Clovis abatizwa​—Imyaka 1.500 idini rya Gatolika rimaze mu Bufaransa

UBUTUMWA bwari buherekeje igisasu kidakomeye babonye muri kiliziya imwe yo mu Bufaransa Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II yateganyaga gusura muri Nzeri 1996, bwagiraga buti “mu izina rya Papa, puu!” Urwo rwari urugero rukomeye rugaragaza ukuntu abantu barwanyije uruzinduko rwa gatanu yagiriye ku butaka bw’u Bufaransa. Icyakora, muri uwo mwaka hari abantu bagera ku 200.000 baje mu mujyi wo mu Bufaransa wa Reims baje kwifatanya na Papa mu kwizihiza isabukuru y’imyaka 1.500 ishize Umwami Clovis wo mu bwami bw’abitwaga Francs ahindukiriye idini rya Gatolika. Ni uwuhe mwami wabatijwe bikitwa ko ari u Bufaransa bubatijwe? Kandi se, kuki kwizihiza iyo sabukuru byakuruye impaka ndende?

Ubwami Bwari Bugeze Aharindimuka

Clovis yavutse ahagana mu mwaka wa 466 I.C., akaba ari umuhungu wa Childéric wa I, umwami w’abitwaga Francs bo mu muryango witwa Saliens. Nyuma y’aho bamariye kwigarurirwa n’Abaroma mu mwaka wa 358 I.C., ubwo bwoko bukomoka ku Badage bwemerewe gutura mu karere ubu kagize u Bubiligi, ariko basabwa kuzajya barwana ku mupaka kandi bagatanga abantu bo kujya mu ngabo z’Abaroma. Ibyo byatumye bitsiritanaho n’abaturage b’Abaroma bo mu ntara ya Gaule, maze bituma abo baturage bo mu bwoko bwa Francs bagenda batora umuco w’Abaroma buhoro buhoro. Childéric wa I yari incuti y’Abaroma, bityo bagafatanya kurwanya ibitero by’abaturage bo mu yandi moko akomoka ku Badage, urugero nka Goths na Saxons. Ibyo byatumye Abaroma bo mu ntara ya Gaule bamushimira.

Intara ya Roma ya Gaule yaheraga ku Ruzi rwa Rhin mu majyaruguru, ikagera mu karere ka Pyrénées mu majyepfo. Icyakora, nyuma y’urupfu rw’Umujenerali w’umuroma witwaga Aetius mu mwaka wa 454 I.C., muri icyo gihugu nta butegetsi bwari buhari. Byongeye kandi, kugwa kwa Romulus Augustule mu mwaka wa 476 I.C., akaba ari we mwami w’abami wa nyuma wa Roma, hamwe n’iseswa ry’igice cy’ubwami bwa Roma cy’i burengerazuba, byatumye muri ako karere haba imivurungano ikomeye yo mu rwego rwa politiki. Ingaruka zabaye iz’uko akarere ka Gaule kabaye nk’igiti cy’imbuto zihishije zari zitegereje gusoromwa na rimwe mu moko yari atuye mu nkengero zako. Ntibitangaje rero kuba nyuma y’aho Clovis azunguriye se, yaratangiye gushaka uko yakwagura imipaka y’ubwami bwe. Mu mwaka wa 486 I.C., yatsinze umuntu wa nyuma wari uhagarariye Roma mu karere ka Gaule, amutsindira mu rugamba rwabereye hafi y’umujyi wa Soissons. Uko gutsinda kwatumye ashobora kugenzura intara zose zari hagati y’uruzi rwa Somme mu majyaruguru n’uruzi rwa Loire mu ntara ya Gaule rwagati n’iburengerazuba.

Umugabo Wari Kuzaba Umwami

Mu buryo bunyuranye n’uko byari bimeze ku yandi moko yakomotse ku Badage, abantu bo mu bwoko  bwa Francs bari barakomeje kuba abapagani. Ariko kandi, ishyingiranwa rya Clovis n’igikomangomakazi cya Bourgogne cyitwaga Clotilda, ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho ye. Kubera ko Clotilda yari Umugatolika ukomeye, yakomeje kugerageza guhindura umugabo we nta kurambirwa. Dukurikije inkuru y’amateka yanditswe na Grégoire de Tours mu kinyejana cya gatandatu I.C., mu mwaka wa 496 I.C., mu rugamba rwaremeye mu mujyi wa Tolbiac (Zülpich ho mu Budage) igihe Clovis yarwanaga n’ubwoko bw’abitwa Alemanni, ni bwo yasezeranyije ko yari kureka idini rya gipagani iyo Imana ya Clotilda imufasha gutsinda. Nubwo ingabo za Clovis zendaga gutsindwa, umwami w’abo mu bwoko bwa Alemanni yarishwe ingabo ze zirayamanika. Ku bwa Clovis, Imana ya Clotilda ni yo yari yamuhaye gutsinda. Dukurikije uko inkuru za rubanda zibivuga, Clovis yabatijwe na “Mutagatifu” Remigio, abatirizwa muri katederali ya Reims, ku itariki ya 25 Ukuboza 496 I.C. Icyakora, hari bamwe batekereza ko bishoboka cyane ko yaba yarabatijwe nyuma y’aho, nko mu mwaka wa 498 cyangwa uwa 499 I.C.

