Tuvane isomo ku mateka y’Abaroma

“NIBA nararwanye n’inyamaswa mu Efeso, nk’uko abantu bamwe babigenza.” Bamwe batekereza ko ayo magambo yanditswe mu 1 Abakorinto 15:32 asobanura ko intumwa Pawulo yakatiwe igihano cyo kurwanira mu nzu y’imikino y’Abaroma. Niba yararwaniyeyo cyangwa atararwaniyeyo, kurwana kugeza ku gupfa mu mazu y’imikino byari byogeye mu gihe cye. Ni iki amateka atubwira ku byerekeranye n’ayo mazu y’imikino hamwe n’ibintu byayaberagamo?

Kubera ko turi Abakristo, twifuza guhuza imitimanama yacu n’imitekerereze ya Yehova, ibyo bikaba bishobora kudufasha gufata imyanzuro mu birebana n’imyidagaduro yo muri iki gihe. Urugero, zirikana imitekerereze y’Imana ku byerekeye urugomo, nk’uko igaragazwa n’aya magambo agira ati “ntukagirire umunyarugomo ishyari; mu nzira ze ntugire n’imwe ukurikiza” (Imigani 3:31). Abakristo ba mbere bari bafite iyo nama kugira ngo ibayobore mu gihe abantu benshi bari babakikije bari baratwawe n’imirwano y’abakurankota b’Abaroma. Mu gihe dusuzuma ibyaberaga muri iyo mikino, reka turebe isomo rigaragara neza Abakristo  bashobora kubivanamo muri iki gihe.

Abakurankota babiri bafite intwaro zabo barahanganye mu nzu y’imikino y’Abaroma. Mu gihe bakubise inkota bwa mbere ku ngabo, imbaga y’abantu basaze barasakuza cyane bavuga amagambo yo gutera inkunga uwo bashyigikiye. Ni intambara yo gupfa no gukira. Bidatinze, uwakomeretse kandi udashobora gukomeza kurwana, ajugunye intwaro ze hasi maze arapfukama, muri ubwo buryo aba yiyemereye ko atsinzwe, kandi ko asaba imbabazi. Urusaku rubaye rwinshi cyane. Bamwe mu mbaga y’abantu baje kureba imikino barasakuza bamusabira imbabazi, abandi baramusabira ko yicwa. Amaso yose bayahanze ku mwami w’abami. Ashingiye ku byifuzo bya benshi, ashobora kurokora umurwanyi watsinzwe, cyangwa se agategeka ko yicwa yerekana ibikumwe bireba hasi.

Abaroma bakundaga imirwano y’abakurankota cyane. Ushobora gutangazwa no kumenya ko bene iyo mirwano yabanje kujya ikorwa mu gihe cyo guhamba abantu bakomeye. Hari abatekereza ko iyo mirwano yakomotse ku mugenzo wo gutamba ibitambo by’abantu wabonekaga mu bantu bo mu bwoko bwa Oscan cyangwa Samnite bo mu karere ubu kagize u Butaliyani bwo hagati. Ibyo bitambo byari bigamije kugusha neza imyuka y’abapfuye. Iyo mirwano yitwaga munus, cyangwa “ituro” (mu bwinshi ni munera). Imikino ya mbere yanditswe yabereye i Roma, ni iyabaye mu mwaka wa 264 M.I.C., igihe abakurankota batandatu barwaniraga mu isoko ry’inka ari babiri babiri. Mu gihe cyo guhamba Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, harwanywe imirwano 22 y’abakurankota. Mu gihe cyo guhamba Publius Licinius, abakurankota 120 bararwanye ari babiri babiri. Mu mwaka wa 65 M.I.C., Jules César yohereje abakurankota 640 mu nzu y’imikino ngo barwane ari babiri babiri.

Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Keith Hopkins yagize ati “imihango yo guhamba abantu babaga bakomeye ibwami, yari uburyo bwo guteza imbere inyungu za politiki, kandi imikino yakinwaga mu gihe cy’ihamba yabaga ifitanye isano na politiki . . . kubera ko abaturage batoraga bayikundaga ari benshi. Koko rero, kuba ibirori by’imikino y’abakurankota byaragiye birushaho gukorwa mu buryo buhambaye, ahanini byatewe no guhiganwa muri politiki kw’abantu bari bakomeye ibwami babaga bararikiye kuzamurwa mu ntera.” Ku ngoma ya Awugusito (kuva mu wa 27 M.I.C. kugeza mu wa 14 I.C.), amaturo ya munera yari yarahindutse amaturo agizwe n’ibintu byinshi cyane—bigenewe gushimisha rubanda—byatangwaga n’abategetsi ba leta bakize kugira ngo bateze imbere inyungu zabo mu bya politiki.

Abakurankota n’Uko Batozwaga

Ushobora kwibaza uti ‘abo bakurankota bari bantu ki?’ Bashobora kuba barabaga ari abacakara, abagizi ba nabi bakatiwe urwo gupfa, imfungwa z’intambara, cyangwa abantu batari abacakara bakururwaga n’ukuntu iyo mikino yashishikazaga abantu benshi, cyangwa babaga biringiye kuzaba ibirangirire no kuba abakungu. Bose batorezwaga mu mashuri ameze nka gereza. Igitabo cyitwa Giochi e spettacoli (Imikino n’Ibirori), kivuga ko abakurankota babaga bari mu myitozo “buri gihe babaga barinzwe kandi batozwa disipuline mu buryo butagoragozwa, bakagendera ku mategeko akagatiza kurusha andi yose, kandi bagahabwa ibihano bikomeye cyane mu buryo bwihariye . . . Kubafata gutyo akenshi byatumaga bamwe biyahura, bakivumbura kandi bakigomeka.” Ishuri rya Roma ry’abakurankota rinini cyane kurusha andi ryari rifite utwumba twashoboraga gucumbikira abantu bagera nibura ku gihumbi. Buri muntu yabaga afite ikintu yihariye. Bamwe barwanaga bambaye ibyuma bikingira umubiri, bafite ingabo n’inkota, abandi barwanaga bafite urushundura n’icumu ry’imitwe itatu. Abandi bo batozwaga kurwana n’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi mu gihe cy’umukino w’ubundi bwoko wakundwaga n’abantu benshi, witwaga umuhigo. Mbese, Pawulo yaba yari arimo yerekeza ku bintu nk’ibyo?

Abateguraga ibyo birori bashoboraga kwiyambaza abanyemari, bagashakisha abasore b’imyaka 17 cyangwa 18 bakabatoza kuzaba abakurankota. Gucuruza abantu byabagamo amafaranga menshi cyane. Ibirori bidasanzwe Trajan yakoresheje kugira ngo yizihize  ko yari yatsinze urugamba, byahuje abakurankota 10.000 n’inyamaswa 11.000.

Umunsi w’Ibirori mu Nzu y’Imikino

Mu gitondo, mu nzu y’imikino haberaga imihigo. Inyamaswa zo mu gasozi z’amoko yose zashoboraga kwinjizwa mu nzu y’imikino. Ababaga bari aho, bishimiraga cyane cyane imirwano hagati y’ikimasa n’idubu. Akenshi, izo nyamaswa zabaga zizirikanyije kugira ngo zirwane kugeza igihe imwe ipfiriye, hanyuma iyabaga irokotse igasongwa n’umuhigi. Indi mirwano yakundwaga n’abantu benshi ni iyahuzaga intare n’ingwe, cyangwa inzovu n’amadubu. Abahigi bagaragazaga ubuhanga bwabo bica inyamaswa z’akataraboneka babaga barazanye bazivanye mu duce twose tw’ubwami, batitaye ku kiguzi cyazo—zabaga zikubiyemo ingwe, inkura, imvubu, twiga, impyisi, ingamiya, ibirura, amasatura n’impongo.

Ibyabaga biteguwe kuri platifomu byatumaga iyo mihigo itibagirana. Hakoreshwaga amabuye, ibizenga n’ibiti, kugira ngo hase no mu ishyamba. Mu mazu amwe n’amwe y’imikino, inyamaswa zageraga kuri platifomu mu buryo busa n’amayobera, zikazamurwa n’ibintu byabaga munsi y’ubutaka hamwe n’inzugi basunikiraga ku ruhande. Kuba nta wabaga azi uko inyamaswa ziri bwitware byatumaga ibirori birushaho gushishikaza, ariko ikintu kigaragara ko gisa n’aho cyatumaga imihigo ishishikaza mu buryo bwihariye, ni ubugome yakoranwaga bwayirangaga.

