhanga mu byo gusesengura igitabo cya Cabala wo mu kinyejana cya 13 witwaga Bachya ben Asher w’i Saragossa ho muri Hisipaniya, yagize icyo yandika ku bihereranye n’inyigisho runaka zihishwe yahishuriwe binyuriye mu kugenda asoma buri nyuguti ya 42 yo mu mwandiko w’ibice runaka by’igitabo cy’Itangiriro. Ubwo buryo bwo kugenda basimbuka inyuguti hakurikijwe umubare w’inyuguti izi n’izi mu mihati yo kuvumbura ubutumwa buhishwe, ni bwo rufatiro rw’igitekerezo cyo  muri iki gihe cy’uko muri Bibiliya harimo ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe.

Za orudinateri “zihishura” ubutumwa buhishwe

Mbere y’uko za orudinateri zivumburwa, ubushobozi bw’abantu bwo gusuzuma Bibiliya muri ubwo buryo bwari buciriritse. Ariko kandi, muri Kanama 1994, ikinyamakuru cyitwa Statistical Science cyasohoye inkuru, muri iyo nkuru uwitwa Eliyahu Rips wo muri kaminuza y’i Yerusalemu yitwa Hebrew University hamwe na bagenzi be b’abashakashatsi bavuzemo ibintu bitangaje cyane. Basobanuye ko binyuriye mu kuvanaho imyanya iba hagati y’inyuguti no gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenda basimbuka umubare w’inyuguti zingana mu mwandiko w’Igiheburayo w’igitabo cy’Itangiriro, batahuye amazina ya ba rabi b’ibirangirire 34 ahishwe muri uwo mwandiko hamwe n’ibindi bisobanuro runaka, urugero nk’amatariki bavukiyeho cyangwa bapfiriyeho yegeranye cyane n’amazina yabo. * Abo bashakashatsi bamaze gukora isuzuma incuro nyinshi, batangaje umwanzuro bagezeho bavuga ko ubutumwa buhishwe mu Itangiriro iyo ubusuzumye usanga burenze ibyo kuba ari ibintu byahuriranye gusa—icyo kikaba ari igihamya kigaragaza ko ubwo butumwa bwahumetswe mu gihe cy’imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi ishize, bugahishwa ku bwende mu Itangiriro mu buryo bw’ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe.

a munyamakuru Drosnin yashingiye kuri ubwo buryo maze akora isuzuma rye bwite, ashakisha ubutumwa bwaba buhishwe mu bitabo bitanu bya mbere bya Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo. Dukurikije uko Drosnin abivuga, yabonye izina rya Yitzhak Rabin ripfuritse mu mwandiko wa Bibiliya binyuriye mu kugenda abara umufungo w’inyuguti 4.772. Yafashe umwandiko wa Bibiliya awutondeka mu mirongo igiye igirwa n’inyuguti 4.772, maze abona ko izina rya Rabin (risomwe impagarike) ryahuraga n’umurongo (wo mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 4:42, usomwe intambike), Drosnin akaba yarawuhinduye muri aya magambo ngo “umwicanyi uzica.”

Mu by’ukuri, mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 4:42 havuga ibya gatozi wabaga yishe umuntu atabigambiriye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hari abantu benshi banenze ukuntu Drosnin yakoresheje ubwo buryo bwe yihitiyemo nta kindi ashingiyeho, akihandagaza avuga ko ubwo buryo bwe budafite aho buhuriye na siyansi bushobora gukoreshwa mu gushaka ubutumwa busa n’ubwo mu mwandiko uwo ari wo wose. Ariko kandi, Drosnin yakomeje kwihagararaho, aravuga ati “igihe abanenga bazabona ubutumwa buhereranye n’iyicwa ry’Umuminisitiri w’Intebe buhishwe mu [gitabo cyitwa] Moby Dick, ibyo bavuga nzabyemera.”

Mbese, ni igihamya cy’uko yahumetswe?

Umwarimu witwa Brendan McKay wo mu Rwego Rushinzwe Siyansi ya za Orudinateri muri kaminuza yo muri Ositaraliya yitwa National University, yatangiye kwiga ikibazo cya Drosnin, maze akora ubushakashatsi bwagutse mu mwandiko w’Icyongereza wa Moby Dick * akoresheje orudinateri. McKay yakoresheje ubwo buryo bwasobanuwe na Drosnin, avuga ko yabonye “ubuhanuzi” bwavugaga iby’iyicwa rya Indira Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, n’abandi. Dukurikije uko McKay abivuga, yatahuye ko igitabo Moby Dick na cyo “cyahanuye” iby’iyicwa rya Yitzhak Rabin.

Tugarutse ku mwandiko w’Igiheburayo w’igitabo cy’Itangiriro, uwo Mwarimu wo muri Kaminuza McKay hamwe na bagenzi be, nanone bashidikanyije ku byo Rips na bagenzi be bagezeho mu bushakashatsi bwabo. Bamunengaga bavuga ko ibyo yagezeho bifitanye isano ntoya cyane n’ubutumwa buhishwe bwahumetswe kuruta uko bifitanye isano n’uburyo abashakashatsi bakoresheje n’uko babyifashemo—gutoranya ibintu bizakorerwaho ubushakashatsi ahanini bikaba byarakorwaga hakurikijwe amahitamo bwite y’abashakashatsi. Intiti zikomeje kujya impaka kuri iyo ngingo.

Hari ikindi kibazo kivuka mu gihe hari abihandagaje bavuga ko bene ubwo butumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe bwagiye buhishwa ku bwende mu mwandiko w’ “ifatizo” cyangwa w’ “umwimerere” w’Igiheburayo. Rips hamwe na bagenzi be b’abashakashatsi bavuga ko bakoze ubushakashatsi bwabo bahereye ku “mwandiko w’ifatizo kandi wemewe n’abantu benshi muri rusange wo mu Itangiriro.” Drosnin yaranditse ati “za Bibiliya zose zo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere rw’Igiheburayo ziriho muri iki gihe zimeze kimwe neza neza inyuguti ku yindi.” Ariko se ibyo ni ko biri koko? Aho kuba hariho umwandiko w’ “ifatizo,” hari za Bibiliya z’Igiheburayo zinyuranye zikoreshwa muri iki gihe, zishingiye ku nyandiko za kera zitandukanye zandikishijwe intoki. N’ubwo ubutumwa bwa Bibiliya budatandukanye, izo nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki ntizimeze kimwe neza neza inyuguti ku yindi.

Ubuhinduzi bwinshi bwo muri iki gihe bushingiye ku gitabo cyandikishijwe intoki cyitwa Codex de Leningrad—kikaba ari cyo gitabo cya kera cyane cyuzuye kirimo inyandiko z’Igiheburayo zandikishijwe intoki z’Abamasoreti—cyandukuwe ahagana mu mwaka wa 1000 I.C. Ariko kandi, Rips na Drosnin bakoresheje umwandiko utandukanye,  ni ukuvuga umwandiko wa Koren. Uwitwa Shlomo Sternberg, umwigisha w’Umworutodogisi akaba n’umuhanga mu mibare muri Kaminuza ya Harvard, yavuze ko Codex de Leningrad “itandukanye na Bibiliya ya Koren yakoreshejwe na Drosnin ho inyuguti 41 zose mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri honyine.” Imizingo Yavumbuwe Hafi y’Inyanja y’Umunyu ikubiyemo ibice bimwe by’umwandiko wa Bibiliya wandukuwe mu myaka isaga 2.000 ishize. Imyandikire y’amagambo muri iyo mizingo akenshi usanga itandukanye cyane n’imyandiko yo hanyuma y’Abamasoreti. Mu mizingo imwe n’imwe, inyuguti zimwe na zimwe zagiye zongerwamo ari nyinshi cyane kugira ngo zigaragaze imivugirwe y’inyajwi, kubera ko inyuguti z’inyajwi zari zitaragahimbwa. Mu yindi mizingo, hagiye hakoreshwa inyuguti nke. Igereranya hagati y’inyandiko zose za Bibiliya zandikishijwe intoki zikiriho rigaragaza ko ibisobanuro by’umwandiko wa Bibiliya bikomeza kuba bimwe, bidahinduka. Icyakora, binagaragaza neza ko imyandikire hamwe n’umubare w’inyuguti bigenda bitandukana kuri buri mwandiko.

Gushakashaka ubutumwa bwitwa ko buhishwe bishingiye ku mwandiko udahinduka na busa. Inyuguti imwe yahindutse ishobora kuvurunga burundu umubare w’inyuguti bagenda babara—igahindura n’ubutumwa, niba bwari bunahari. Imana yarinze ubutumwa bwayo buri muri Bibiliya. Ariko kandi, ntiyarinze buri nyuguti ukwayo ngo idahinduka, boshye yari ihangayikishijwe cyane n’ibyo bintu by’ubusa busa, urugero nk’imihindagurikire mu myandikire y’amagambo uko ibinyejana byagendaga bihita. Mbese, ibyo ntibigaragaza ko itigeze ipfurika ubutumwa buhishwe muri Bibiliya?—Yesaya 40:8; 1 Petero 1:24, 25.

Mbese, dukeneye ubutumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe muri Bibiliya?

Intumwa Pawulo yanditse mu buryo bwumvikana neza igira iti “ibyanditswe byera byose byahumetswe n’Imana, kandi bigira umumaro wo kwigisha umuntu, no kumwemeza ibyaha bye, no kumutunganya, no kumuhanira gukiranuka: kugira ngo umuntu w’Imana abe ashyitse, afite ibimukwiriye byose, ngo akore imirimo myiza yose” (2 Timoteyo 3:16, 17). Ubutumwa busobanutse neza kandi bugusha ku ngingo bwo muri Bibiliya ntibukomeye cyane ku buryo umuntu atabusobanukirwa cyangwa ngo abushyire mu bikorwa, ahubwo abantu benshi bahitamo kubwirengagiza (Gutegeka 30:11-14). Ubuhanuzi buboneka muri Bibiliya mu buryo bweruye butanga urufatiro rukomeye rwo kwizera ko yahumetswe. * Mu buryo bunyuranye n’uko bimeze ku butumwa bufite ibisobanuro bihishwe, ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya ntibushingiye ku byiyumvo by’umuntu uwo ari we wese, kandi nta n’ubwo “bubasha gusobanurwa uko umuntu wese yishakiye.”—2 Petero 1:19-21.

Intumwa Petero yaranditse iti “ntitwakurikije imigani yahimbwe n’ubwenge, ubwo twabamenyeshaga imbaraga z’Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo no kuzaza kwe” (2 Petero 1:16). Igitekerezo cy’uko muri Bibiliya harimo ubutumwa buhishwe cyakomotse mu nyigisho z’amayobera za Kiyahudi, zikoresha uburyo ‘bwahimbwe n’ubwenge’ bushyira urujijo mu bisobanuro byumvikana neza by’umwandiko wahumetswe wa Bibiliya kandi bukabigoreka. Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo ubwabyo byamaganye mu buryo bweruye ubwo buryo bwo gusobanura Bibiliya hakoreshejwe amayobera.—Gutegeka 13:2-6, umurongo wa 1-5 muri Biblia Yera; 18:9-13.

Mbega ukuntu twishimira kuba dufite ubutumwa bwo muri Bibiliya hamwe n’amahame yayo bisobanutse neza kandi bishobora kudufasha kumenya Imana! Ibyo ni byo byiza cyane kuruta kugerageza kumenya ibyerekeye Umuremyi wacu binyuriye mu gushakisha ubutumwa buhishwe buturuka mu bisobanuro by’abantu ku giti cyabo hamwe n’ibitekerezo bihimbira bifashishije orudinateri.—Matayo 7:24, 25.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]