Imigambi ya Clovis yo gufata ubwami bwa Bourgogne mu majyepfo y’i burasirazuba, nta cyo yagezeho. Ariko igitero yagabye ku baturage ba Goths cyagenze neza cyane, igihe mu mwaka wa 507 I.C. yabanesherezaga i Vouillé, hafi y’umujyi wa Poitiers, iyo ikaba ari insinzi yatumye agenzura akarere ko mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba bwa Gaule hafi ya kose. Mu rwego rwo kwemera ko Clovis yatsinze, umwami w’abami wo mu Bwami bw’i Burasirazuba bw’Abaroma witwaga Anastase yamuhaye umwanya w’icyubahiro wo kumuhagararira. Muri ubwo buryo, yari afite umwanya usumba uw’abandi bami bose b’i burengerazuba, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bwari bwemewe n’amategeko mu maso y’abaturage b’Abaroma bo mu karere ka Gaule.

Kubera ko Clovis yari yarigaruriye intara y’abaturage bo mu bwoko bwa Francs bari baturiye u burasirazuba bw’uruzi rwa Rhin, yagize Paris umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bwe. Mu myaka ya nyuma y’imibereho ye, yakomeje ubwami bwe abuha amategeko yanditse, yitwa Lex Salica, kandi atumiza inama ya kiliziya yabereye mu mujyi wa Orléans kugira ngo bagene imishyikirano yagombaga kuba hagati ya Kiliziya na Leta. Igihe yapfaga, bikaba bishoboka ko yapfuye ku itariki ya 27 Ugushyingo 511 I.C., ni we wenyine wari usigaye ategeka bitatu bya kane by’igihugu cya Gaule.

Igitabo cyitwa The New Encyclopædia Britannica, kivuga ko igihe Clovis yahindukiriraga idini rya Gatolika, “byabaye ihinduka rikomeye mu mateka y’u Burayi bw’iburengerazuba.” Kuki kuba uwo mwami w’umupagani yarahindukiriye idini byabaye ibintu bikomeye bene ako kageni? Icyatumye bifatwa ko ari ikintu gikomeye, ni uko Clovis yahisemo kiliziya Gatolika aho guhitamo idini ry’abayoboke ba Arius.

Impaka z’Abayoboke ba Arius

Ahagana mu mwaka wa 320 I.C., Arius, akaba yari umupadiri wo muri Alexandrie ho mu Misiri, yatangiye gukwirakwiza ibitekerezo birwanya cyane inyigisho y’Ubutatu. Arius yahakanye ko Umwana atari  afite kamere imwe na Se. Umwana ntiyashoboraga kuba Imana cyangwa ngo angane na Se, kubera ko we yari yaragize itangiriro (Abakolosayi 1:15). Naho ku kibazo cy’umwuka wera, Arius yatekerezaga ko ari umuperisona, ariko ukaba wari munsi y’Umwana na Se. Iyo nyigisho, yaje gushyigikirwa n’abantu benshi, yatumye kiliziya imurwanya cyane. Mu mwaka wa 325 I.C., muri Konsili ya Nicée, Arius yirukanywe mu gihugu cye, naho inyigisho ze ziracibwa. *

Icyakora, ibyo ntibyatumye impaka zihagarara. Impaka ku bibazo birebana n’inyigisho zarakomeje zimara imyaka 60, kandi uko abami b’abami basimburanaga, ni ko buri wese yagiraga uruhande abogamiraho. Amaherezo, mu mwaka wa 392 I.C., Umwami w’abami Théodose wa I, yafashe idini rya Gatolika ryemewe hamwe n’inyigisho yaryo y’Ubutatu, maze arigira idini rya Leta y’Ubwami bwa Roma. Hagati aho, abo mu bwoko bwa Goths bari barahindukiriye idini rya Arius ryari rihagarariwe n’umwepisikopi w’Umudage witwa Ulfilas. Andi moko akomoka ku Badage yahise ayoboka ubwo buryo bw’ “Ubukristo.” *

Mu gihe cya Clovis, Kiliziya Gatolika yo muri Gaule yari mu bibazo bikomeye. Abo mu bwoko bwa Goths bayobotse Arius bageragezaga gukuraho idini rya Gatolika binyuriye mu kwanga kwemera ko abepisikopi bapfaga basimbuzwa abandi. Byongeye kandi, kiliziya yari yarajegejwe n’amacakubiri yari hagati y’ibice bibiri byarwaniraga ubupapa, abapadiri b’i Roma bo mu bice byari bihanganye bakaba baricanaga. Icyatumaga ibintu birushaho kubamo urujijo, ni uko bamwe mu banditsi b’Abagatolika bari baratangaje igitekerezo cy’uko mu mwaka wa 500 I.C. ari bwo hari kuzaba imperuka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kuba umwami wo mu bwoko bwa Francs wari waratsinze abandi yari ahindukiriye kiliziya Gatolika, abantu babifashe nk’aho ari ibintu byiza, bibimburira “ikinyagihumbi gishya cy’abatagatifu.”

Ariko se, Clovis yari agamije iki? Nubwo nta wahakana ko yari asunitswe n’inyungu zo mu rwego rw’idini, nta gushidikanya ko yari afite intego za politiki yashakaga kugeraho. Mu gihe Clovis yahitagamo kuyoboka idini rya Gatolika, yakunzwe n’abaturage b’Abaroma bo mu gihugu cya Gaule bari biganjemo Abagatolika, kandi yashyigikiwe n’abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya bari bafite ijambo. Ibyo byatumye agira icyo arusha abo bari bahanganye muri politiki mu buryo budasubirwaho. Igitabo cyitwa The New Encyclopædia Britannica kivuga ko “igihe yigaruriraga igihugu cya Gaule, byiswe ko yari intambara yo kwibohoza igitugu cy’abayoboke ba Arius bangiraga ko bataye umurongo wa kiliziya.”

Mu by’Ukuri, Clovis Yari Muntu Ki?

Mbere y’uko isabukuru yo mu mwaka wa 1996 yizihizwa, umwepisikopi mukuru wa Reims, Gérard Defois, yasobanuye ko Clovis ari “ikimenyetso cy’umuntu wahindukiriye idini abanje kubitekerezaho bihagije kandi azi ibyo akora.” Ariko kandi, umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umufaransa witwa Ernest Lavisse,  yagize ati “kuba Clovis yarahinduye idini, ntibyigeze na busa bihindura kamere ye; amahame mbwirizamuco yo mu Ivanjiri arangwa no kugira neza n’amahoro ntiyigeze amugera ku mutima.” Undi muhanga mu by’amateka yagize ati “aho kwambaza Odin [imana y’amoko y’abapagani bakomoka ku Badage], yambaje Kristo, maze yihamira nk’uko yahoze.” Mu buryo butwibutsa imyifatire ya Constantin nyuma y’icyiswe ko yahindukiriye Ubukristo, Clovis yatangiye gukomeza ubutegetsi bwe atsemba abantu bose bashoboraga kuzamutera ku ntebe y’ubwami. Yatsembyeho “bene wabo bose, ndetse yica n’abo bari bafitanye isano rya kure cyane.”

Clovis amaze gupfa, batangiye guhimba imigani yari igamije kumuhindura akareka kuba umurwanyi w’umugome, akaba umutagatifu nyawe. Hari ababona ko Inkuru yanditswe na Grégore de Tours, ikaba yaranditswe hashize hafi ikinyejana kimwe nyuma y’urupfu rwa Clovis, ari imihati yashyizeho ku bwende kugira ngo agaragaze ko Clovis ari umwe na Constantin, umwami w’abami wa mbere w’Umuroma wemeye “Ubukristo.” Kandi mu gihe Grégoire yihandagazaga agahimba ko Clovis yabatijwe amaze imyaka 30 avutse, yasaga n’aho agerageza kwemeza ko uwo mubatizo ufite aho uhuriye n’uwa Kristo.—Luka 3:23.

Iyo ngeso yarakomeje mu kinyejana cya cyenda, ikomezwa n’umwepisikopi wa Reims witwaga Hincmar. Mu gihe za katederali zamaraniraga gusurwa n’abantu benshi, inkuru ivuga iby’imibereho y’uwo yasimbuye, “Mutagatifu” Remigio, ishobora kuba yari igamije gutuma kiliziya ye irushaho kuba icyatwa kandi ikagira ubutunzi bwinshi. Mu nkuru yanditse, yavuze ko hari inuma y’umweru yazanye agacupa karimo amavuta yo gusiga Clovis igihe yabatizwaga—uko bigaragara akaba yarashakaga kwerekeza ku gihe Yesu yasigwaga n’umwuka wera (Matayo 3:16). Muri ubwo buryo, Hincmar yashyize isano hagati ya Clovis, Reims n’ubwami bwe, maze atsindagiriza igitekerezo cy’uko Clovis yari uwasizwe n’Umwami. *

Urwibutso Rwabyukije Impaka Ndende

Uwahoze ari perezida w’u Bufaransa, Charles de Gaulle, yigeze kuvuga ati “kuri jye, amateka y’u Bufaransa atangirira kuri Clovis, watoranyijwe n’abo mu bwoko bwa Francs kugira ngo abe umwami w’u Bufaransa, ari na bo izina u Bufaransa ryakomotseho.” Icyakora, si ko abantu bose babona ibintu batyo. Ibirori byo kwizihiza isabukuru y’imyaka 1.500 ishize Clovis abatijwe, byakuruye impaka ndende. Mu gihugu Kiliziya na Leta byatandukanyijwe ku mugaragaro kuva mu mwaka wa 1905, hari benshi banenze ukuntu Leta yari irimo yivanga mu birori babonaga ko ari ibyo mu rwego rw’idini. Mu gihe inama iyobora umujyi wa Reims yatangazaga ko yari kwishyura podiyumu yari gukoresha mu gihe cy’uruzinduko rwa papa, hari ishyirahamwe rimwe ryagiye kurega icyo cyemezo mu rukiko ko kinyuranyije n’itegeko nshinga. Abandi bo bumvaga ko kiliziya yageragezaga kongera gutegeka u Bufaransa mu by’umuco no mu buzima busanzwe. Ikindi kintu cyatumye ibirori byo kwizihiza iyo sabukuru bikurura impaka ndende, ni uko ishyaka rya politiki ritsimbarara ku bya kera ryitwa Front National hamwe n’udutsiko tw’Abagatolika batsimbarara ku bitekerezo bya kiliziya, bafashe Clovis, bakamugira ikirangantego cyabo.

Abandi banenze ibyo birori bashingiye ku byabaye mu mateka. Bavugaga ko kubatizwa kwa Clovis atari byo byatumye u Bufaransa buhindukirira idini rya Gatolika, kubera ko n’ubundi iryo dini ryari risanzwe ryarashinze imizi mu baturage b’Abaroma bo mu gihugu cya Gaule. Kandi bavuze ko kubatizwa kwe atari byo bigaragaza igihe igihugu cy’u Bufaransa cyabereyeho. Bavugaga ko bikwiriye kurushaho kuvuga ko igihugu cy’u Bufaransa cyabayeho igihe cyitandukanyaga n’ubwami bwa Charlemagne mu mwaka wa 843 I.C., kandi ko Charles le Chauve, aho kuba Clovis, ari we mwami wa mbere w’u Bufaransa.

 Imyaka 1.500 Idini rya Gatolika Rimaze

Muri iki gihe, idini rya Gatolika rihagaze rite mu Bufaransa nyuma y’imyaka isaga 1.500 ryitwa ko ari “umukobwa w’imfura wa Kiliziya”? Kugeza mu mwaka wa 1938, u Bufaransa ni bwo bwagiraga umubare munini w’Abagatolika babatijwe kurusha ibindi bihugu ku isi. None ubu busigaye buza ku mwanya wa gatandatu, nyuma y’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe, urugero nka Filipine na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Kandi nubwo mu Bufaransa hari Abagatolika babarirwa kuri miriyoni 45, miriyoni 6 gusa ni zo zijya mu misa buri gihe. Iperereza riherutse gukorwa mu Bagatolika b’Abafaransa ryagaragaje ko 65 ku ijana “batita ku nyigisho za Kiliziya zerekeranye n’ibitsina,” kandi ko 5 ku ijana babona ko Yesu “nta cyo avuze.” Iyo mitekerereze mibi ni yo yasunikiye papa, igihe yari mu ruzinduko mu Bufaransa mu mwaka wa 1980, kubaza ati “mwa Bafaransa mwe, ya masezerano mwagize igihe mwabatizwaga mwayagenje mute?”

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 27]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

SAXE

Uruzi rwa Rhin

Uruzi rwa Somme

Soissons

Reims

Paris

GAULE

Uruzi rwa Loire

Vouillé

Poitiers

PYRÉNÉES

GOTHS

Roma

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Clovis abatizwa, nk’uko bivugwa mu nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki yo mu kinyejana cya 14

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

© Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 28]

Ishusho ibajwe igaragaza umubatizo wa Clovis (ishusho yo hagati) iri mu mbuga ya Katederali ya Reims, mu Bufaransa

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Uruzinduko rwa Yohani Pawulo wa II mu Bufaransa igihe cyo kwizihiza isabukuru y’umubatizo wa Clovis, rwakuruye impaka ndende