Mbese, Satani ni ikintu abantu bihimbiye, cyangwa ni umugome ubaho koko?

UHEREYE kera kose, abahanga bagiye bashishikazwa no kumenya inkomoko y’ibibi. Hari igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti “kuva aho abantu babereyeho, bagiye bajujubywa n’imbaraga batashoboraga gutegeka zatumaga bagerwaho n’ibintu bibi.” (Byavuzwe mu gitabo A Dictionary of the Bible, cyanditswe na James Hastings.) Nanone icyo gitabo cyagize kiti ‘abantu bo mu gihe cya mbere bifuzaga muri kamere yabo kumenya impamvu z’ibintu, kandi bavugaga ko imbaraga n’ibindi bimenyetso bigaragarira mu byaremwe bifite kamere muntu.’

Dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’amateka babivuga, imyizerere y’uko hariho abadayimoni bafite kamere y’imana hamwe n’imyuka mibi yatangiriye mu mateka ya kera cyane ya Mezopotamiya. Abanyababuloni ba kera bizeraga ko Nerugali, imana yarangwaga n’urugomo yari izwiho ko ari imana “itwika,” ari yo yategekaga ikuzimu, cyangwa “aho bajya ntibagaruke.” Nanone batinyaga abadayimoni, bakaba barageragezaga kubagusha neza binyuriye mu kubabwira amagambo y’imitongero. Dukurikije uko imigani y’Abanyamisiri ibivuga, Set yari imana y’ibibi, “yashushanywaga isa n’inyamaswa idasanzwe, ifite akazuru karekare kigoronzoye, amatwi agororotse n’umurizo ukomeye ugiye ugira amashami.”—Byavuzwe muri Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.

Nubwo Abagiriki n’Abaroma bari bafite imana zirangwa n’impuhwe n’izigira nabi, ntibari bafite imana ihagarariye ibintu bibi. Abahanga mu bya filozofiya babo bigishaga ko hariho amahame abiri ahabanye. Uwitwa Empédocle yavuze ko ayo mahame ari Urukundo n’Amacakubiri. Platon we yavuze ko isi yari ifite “Imyuka” ibiri, umwe watumaga habaho ibyiza n’undi watumaga habaho ibibi. Dukurikije uko Georges Minois yabivuze, ‘idini gakondo ry’Abagiriki n’Abaroma ntiryemeraga ko Satani abaho.”—Yabivuze mu gitabo cye cyitwa Le Diable.

Idini rimwe ryo muri Irani ryigishaga ko imana isumba byose, ari yo Ahura Mazda cyangwa Ormazd, yaremye Angra Mainyu, cyangwa Ahriman, wihitiyemo ubwe gukora ibibi maze agahinduka Umwuka Urimbura cyangwa Umurimbuzi.

Mu idini ry’Abayahudi, bagaragazaga ko Satani ari Umwanzi w’Imana, watangije icyaha. Ariko hashize ibinyejana byinshi, ibyo baje kubivanga n’inyigisho za gipagani. Igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti ‘mu binyejana bya nyuma M.I.C., hari harabayeho ihinduka rikomeye. Muri icyo gihe, idini [ry’Abayahudi] . . . ryadukanye inyigisho yavugaga ko hari imbaraga ebyiri zihabanye zategekaga, hakaba hari Imana hamwe n’imbaraga zagengaga ibyiza n’ukuri bari bahanganye mu ijuru no mu isi, n’imbaraga zagengaga ibibi n’uburiganya. Iyo nyigisho isa n’aho yakomotse mu idini ry’Abaperesi’ (Encyclopaedia Judaica). Hari ikindi gitabo cyagize kiti “abadayimoni bashoboraga kwirindwa binyuriye mu kubahiriza amategeko no kwambara impigi.” —Byavuzwe mu gitabo cyitwa The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia.

Tewolojiya y’Abakristo b’abahakanyi

Nk’uko idini ry’Abayahudi ryadukanye ibitekerezo bihereranye na Satani n’abadayimoni bidashingiye kuri Bibiliya, ni na ko Abakristo b’abahakanyi bazanye ibitekerezo bidashingiye ku Byanditswe. Igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti ‘imwe mu nyigisho za kera zikabije cyane zishingiye kuri tewolojiya, ni iyavugaga ko Imana yacunguye abantu bayo binyuriye mu guha Satani ikiguzi kugira ngo abarekure.’ (Byavuzwe mu gitabo The Anchor Bible Dictionary.) Icyo gitekerezo cyazamuwe na Irénée (wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri I.C.). Cyongeye kugaragazwa na Origène (wabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatatu I.C.), wavuze ko “Satani yari yarahawe uburenganzira bwo kwigarurira abantu”; kandi yabonaga ko “urupfu rwa Kristo . . . ari incungu yahawe Satani.”—Byavuzwe mu gitabo History of Dogma, cyanditswe na Adolf Harnack.

Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko “[inyigisho ivuga ko incungu yahawe Satani] yagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka ya tewolojiya mu gihe cy’imyaka igera ku gihumbi,” kandi yakomeje kuba inyigisho y’idini. (Byavuzwe mu gitabo The Catholic Encyclopedia.) Abandi bahanga bemerwaga na Kiliziya barimo uwitwaga Augustin (wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kane n’icya gatanu I.C.), bemeye icyo gitekerezo cy’uko incungu yahawe Satani. Mu kinyejana cya 12 I.C., Abanyatewolojiya b’Abagatolika, ari bo Anselme na Abélard, baje kugera ku mwanzuro w’uko igitambo cya Kristo kitahawe Satani ahubwo ko cyahawe Imana.

Imiziririzo yo mu Gihe Rwagati

Nubwo konsili nyinshi zakorwaga na Kiliziya Gatolika zitagiraga icyo zivuga ku kibazo gihereranye na Satani, mu wa 1215 I.C. konsili ya kane ya Latran yagaragaje icyo igitabo New Catholic Encyclopedia cyise “icyemezo gikomeye cyo kwizera.” Ihame rya mbere ryagiraga riti “Satani n’abandi badayimoni baremwe n’Imana ari beza, ariko bo ubwabo bihindura babi.” Nanone ryavuze ko bagerageza uko bashoboye kose kugira ngo bashuke abantu. Icyo gitekerezo kivuzwe nyuma cyashishikaje abantu benshi mu Gihe Rwagati. Bumvaga ko Satani ari we nyirabayazana w’ikintu cyose cyasaga n’aho kidasanzwe, urugero nk’indwara itazwi, urupfu rutunguranye, cyangwa kurumbya imyaka. Mu mwaka wa 1233 I.C., Papa Grégoire wa IX yashyizeho amategeko amwe n’amwe yarwanyaga abahakanyi, hakubiyemo iryarwanyaga Abalusiferi, bitwaga ko basenga Satani.

Imyizerere y’uko abantu bashoboraga guterwa na Satani cyangwa abadayimoni be, yatumye abantu bashya ubwoba cyane, batinya uburozi. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 13 kugeza mu cya 17, gutinya abarozi byakwirakwiriye mu Burayi biza kugera no muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru bikwirakwijwe n’abakoloni b’Abanyaburayi. Ndetse n’Abaporotesitanti bashakaga ko ibintu bihinduka, ari bo Martin Luther na Jean Calvin, bemeye ko abarozi bashakishwa. Mu Burayi, imanza zo gushinja abarozi zabaga zishingiye ku bihuha gusa cyangwa ku rwango, zaburanishwaga n’Urukiko rwa Kiliziya Gatolika n’izindi nkiko zisanzwe. Bajyaga bababaza abantu urubozo kugira ngo babahatire kwemera “icyaha.”

Abahamwaga n’icyaha bahabwaga igihano cyo kwicwa batwitswe, cyangwa bakamanikwa nk’uko byakorwaga mu Bwongereza no muri Écosse. Ku bihereranye n’umubare w’abishwe, hari igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti “dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’amateka bamwe babivuga, kuva mu wa 1484 kugeza mu wa 1782, kiliziya ya Gikristo yishe abagore bagera ku 300.000 ibaziza ko ari abarozi” (The World Book Encyclopedia). Niba Satani ari we nyirabayazana w’ubwo bwicanyi bwakozwe icyo gihe, ni bande babaye ibikoresho bye? Mbese,  ni abatotezwaga, cyangwa ni abanyamadini b’abafana babatotezaga?

