Ukuri ku bihereranye n’imizingo yo ku nyanja y’umunyu ni ukuhe?

Mu myaka isaga 50 ishize, ibuye umushumba w’Umwarabu yateye mu buvumo ryatumye habaho icyo bamwe bise ubuvumbuzi bw’ibyo mu matongo bukomeye kurusha ubundi bwose bwo mu kinyejana cya 20. Uwo Mwarabu yumvise iryo buye rihomboye ikibindi cy’ibumba. Amaze gusuzuma neza, yabonye imizingo ya mbere y’icyaje kumenyekana ko ari Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu.

ABANTU benshi berekeje ibitekerezo kuri iyo mizingo kandi bayijyaho impaka nyinshi, haba hagati y’intiti no mu itangazamakuru muri rusange. Muri rubanda, usanga benshi bari mu rujijo kandi batazi neza uko ibintu biteye. Hari ibihuha byakwirakwijwe ku bihereranye n’uko hari abashatse kuyihisha burundu bitewe n’uko batinyaga ko iyo mizingo yahishura ibintu bishobora kuburizamo imyizerere y’Abakristo n’iy’Abayahudi. Ariko se, ni iki mu by’ukuri gikubiye muri iyo mizingo? Mbese, nyuma y’imyaka isaga 50, ukuri ku bihereranye na yo gushobora kumenyekana?

Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu Iteye Ite?

Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu ni inyandiko za kera za Kiyahudi zandikishijwe intoki, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zanditswe mu Giheburayo, zimwe na zimwe mu Cyarameyi, hanyuma izindi nke mu Kigiriki. Imyinshi muri iyo mizingo hamwe n’ibice byayo bimaze imyaka isaga 2.000, ikaba yaranditswe mbere yo kuvuka kwa Yesu. Mu mizingo ya mbere yaturutse mu bashumba b’Abarabu, hari harimo inyandiko ndwi ndende zandikishijwe intoki zangiritse mu rugero rutandukanye. Mu gihe bashakishaga mu bundi buvumo, habonetse indi mizingo hamwe n’ibice by’imizingo bibarirwa mu bihumbi. Hagati y’imyaka ya 1947 na 1956, hafi y’i Qumran ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, bahavumbuye ubuvumo bugera kuri 11 bwari burimo imizingo.

Igihe imizingo yose n’ibice byose byashyirwaga hamwe, umubare wabyo wari ugizwe n’inyandiko  zandikishijwe intoki zigera hafi kuri 800. Izigera kuri kimwe cya kane, cyangwa inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zisaga 200, ni za kopi z’ibice by’umwandiko wa Bibiliya w’Igiheburayo. Izindi nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki, zikubiyemo inyandiko za kera z’Abayahudi zitari iza Bibiliya, zikaba zikubiyemo Ibitabo bitemewe ku rutonde rwa Bibiliya, zitwa Apocryphes na Pseudépigraphes. *

Imwe muri iyo mizingo yashishikaje intiti cyane, mbere hose yari inyandiko zitazwi. Izo nyandiko zikubiyemo ibisobanuro ku bihereranye n’Amategeko y’Abayahudi, amategeko yihariye yari agenewe abantu bo mu gatsiko k’idini bari batuye i Qumran, ibisigo byo mu rwego rwa liturujiya n’amasengesho, hamwe n’ibitabo bikubiyemo ibihereranye n’imperuka bihishura ibitekerezo abantu bari bafite ku byerekeranye n’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya n’iminsi ya nyuma. Nanone kandi, hari ibisobanuro byihariye byatanzwe kuri Bibiliya, ari na byo bya kera cyane byabanjirije ibindi byagiye bitangwa n’abantu bo muri iki gihe ku nyandiko za Bibiliya umurongo ku wundi.

Ni Nde Wanditse Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu?

Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kumenya amatariki inyandiko za kera zandikiweho bugaragaza ko iyo mizingo yaba yarakoporowe cyangwa yaratunganyijwe hagati y’ikinyejana cya gatatu M.I.C. n’ikinyejana cya mbere I.C. Intiti zimwe na zimwe zitanga igitekerezo cy’uko iyo mizingo yahishwe mu buvumo n’Abayahudi b’i Yerusalemu mbere y’uko urusengero rusenywa mu mwaka wa 70 I.C. Ariko kandi, abenshi mu ntiti zakoze ubushakashatsi kuri iyo mizingo, babona ko icyo gitekerezo kinyuranyije n’ibikubiye muri iyo mizingo ubwayo. Imizingo myinshi igaragaza ibitekerezo n’imigenzo byarwanyaga ibitekerezo by’abayobozi ba kidini b’i Yerusalemu. Iyo mizingo igaragaza ko hari hariho abantu bemeraga ko Imana yari yaranze abatambyi n’umurimo wakorerwaga mu rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu, kandi ko yabonaga ko gahunda y’ako gatsiko yo gusengera mu butayu yari yarasimbuye imirimo yo mu rusengero. Birasa n’aho abayobozi b’urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu batashoboraga guhisha ibitabo byari bikubiyemo imizingo nk’iyo.