Kuri porogaramu hakurikiragaho kunyonga. Hashyirwagaho imihati kugira ngo ibyo bikorwe mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Hakinwaga darame zivuga iby’imigani y’imihimbano, abakinaga izo darame bakaba baricwaga nyakwicwa.

Nyuma ya saa sita, amatsinda anyuranye y’abakurankota babaga bambaye mu buryo butandukanye kandi baratojwe mu buryo bunyuranye, yararwanaga. Bamwe mu bakururaga imirambo bayikura kuri platifomu babaga bambaye nk’imana y’ikuzimu.

Ingaruka Yagiraga ku Bayirebaga

Rubanda bakundaga imirwano cyane ku buryo batayihagaga, bityo abarwanyi babaga bajijinganya, babateraga inkunga babakubita imikoba n’ibyuma. Imbaga y’abantu yateraga hejuru igira iti “kuki azibukira inkota nk’ikigwari? Kuki akura inkota nk’uwaburaye? Kuki adashaka gupfa [kigabo]? Mumukubite ibiboko ajye kurwana! Mubareke batikurane nta cyo bambaye mu gatuza kugira ngo inkota ikinjiremo neza!” Umutegetsi w’Umuroma witwaga Sénèque yanditse avuga ko mu gihe cy’ikiruhuko, hatambukaga itangazo rigira riti “hagati aho nibabe bazanye icyo kwica kugira ngo tuticara ubusa!”

Ntibitangaje rero kuba Sénèque yariyemereye ko yasubiraga imuhira “yarushijeho kuba umugome n’inyamaswamuntu.” Ayo magambo adaca ku ruhande yavuzwe n’umwe mu barebaga iyo mikino, tugomba kuyatekerezaho twitonze. Mbese, abantu bajya kureba imikino imwe n’imwe yo muri iki gihe, yaba ibagiraho ingaruka nk’izo, bigatuma ‘barushaho kuba abagome n’inyamaswabantu’?

Hari bamwe bashobora kuba baratekerezaga ko babaga ari abanyamahirwe kubera ko byonyine babaga bashoboye gusubira imuhira ari bazima. Igihe umuntu umwe yavugaga amagambo y’urwenya yerekeye kuri Domitien, uwo mwami w’abami yategetse ko bamukurubana bakamuvana aho yari yicaye bakamujugunyira imbwa. Igihe abagizi ba nabi bo kwicwa bari  babuze, byatumye Caligula ategeka ko bamwe mu bari bagize imbaga y’abantu bari bahari bafatwa maze bakajugunyirwa inyamaswa. Naho mu gihe imashini zo kuri platifomu zitari zakoze nk’uko yabyifuzaga, Kilawudiyo yategetse ko abakanishi bari babiteye barwanira mu nzu y’imikino.

Nanone kandi, imyifatire y’ababaga baje kogeza abakinnyi yatumaga habaho amakuba n’imyivumbagatanyo. Inzu y’imikino yari mu majyaruguru ya Roma yarasandaye, kandi bavuga ko abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi bapfuye. Mu mwaka wa 59 I.C., abantu bari mu mikino yaberaga i Pompéi barivumbagatanyije. Tacite yavuze ko ubushyamirane hagati y’abafana bo muri uwo mujyi n’abo mu mujyi wari wegeranye na wo bwatangiye batukana, hanyuma baterana amabuye, maze nyuma baza gukoresha inkota. Abantu batari bake barakomeretse, abandi benshi baricwa.

Isomo Risobanutse Neza

Imurika riherutse kubera muri Colisée i Roma, ryari rifite umutwe uvuga ngo Sangue e arena (“Amaraso n’Umusenyi”), ryatumye twibuka ibintu byo muri iki gihe bishobora kugereranywa n’amaturo ya munera. Mu buryo butangaje, ryerekanye amafoto ya videwo y’ibimasa birwana, abateramakofe, isiganwa ry’amamodoka n’amapikipiki agenda asekurana mu buryo buteye ubwoba, imirwano itagira rutangira y’abakinnyi b’imikino ngororangingo, n’imirwano y’abafana bivumbagatanyije. Iryo murika ryarangiye berekana ifoto y’inzu ya Colisée yafatiwe mu kirere. Utekereza ko abari aho bageze ku wuhe mwanzuro? Ni bangahe babivanyemo isomo?

Intambara y’imbwa, iy’inkoko, iy’ibimasa ndetse na siporo irangwa n’urugomo, ni ibintu byiganje mu bihugu byinshi muri iki gihe. Ubuzima bw’abantu benshi bushyirwa mu kaga ngo aha ni ukugira ngo bashimishe imbaga y’abantu binyuriye ku isiganwa ry’amamodoka n’amapikipiki. Tekereza nanone ibiganiro bihita kuri televiziyo buri munsi. Iperereza ryakozwe muri kimwe mu bihugu by’i burengerazuba, ryagaragaje ko umwana ureba televiziyo mu rugero, ashobora kuzaba yarabonye ubwicanyi bugera ku 10.000, n’ibikorwa by’urugomo bigera ku 100.000 mu gihe azaba agejeje ku myaka icumi.

Umwanditsi wo mu kinyejana cya gatatu witwaga Tertullien, yavuze ko kwishimira ibyo birori “bitari bihuje n’idini ry’ukuri no kumvira Imana y’ukuri mu buryo nyakuri.” Yabonaga ko abantu bajyaga muri iyo mikino bari ibyitso by’abicanaga. Bite se muri iki gihe? Umuntu ashobora kwibaza ati ‘mbese, nshimishwa no kureba imikino yo kumena amaraso, urupfu cyangwa urugomo kuri televiziyo cyangwa kuri Internet?’ Ni iby’ingenzi kwibuka ko muri Zaburi ya 11:5 hagira hati “Uwiteka agerageza abakiranutsi: ariko umunyabyaha n’ūkunda urugomo, umutima we urabanga.”

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 28]

Imirwano yo “Kugusha Neza Abapfuye”

Ku byerekeranye n’inkomoko y’imirwano y’abakurankota, umwanditsi wo mu kinyejana cya gatatu witwaga Tertullien, yagize ati “abantu ba kera batekerezaga ko binyuriye kuri bene ibyo birori, bagiraga icyo bamarira abapfuye, bamaze kubicubya bakoresheje uburyo bw’ubugome bwateye imbere kurushaho. Mu bihe bya kera, kubera ko bizeraga ko ubugingo bw’abapfuye bucururutswa n’amaraso y’abantu, mu mihango y’ihamba bari bafite akamenyero ko gutamba abantu bafashwe mu ntambara cyangwa abacakara baguraga babaga badafite icyo bamaze kigaragara. Nyuma y’aho, byasaga n’aho byari byiza guhishira isura ya kinyamaswa y’ibyo birori binyuriye mu kubihindura ibintu bishimishije. Bityo, iyo abo bantu batoranyijwe babaga bamaze gutozwa gukoresha intwaro zariho muri icyo gihe kandi bamaze kuba ba kabuhariwe mu kuzikoresha, bahabwaga imyitozo ikubiyemo kwitoza kwicwa!—bicwaga ku munsi wagenwe w’ihamba, bakicirwa ku mva. Bityo, iyo abantu bo muri ibyo bihe babaga bapfushije, bahumurizwaga no kwica abandi. Aho ni ho munus yakomotse. Ariko kandi, nyuma y’igihe runaka, bagiye batera imbere mu kunoza iyo mikino nk’uko bateraga imbere mu bugome, bitewe n’uko iyo inyamaswa zo mu gasozi na zo zabaga zitayigizemo uruhare ngo zitanyaguze imibiri y’abantu, ibyishimo byo mu birori byabaga bituzuye. Ibyatangwaga kugira ngo bagushe neza abapfuye byafatwaga ko ari kimwe mu byari bigize umuhango w’ihamba.”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Ingofero n’icyuma gikingira ku murundi byakoreshwaga n’abakurankota ba kera

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Abakristo ba kera babonaga ko imyidagaduro irimo urugomo itemewe. Mbese nawe ni uko?

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Iteramakofe: Dave Kingdon/Index Stock Photography; imodoka zagonganye: AP Photo/Martin Seppala

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26 yavuye]

Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona/Bridgeman Art Library