Kwemera ko abaho cyangwa ko atabaho muri iki gihe

Mu kinyejana cya 18 hadutse filozofiya yavugaga ko ibintu byose bibaho bigomba kuba bishingiye ku kuri gufatika, ikaba yariswe Urumuri. Hari igitabo kimwe cyagize kiti “filozofiya na tewolojiya yitwaga Urumuri byihatiye kuvana mu bwenge bw’Abakristo igitekerezo cy’uko Satani abaho koko, bibumvisha ko ari ikintu abantu bo mu Gihe Rwagati bari barihimbiye” (Encyclopædia Britannica). Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma yagize icyo ibivugaho maze yongera kwemeza imyizerere yayo y’uko Satani abaho, muri Konsili ya Mbere ya Vatikani (yabaye mu wa 1869-1870), yongera no kubyemeza ariko ifite ipfunwe muri Konsili ya Kabiri ya Vatikani (yabaye mu wa 1962-1965).

Dukurikije uko igitabo kimwe kibivuga, “Kiliziya yemera ku mugaragaro ko hariho abamarayika n’abadayimoni” (New Catholic Encyclopedia). Ariko kandi, inkoranyamagambo y’Igifaransa yitwa Théo ya Gatolika yemeza ko “Abakristo benshi muri iki igihe batemera ko ibibi bibera mu isi biterwa na Satani.” Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abanyatewolojiya b’Abagatolika bagiye bagira amakenga mu bihereranye n’icyo kibazo, birinda kubogama mu birebana n’inyigisho yemewe ya Gatolika n’imitekerereze mishya yo muri iki gihe. Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko “tewolojiya ivuga ko Umukristo agomba kwemera ibitekerezo bishya ivuga ko amagambo yo muri Bibiliya avuga ibihereranye na Satani ari ‘ay’ikigereranyo gusa,’ ko atagomba gufatwa uko yakabaye, kandi ko ari inkuru bahimbye kugira ngo bagerageze kumvikanisha ukuri guhereranye n’ibibi bibera mu isi.” (Byavuzwe muri Encyclopædia Britannica.) Ku bihereranye n’Abaporotesitanti, icyo gitabo kigira kiti ‘idini ry’Abaporotesitanti bo muri iki gihe ryemera ibitekerezo bishya rivuga ko atari ngombwa kwemera ko Satani abaho koko.’ Ariko se, Abakristo b’ukuri bagombye kubona ko ibyo Bibiliya ivuga ku bihereranye na Satani ari “ikigereranyo gusa”?

Icyo Ibyanditswe bivuga

Bibiliya itanga ibisobanuro byumvikana neza ku byerekeye inkomoko y’ibibi kurusha uko filozofiya na tewolojiya byigishwa n’abantu bibisobanura. Icyo Ibyanditswe bivuga ku bihereranye na Satani gituma dusobanukirwa inkomoko y’ibibi n’imibabaro igera ku bantu, n’impamvu ibikorwa by’urugomo bigenda birushaho kuba bibi uko umwaka utashye.

Bamwe bashobora kwibaza bati ‘niba Imana ari Umuremyi mwiza kandi urangwa n’urukundo, ni gute yashoboraga kurema ikiremwa cy’umwuka kibi, ari cyo Satani?’ Bibiliya ikubiyemo ihame rivuga ko imirimo ya Yehova Imana itunganye yose, kandi ko ibiremwa bye byose bifite ubwenge byahawe umudendezo wo kwihitiramo ibibinogeye (Gutegeka 30:19; 32:4; Yosuwa 24:15; 1 Abami 18: 21). Bityo rero, ikiremwa cy’umwuka cyahindutse Satani cyaremwe gitunganye, ariko cyaje kwihitiramo kureka inzira y’ukuri no gukiranuka.—Yohana 8:44; Yakobo 1:14, 15.

Ukwigomeka kwa Satani kugereranywa mu buryo bwinshi n’uk’ “umwami w’i Tiro” wavuzweho mu buryo bw’igisigo ko yari ‘mwiza bihebuje’ kandi ko yari ‘atunganye bihebuje mu nzira ze zose uhereye umunsi yaremweho, kugeza igihe yabonetsweho gukiranirwa’ (Ezekiyeli 28:11-19). Satani ntiyashidikanyije ko Yehova asumba byose cyangwa ko ari Umuremyi. Ni gute yashoboraga kubishidikanyaho kandi yararemwe n’Imana? Ariko kandi, Satani yarashidikanyije ku bihereranye n’uko Yehova akoresha ubutware bwe bw’ikirenga. Mu busitani bwa Edeni, Satani yumvikanishije ko Imana yari yarimye abantu babiri ba mbere ikintu runaka bari bafitiye uburenganzira kandi cyari gutuma bamererwa neza (Itangiriro 3:1-5). Yatumye Adamu na Eva bigomeka ku butegetsi bukiranuka bwa Yehova, maze bikururira icyaha n’urupfu bo n’ababakomotseho bose (Itangiriro 3:6-19; Abaroma 5:12). Nguko uko Bibiliya igaragaza ko Satani ari we nyirabayazana w’imibabaro igera ku bantu.

Igihe runaka mbere y’Umwuzure, abandi bamarayika bifatanyije na Satani mu kwigomeka kwe. Bambaye imibiri nk’iy’abantu kugira ngo bahaze irari ryabo basambana n’abakobwa b’abantu (Itangiriro 6:1-4). Mu gihe cy’Umwuzure, abo bamarayika bigometse basubiye mu buturo bw’umwuka, ariko ntibasubiye mu ‘buturo bwabo’ bwa mbere aho babanaga n’Imana mu ijuru (Yuda 6). Bacishijwe bugufi bashyirwa mu mwijima w’icuraburindi wo mu buryo bw’umwuka (1 Petero 3:19, 20; 2 Petero 2:4). Bahindutse abadayimoni, ntibakomeza kugendera ku buyobozi bwa Yehova, ahubwo bagandukira Satani. Nubwo uko bigaragara abadayimoni badashobora kongera kwambara imibiri y’abantu, bakomeza kugira uruhare rukomeye ku mitekerereze no ku mibereho y’abantu, kandi nta gushidikanya ko ari bo nyirabayazana w’ibikorwa byinshi by’urugomo tubona muri iki gihe.—Matayo 12:43-45; Luka 8:27-33.

Ubutegetsi bwa Satani buri hafi kurangira

Biragaragara neza ko imyuka mibi igira uruhare rukomeye mu isi muri iki gihe. Intumwa Yohana yaranditse ati “ab’isi bose bari mu Mubi.”—1 Yohana 5:19.

Ariko kandi, isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya rigaragaza ko Satani ateza ibyago ku isi yiyungikanyije, kuko azi ko asigaranye “igihe gito” gusa cyo guteza imidugararo, mbere y’uko abohwa (Ibyahishuwe 12:7-12; 20:1-3). Ubutegetsi bwa Satani nibumara kuvaho, hazakurikiraho isi nshya irangwa no gukiranuka, aho amarira, urupfu n’imibabaro ‘bitazabaho ukundi.’ Hanyuma ibyo Imana ishaka “bizakorwa mu isi, nk’uko bikorwa mu ijuru.”—Ibyahishuwe 21:1-4; Matayo 6:10, New International Version.

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 4]

Abanyababuloni bizeraga Nerugali (hirya ibumoso), imana yarangwaga n’urugomo; Platon (ibumoso) yizeraga ko hariho “Imyuka” ibiri ihabanye

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Umwiburungushure: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Plato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 5]

Irénée, Origène na Augustin bigishije ko incungu yahawe Satani

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Origène: Culver Pictures; Augustin: Byavanywe mu gitabo Great Men and Famous Women

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 6]

Gutinya abarozi byatumye abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi amagana bicwa

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Byavanywe mu gitabo Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte