Bibiliya mu mubumbe umwe

MU BIREBANA no gukora kopi za Bibiliya, Abakristo ba mbere bari ku isonga mu gukoresha kodegisi—ni ukuvuga igitabo cy’amapaji aho kuba umuzingo. Ariko kandi, Abakristo ntibahise batangira gukora umubumbe umwe ukubiyemo ibitabo byose bya Bibiliya. Intambwe y’ingenzi mu gukora za Bibiliya zigizwe n’umubumbe umwe mu rugero rwagutse yatewe na Flavius Cassiodore mu kinyejana cya gatandatu.

Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodore yavutse ahagana mu mwaka wa 485-490 I.C., avukira mu muryango ukize i Calabre mu gace k’amajyepfo y’u Butaliyani bwo muri iki gihe. Yabayeho mu gihe cy’imivurungano mu mateka y’u Butaliyani, ubwo uwo mwigimbakirwa wari ufitwe n’abo mu bwoko bwa Goth, hanyuma ukaza gufatwa n’abo mu bwami bwa Byzance. Igihe Cassiodore yari afite imyaka igera kuri 60 cyangwa 70, yashinze ikigo cy’abihaye Imana cya Vivarium n’inzu y’ibitabo hafi y’iwe i Squillace ho muri Calabre.

Yandikaga Bibiliya Abigiranye Ubwitonzi

Kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi byari bihangayikishije Cassiodore ni ukuntu Bibiliya yari kugera ku bantu. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Peter Brown yaranditse ati “dukurikije uko Cassiodore yabibonaga, ubuvanganzo bwose bwa Kilatini bwagombaga gukoreshwa mu kugeza Ibyanditswe ku bantu. Imfashanyigisho zose zari zarakoreshejwe mbere y’aho mu kwiga no kwandukura inyandiko za kera, zagombaga gukoreshwa kugira ngo basobanukirwe Ibyanditswe kandi babyandukure babigiranye ubuhanga. Kimwe n’umubumbe wo mu kirere uvutse vuba, umuco wa Kilatini wose uko wakabaye wagombaga kuzenguruka izuba rigari ry’Ijambo ry’Imana.”

Cassiodore yakoranyirije hamwe abahinduzi n’abahanga mu kibonezamvugo mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana cya Vivarium kugira ngo bateranye neza Bibiliya yose uko yakabaye, kandi yayoboye igikorwa kiruhije cyo kwandika. Imirimo yayishingaga abagabo bake babaga barize cyane gusa. Abo bagabo bagombaga kwirinda gukora ubugororangingo buhutiyeho ku byitwaga ko ari amakosa y’abandukuzi. Iyo bahuraga n’ikibazo kirebana n’ikibonezamvugo, inyandiko za Bibiliya za kera zandikishijwe intoki zagombaga kubonwa ko zifite ubutware kurusha inyandiko z’Ikilatini zemewe zakoreshwaga cyane. Cassiodore yatanze itegeko rigira riti “amategeko yihariye y’ikibonezamvugo . . . agomba kuguma uko ari, kubera ko nta mwandiko uzwiho kuba warahumetswe ushobora gutekerezwa ko ufite inenge. . . . Uburyo Bibiliya ikoresha imvugo, ibigereranyo n’inshoberamahanga bigomba kuguma uko biri, kabone n’ubwo byaba bikocamye mu mahame y’Ikilatini, nanone kandi, imiterere y’amazina bwite y’ ‘Igiheburayo’ na yo igomba kuguma uko iri.”—Byavuye mu gitabo cyitwa The Cambridge History of the Bible.

Kodegisi Yitwa Grandior

Abandukuzi babaga mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana cya Vivarium bahawe inshingano yo gukora nibura amacapa atatu atandukanye ya Bibiliya y’Ikilatini. Rimwe muri yo ryari mu mibumbe icyenda, bikaba bishoboka ko ryari rikubiyemo umwandiko wa Kera w’Ikilatini, ukaba wari ubuhinduzi bwabonetse mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kabiri. Icapa rya kabiri ryari rikubiyemo ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwitwa Vulgate, ubwo Jérôme yari yararangije ahagana mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya kane. Irya gatatu ari na ryo ryitwa Kodegisi Grandior, bisobanurwa ngo “kodegisi nini kurushaho,” ryavanywe mu myandiko itatu ya Bibiliya. Ayo macapa abiri ya nyuma yakomatanyirizaga hamwe ibitabo byose bya Bibiliya mu mubumbe umwe.

 Cassiodore asa n’aho ari we wa mbere wakoze za Bibiliya z’Ikilatini zigizwe n’umubumbe umwe gusa, azita pandectae. * Nta gushidikanya ko yabonye akamaro ko guhuriza ibitabo byose bya Bibiliya mu mubumbe umwe, bityo akavanaho ibyo gushakisha mu mibumbe myinshi byatwaraga igihe.

Cyavuye mu Majyepfo y’u Butaliyani Kigera mu Birwa by’u Bwongereza

Nyuma gato y’urupfu rwa Cassiodore, (bikaba bishoboka ko ari ahagana mu mwaka wa 583 I.C.), icyo gitabo Kodegisi Grandior cyatangiye urugendo. Muri icyo gihe, batekereza ko inzu y’ibitabo ya Vivarium yimuriwe mu nzu y’ibitabo ya Latran i Roma. Mu mwaka wa 678 I.C., umukuru w’ikigo cy’abihaye Imana wo mu ba Anglo-Saxon witwaga Ceolfrith yajyanye iyo kodegisi mu birwa by’u Bwongereza igihe yari avuye mu ruzinduko i Roma. Nguko uko yageze mu bigo bibiri by’abihaye Imana bya Wearmouth na Jarrow byayoborwaga na Ceolfrith, ubu akaba ari muri Northumbria ho mu Bwongereza.

Bibiliya ya Cassiodore igizwe n’umubumbe umwe igomba kuba yarashishikaje Ceolfrith n’abihaye Imana babaga mu bigo yayoboraga, bashobora kuba barakuruwe n’ukuntu kuyikoresha byari byoroshye. Bityo, mu myaka mike ibarirwa muri za mirongo, bakoze izindi Bibiliya eshatu zuzuye zigizwe n’umubumbe umwe. Kopi imwe rukumbi ikiriho y’izo Bibiliya, ni igitabo kinini cyandikishijwe intoki cyitwa Kodegisi Amiatinus. Gifite amapaji 2.060 akozwe mu mpu, buri paji ikaba ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 51 kuri 33. Ushyizeho igifubiko cyacyo, icyo gitabo gifite umubyimba wa santimetero 25 kandi gipima ibiro 34. Ni yo Bibiliya y’Ikilatini ya kera cyane igizwe n’umubumbe umwe ikiriho. Umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya uzwi cyane wo mu kinyejana cya 19 witwa Fenton J. A. Hort yabonye icyo gitabo mu mwaka wa 1887. Hort yagize ati “ndetse n’umuntu wo muri iki gihe wabonye iki [gitabo cyandikishijwe intoki] gihebuje ntikibura kumutangaza.”

Kigaruka mu Butaliyani

Icyo gihe noneho, igitabo cy’umwimerere cya Kodegisi Grandior cyakoreshejwe na Cassiodore cyari cyarazimiye. Ariko umwana wacyo wo muri Anglo-Saxon, ni ukuvuga Kodegisi Amiatinus, cyatangiye urugendo kigaruka mu Butaliyani nyuma gato y’aho kirangiriye gukorwa. Mbere gato y’uko Ceolfrith apfa, yiyemeje gusubira i Roma. Yazanye imwe muri za Bibiliya ze eshatu z’Ikilatini zandikishijwe intoki, kugira ngo azayihe Papa Grégoire II ho impano. Ceolfrith yaguye mu nzira mu mwaka wa 716 I.C., agwa i Langres ho mu Bufaransa. Ariko Bibiliya yarakomeje ijyana n’abo bari kumwe mu rugendo. Icyo gitabo amaherezo cyaje kugera mu nzu y’ibitabo y’ikigo cy’abihaye Imana cyo ku Musozi Amiata, mu Butaliyani rwagati, ari na ho gikomora izina Kodegisi Amiatinus. Mu mwaka wa 1782, icyo gitabo cyandikishijwe intoki cyimuriwe mu Nzu y’ibitabo ya Medici-Laurent iri muri Florence ho mu Butaliyani, aho gikomeje kuba kimwe mu bintu by’agaciro kenshi cyane iyo nzu y’ibitabo itunze.

Ni mu buhe buryo icyo gitabo Kodegisi Grandior cyatugizeho ingaruka? Guhera mu gihe cya Cassiodore, abandukuzi n’abacapa bagiye barushaho gukunda igitekerezo cyo gukora za Bibiliya zigizwe n’umubumbe umwe. Kugeza muri iki gihe, kuba dufite Bibiliya imeze ityo byatumye byorohera abantu kuyirebamo, kandi ku bw’ibyo yarabunguye biturutse ku mbaraga igira mu mibereho yabo.—Abaheburayo 4:12.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 29]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)c

Urugendo rwa Kodegisi Grandior

Roma

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Urugendo rwa Kodegisi Amiatinus

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Umusozi wa Amiata

Florence

Ikigo cy’Abihaye Imana cya Vivarium

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 30]

Ahagana haruguru: Kodegisi Amiatinus Ibumoso: Ishusho ya Ezira muri Kodegisi Amiatinus

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze