Mbese, Diyabule abaho?

“Mu mateka ya Kiliziya ya Gikristo, hari igihe abantu babonaga ko diyabule, Belizebuli cyangwa Satani, umwami sekibi yari umuntu ubaho koko kandi ufite imbaraga nk’uko muri iki gihe hari umubare ugenda ugabanuka w’abantu babona ko ‘Imana’ iriho koko kandi ifite imbaraga; diyabule yahimbwe n’Abayahudi hamwe n’Abakristo ba mbere kugira ngo bahe isura ububi babonaga bubakikije, igice kimwe kikaba cyari umuntu ikindi gice ari igikoko. Abakristo ba nyuma y’aho baje kubona ko ibyo byari umugani abantu bihimbiye, udashingiye ku kuri, maze mu buryo bw’ibanga bagenda bikuramo icyo gitekerezo.”​—Byavuye mu gitabo cyitwa “All in the Mind​—A Farewell to God,” cyanditswe na Ludovic Kennedy.

NK’UKO uwo mwanditsi akaba n’umunyamakuru, Ludovic Kennedy yabivuze, hari ibinyejana byinshi byashize ari nta muntu n’umwe muri Kristendomu ushidikanya ko Diyabule abaho koko. Ahubwo, rimwe na rimwe Abakristo babaga “barahahamuwe n’ububasha bwa Satani n’abadayimoni be” nk’uko umwarimu wo muri kaminuza witwa Norman Cohn yabivuze mu gitabo cyitwa Europe’s Inner Demons. Uko guhahamurwa ntiwagusangaga mu bantu basanzwe gusa, abantu batize bibera mu giturage. Urugero, umwarimu wo muri Kaminuza witwa Cohn yavuze ko imyizerere y’uko Diyabule yiyambitse umubiri agafata isura y’igikoko kugira ngo ayobore ububi n’imihango iteye isoni, “itakomotse mu migenzo gakondo y’abantu nyamwinshi batigeze bakandagira mu ishuri, ahubwo ko, mu buryo bunyuranye n’ubwo, yakomotse mu bantu bakomeye mu isi bari ku isonga mu ntiti.” Abo “bantu bari ku isonga mu ntiti”​—hakubiyemo na bamwe mu bakuru ba kiliziya bari barize⁠—​ni bo babaye ba nyirabayazana w’ibikorwa byo guhiga abapfumu byakorewe mu Burayi bwo kuva mu kinyejana cya 15 kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17, mu gihe kiliziya n’abategetsi b’abaturage bavugwaho ko bababaje kandi bakica urubozo abantu bagera ku 50.000 bashinjwaga kuba bari abapfumu.

Ntibitangaje rero kuba abantu benshi barateye umugongo ibyo babonaga ko ari ibitekerezo by’ibisazi, bishingiye ku miziririzo abantu bari bafite ku byerekeye Diyabule. Ndetse no mu mwaka wa 1726, Daniel Defoe yasetse abantu bari bafite imyizerere y’uko Diyabule yari igikoko giteye ubwoba, “gifite amababa y’agacurama, amahembe, ibirenge bifite amajanja, umurizo muremure, ururimi rufite amashami, n’ibindi nk’ibyo.” Yavuze ko bene ibyo byari “ibitekerezo bitagira shinge na rugero, by’inzozi gusa kandi bitagira umumaro” byazanywe “n’abashyigikiye igitekerezo cy’uko diyabule afite isura y’igikoko n’abahimbye icyo gitekerezo” bakaba “barashutse abantu batize bababwira ibya diyabule bihimbiye bo ubwabo.”

Mbese, nawe ni uko ubibona? Mbese, wemera ko “mu by’ukuri diyabule ari ikintu cyahimbwe n’umuntu kugira ngo abone uko asobanura kamere ye bwite y’icyaha”? Icyo gitekerezo kiboneka mu gitabo cyitwa The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, kandi benshi mu bitwa ko ari Abakristo batekereza batyo. Uwitwa Jeffrey Burton Russell yavuze ko abanyatewolojiya bo muri Kristendomu, “muri rusange birengagije ko Diyabule n’abadayimoni babaho bavuga ko ari imiziririzo gusa.”

 Ariko kandi, hari abantu bamwe na bamwe babona ko Diyabule abaho koko. Batekereza ko hagomba kuba hariho imbaraga ndengakamere mbi yihishe inyuma y’ibikorwa bibi bigenda bigaruka mu mateka y’abantu. Russell yavuze ko “ibikorwa biteye ubwoba byo mu kinyejana cya 20” ari imwe mu mpamvu zituma “abantu benshi cyane basigaye bemera ko Diyabule abaho, nyuma y’igihe kirekire batabyemera.” Dukurikije uko umwanditsi witwa Don Lewis abivuga, abantu benshi bo muri iki gihe kandi bize ‘bavuga baseka cyane’ iby’imyizerere ishingiye ku miziririzo y’“abakurambere babo batize” n’ibihereranye no kubatinya, na bo usanga “barongeye kugwa mu bubata bwo gutinya ibintu bibi ndengakamere.”​—Byavuye mu gitabo cyitwa Religious Superstition Through the Ages.

None se, ukuri kuri icyo kibazo ni ukuhe? Mbese, Diyabule ni ikintu cyo mu miziririzo gusa kidafite ishingiro? Cyangwa se ni umuntu tutagomba gupfobya ndetse no muri iki kinyejana cya 21?

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 4]

Nk’uko bigaragazwa kuri iki gishushanyo cyakozwe na Gustave Doré, mu miziririzo ya kera Diyabule yagaragazwaga igice kimwe ari umuntu ikindi akaba igikoko

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

The Judecca​—Lucifer/The Doré Illustrations For Dante’s Divine Comedy/Dover Publications Inc.