N’ubwo i Qumran hashobora kuba hari itsinda ry’abandukuzi, birashoboka ko imyinshi muri iyo mizingo yakoranyijwe ivanywe ahandi maze ikazanwa aho ngaho n’abantu bizeraga. Mu buryo runaka, Imizingo Yavumbuwe ku Nyanja y’Umunyu ni ububiko bw’ibitabo bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi. Nk’uko bimeze ku bubiko ubwo ari bwo bwose, ibitabo bibitswemo bishobora kuba bikubiyemo ibitekerezo byinshi cyane, bitabaye ngombwa ko byose bigaragaza ibitekerezo bya kidini by’abasomyi babyo. Icyakora, izo nyandiko ziboneka muri za kopi nyinshi, birashoboka cyane ko zigaragaza ibintu byihariye byashishikazaga abo muri iryo tsinda hamwe n’imyizerere yabo.

Mbese, Abaturage b’i Qumran Bari Abo mu Gatsiko k’Abeseni?

Niba iyo mizingo yari mu bubiko bw’i Qumran, abaturage baho bari bantu ki? Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza witwa Eleazar Sukenik, wahawe imizingo itatu mu mwaka wa 1947 yari igenewe Kaminuza y’Igiheburayo y’i Yerusalemu, ni we wabaye uwa mbere mu kuvuga ko iyo mizingo yari iy’agatsiko k’Abeseni.

Abeseni bari bagize agatsiko k’Abayahudi kavugwa n’abanditsi bo mu kinyejana cya mbere ari bo Josèphe, Philon d’Alexandrie na Pline l’Ancien. Usanga abantu bakekeranya ku bihereranye n’aho abayoboke b’agatsiko k’Abeseni bakomoka by’ukuri, ariko kandi, bisa n’aho badutse mu gihe cy’intugunda zakurikiye imyivumbagatanyo y’Abamakabe mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C. * Josèphe yavuze ko muri icyo gihe bari bariho, mu gihe yagaragazaga ukuntu ibitekerezo bya kidini bari bafite byari bitandukanye n’iby’Abafarisayo n’Abasadukayo. Pline yavuze ko abo mu gatsiko k’Abeseni bari batuye mu karere gaherereye ku Nyanja y’Umunyu hagati ya Yeriko na Enigedi.

Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza witwa James VanderKam, akaba ari intiti yiga iby’Imizingo Yavumbuwe ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, avuga ko “abayoboke b’agatsiko k’Abeseni bari batuye i Qumran bari bagize agace gato gusa k’umuryango mugari w’Abeseni,” abo Josèphe avuga ko babarirwaga mu bihumbi bigera kuri bine. N’ubwo ibisobanuro byose bitangwa bitabagushaho neza neza, ibisobanuro usanga mu nyandiko z’i Qumran bisa n’aho bigusha neza ku gatsiko  k’Abeseni kurusha irindi tsinda iryo ari ryo ryose rya Kiyahudi ryari rizwi muri icyo gihe.

Hari abantu bamwe bihandagaje bavuga ko Ubukristo bwatangiriye i Qumran. Ariko kandi, ushobora kubona ibintu byinshi bigaragara cyane ibitekerezo bya kidini by’agatsiko k’i Qumran bitandukaniyeho n’iby’Abakristo ba mbere. Inyandiko z’i Qumran zigaragaza ko bari bafite amategeko y’Isabato bakomeyeho cyane mu buryo butagoragozwa, kandi bakaba barakabyaga kwibanda ku by’umuhango wo kwiyeza (Matayo 15:1-20; Luka 6:1-11). Ibyo ni na ko byavugwa cyane cyane ku birebana n’ukuntu abo mu gatsiko k’Abeseni bitandukanyaga n’abandi mu muryango, kuba baremeraga ko ibiba ku muntu byose biba byaragenwe kandi ko ubugingo budapfa, kandi bibandaga ku buseribateri n’ibitekerezo by’amayobera bihereranye no kuba bakorana n’abamarayika mu gusenga kwabo. Ibyo bigaragaza ko bari banyuranyije n’inyigisho za Yesu n’iz’Abakristo ba mbere.​—Matayo 5:14-16; Yohana 11:23, 24; Abakolosayi 2:18; 1 Timoteyo 4:1-3.

Nta Mizingo Yahishwe, Nta n’Abigeze Bashaka Kuyihisha

Mu myaka yakurikiye ivumburwa ry’Imizingo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, handitswe ibitabo bitandukanye byatumye ibyavumbuwe mbere bigera ku ntiti zo hirya no hino ku isi mu buryo bworoshye. Ariko kandi, ibice bibarirwa mu bihumbi byavuye mu buvumo bumwe, bwitwa Ubuvumo bwa 4, byateje ibibazo cyane. Ibyo bice byari biri mu maboko y’ikipi nto mpuzamahanga y’intiti zakoreraga muri Yerusalemu y’i Burasirazuba (icyo gihe yari igice cya Yorudaniya) mu Nzu Ndangamurage ya Palesitina yitwa Archaeological Museum. Nta ntiti z’Abayahudi cyangwa Abisirayeli zari ziri muri iyo kipi.

Iyo kipi yashyizeho politiki yo kutemerera abandi kubona iyo mizingo kugeza igihe bari kuba bamaze gutangaza ku mugaragaro ibyo bagezeho mu bushakashatsi bwabo. Umubare w’intiti zari muri iyo kipi ntiwahindukaga. Iyo umwe mu bagize iyo kipi yapfaga, intiti imwe gusa ni yo yongerwagamo kugira ngo imusimbure. Akazi kagombaga gukorwa kasabaga ikipi yagutse kurushaho, kandi rimwe na rimwe, bigasaba abantu bazobereye cyane mu Giheburayo n’Icyarameyi bya kera. James VanderKam yabivuze muri ubu buryo: “ibice bibarirwa mu bihumbi mirongo, byari byinshi cyane ku buryo bitashoboraga gusuzumwa n’intiti umunani gusa n’ubwo zaba zifite ubuhanga zite.”

Igihe habaga Intambara y’Iminsi Itandatu mu mwaka wa 1967, Yerusalemu y’i Burasirazuba hamwe n’imizingo yayo, byigaruriwe na Isirayeli, ariko nta cyahindutse muri politiki iyo kipi yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku mizingo yari yarashyizeho. Mu gihe ibyo gutangaza imizingo yo muri bwa Buvumo bwa 4 byatindaga bigafata imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, intiti zimwe na zimwe zatangiye kubyinubira. Mu mwaka wa 1977, umwarimu wo muri Kaminuza ya Oxford witwa Geza Vermes yabyise igisebo gikomeye mu ntiti cyo mu kinyejana cya 20. Ni bwo ibihuha byatangiye gukwirakwira ku bihereranye no kuba Kiliziya Gatolika yarashatse kubihisha ku bwende, igahisha ibintu bikubiye muri iyo mizingo byashoboraga gusenya Ubukristo.

Amaherezo, mu myaka ya za 80 iyo kipi yaraguwe ishyirwamo intiti zigera kuri 20. Hanyuma, mu mwaka wa 1990, iyo kipi iyobowe n’umukuru wayo ushinzwe ubwanditsi wari ushyizweho vuba witwa Emanuel Tov wo muri Kaminuza y’Igiheburayo iri i Yerusalemu, yaragutse ishyirwamo intiti zisaga 50. Hashyizweho ingengabihe idakuka yo gutangaza ibitabo byose bya gihanga bikubiyemo imizingo yari isigaye.

Ikintu nyakuri cyaje kuziba icyuho cyabonetse mu buryo butunguranye mu mwaka wa 1991. Mbere na mbere, hasohotse igitabo cyitwa A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls. Icyo gitabo cyateguwe bifashishije orudinateri bashingiye kuri kopi y’impuzamirongo yakozwe n’iyo kipi. Hanyuma, inzu y’ibitabo yitwa Huntington Library iri i San Marino ho muri Kaliforuniya, yatangaje ko yari guha intiti iyo ari yo yose igitabo cyuzuye cy’amafoto yose y’iyo mizingo. Bidatinze, igihe igitabo cyitwa A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls cyasohokaga, amafoto y’imizingo itari yaratangajwe mbere yatangiye kuboneka mu buryo bworoshye.

Bityo mu myaka icumi ishize, Imizingo Yavumbuwe ku Nyanja y’Umunyu yose yarabonetse ku bifuza kuyikoraho ubushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko nta mizingo yahishwe; kandi ko nta n’uwigeze ashaka kuyihisha. Kubera ko ibitabo bya nyuma by’imizingo birimo bisohoka, ubu ni bwo gusa isesengura ryuzuye rishobora gutangira. Itsinda rishya ry’intiti zikora ubushakashatsi kuri iyo mizingo ryashyizweho. Ariko se, ni iki ubwo bushakashatsi bumariye abigishwa ba Bibiliya?

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3]

Ubwo ni bumwe mu buvumo bwo hafi y’Inyanja y’Umunyu aho imizingo ya kera yabonetse

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3 yavuye]

Ibice by’imizingo: Ipaji ya 3, 4, n’iya 6: Uburenganzira bwatanzwe na Israel Antiquities Authority

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 5 yavuye]

Uburenganzira bwatanzwe na Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem