Intambara yo guhindura bibiliya mu kigiriki cyo muri iki gihe

Ushobora gutangazwa no kumenya ko mu Bugiriki, igihugu bajya bavugaho ko ibyo kwishyira ukizana mu bitekerezo ari ho byatangiriye, guhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi rwa rubanda byabaye ipfundo ry’intambara ndende kandi igoye. Ariko se, ni nde wari kurwanya ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu Kigiriki cyumvikana neza? Yari kuba agamije iki?

HARI uwatekereza ko abantu bavuga Ikigiriki bagashize, kubera ko igice kinini cy’Ibyanditswe Byera cyanditswe bwa mbere mu rurimi rwabo. Nyamara kandi, Ikigiriki cyo muri iki gihe gitandukanye cyane n’Ikigiriki cyakoreshejwe mu buhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo mu Kigiriki bwitwaga Septante, hamwe n’icyo mu Byanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki. Mu by’ukuri, mu binyejana bitandatu bishize, abantu benshi bavuga Ikigiriki babonye ko gusobanukirwa Ikigiriki cya Bibiliya byari bigoye nk’uko bimeze ku rurimi rw’amahanga. Amagambo mashya yasimbuye ashaje, kandi ikibonezamvugo n’uburyo interuro zubakwa byarahindutse.

Inyandiko z’intoki z’Ikigiriki zo guhera mu kinyejana cya 3 kugera mu cya 16, zihamya ko hari abantu bagerageje guhindura Septante mu Kigiriki cyavugwaga icyo gihe. Mu kinyejana cya gatatu, umwepisikopi Grégoire wo muri Néo-Césarée (wabayeho kuva mu wa 213 kugeza hafi mu wa 270 I.C.), yahinduye igitabo cy’Umubwiriza akivanye muri Septante agishyira mu Kigiriki cyoroshye. Mu kinyejana cya 11, Umuyahudi witwa Tobias ben Eliezer wabaga muri Makedoniya, yahinduye ibitabo bimwe byo muri Pantateki (ibitabo bitanu bya Mose) ya Septante abishyira mu Kigiriki cya buri munsi. Yanakoresheje inyuguti z’Igiheburayo kugira ngo afashe Abayahudi babaga muri Makedoniya bavugaga Ikigiriki gusa ariko bagasoma inyuguti z’Igiheburayo. Mu mwaka wa 1547 i Constantinople, ni bwo Pantateki yose yasohotse mu Kigiriki cya buri munsi.

Urumuri mu mwijima

Uturere tw’Ubwami bwa Byzance twavugaga Ikigiriki tumaze kwigarurirwa n’aba Ottomans mu kinyejana cya 15, abenshi mu baturage b’aho ntibabonye uburyo bwo kwiga. Nubwo Kiliziya y’Aborutodogisi yatoneshejwe cyane n’Ubwami bwa Ottoman, yirengagije nkana abagize umukumbi wayo bacupirira mu bukene n’ubujiji. Umwanditsi w’Umugiriki witwa Thomas Spelios, yabivuzeho agira ati “intego y’ingenzi cyane ya Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi na gahunda yayo yo kwigisha, yari iyo kurinda abayoboke babo poropagande z’Abisilamu na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma. Ibyo byatumye kwigisha Ikigiriki bisa n’aho bihagaze mu buryo runaka.” Muri iyo mimerere itarangwa n’icyizere, abantu bakundaga Bibiliya bumvise ko abo baturage bababaye, bari bakeneye ihumure ryo mu gitabo cya Bibiliya cya Zaburi. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1543 kugeza mu wa 1835, habayeho ubuhinduzi 18 bunyuranye bwa Zaburi mu Kigiriki cyavugwaga icyo gihe.

Ubuhinduzi bwa mbere mu Kigiriki bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byose, bwateguwe mu mwaka wa 1630 na Maximus Callipolites wari Umugiriki wihaye Imana w’i Callipolis. Ubwo buhinduzi bwayobowe kandi bushyigikirwa na Cyril Lucaris wari umwepisikopi mukuru wa Constantinople, washakaga kuzavugurura Kiliziya  ya Orutodogisi. Ariko kandi, Lucaris yari afite abamurwanya muri kiliziya batari kuzemera ihinduka iryo ari ryo ryose cyangwa ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya mu rurimi rwavugwaga na rubanda. * Yishwe anizwe, ashinjwa ubugambanyi. Icyakora, hari kopi 1.500 z’ubuhinduzi bwa Maximus zacapwe mu wa 1638. Bitewe n’ingaruka ubwo buhinduzi bwagize, Sinodi ya Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi yabereye i Yerusalemu nyuma y’imyaka 34, yavuze ko Ibyanditswe “bitagombaga gusomwa n’umuntu ubonetse wese, ahubwo ko byagombaga gusomwa gusa n’abantu bacengeye ibintu bihambaye by’umwuka, na bo bakabisoma ari uko bamaze gukora ubushakashatsi bukwiriye.” Ibyo byavugaga ko Abayobozi b’amadini bize ari bo bonyine bagombaga gusoma Ibyanditswe.

Mu mwaka wa 1703, Umugiriki wihaye Imana wo mu kirwa cya Lesbos witwaga Seraphim, yagerageje gucapira i Londres ubuhinduzi bwasubiwemo bwa Maximus. Igihe abantu b’i bwami bo mu Bwongereza bari baramusezeranyije inkunga y’amafaranga bamutabaga mu nama, yacapishije ubwo buhinduzi bwasubiwemo ku mafaranga ye. Mu ijambo ry’ibanze ryabwo rishishikaje cyane, Seraphim yatsindagirije ko “buri Mukristo wese wubaha Imana” yagombaga gusoma Bibiliya, kandi yashinje abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya ko “bifuzaga guhishira imyifatire yabo mibi baheza abantu mu bujiji.” Nk’uko ashobora kuba yari abyiteze, abo muri Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi bamurwanyaga bamufatishirije mu Burusiya maze bamucira muri Siberiya, aho yapfiriye mu mwaka wa 1735.

Hari umuyobozi w’idini w’Umugiriki wavuze ukuntu abantu b’icyo gihe bavugaga Ikigiriki bari bakeneye cyane iby’umwuka, maze yerekeza ku buhinduzi bwa Maximus bwasubiwemo nyuma y’aho agira ati ‘Abagiriki n’abandi bantu babonye iyi Bibiliya Yera barayikunda kandi bari bayibabaye, maze barayisoma. Bumvise umubabaro bari bafite ugabanutse, kandi barushijeho kwizera Imana bashikamye.’ Nyamara kandi, abayobozi babo b’idini batinyaga ko abantu baramutse basobanukiwe Bibiliya, imyizerere yabo n’ibikorwa byabo bidashingiye ku Byanditswe byashyirwa ahabona. Ni yo mpamvu mu mwaka wa 1823 no mu wa 1836, umwepisikopi mukuru wa Constantinople n’abambari be batanze itegeko ryo gutwika kopi z’ubuhinduzi bwose bw’iyo Bibiliya.

Umuhinduzi w’intwari

Muri icyo gihe cy’ibitotezo bikaze n’igihe abantu bifuzaga cyane kumenya Bibiliya, habonetse umuntu wari ukomeye wagize uruhare rugaragara cyane mu guhindura Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cyo muri iki gihe. Uwo mugabo w’intwari yari Neofitos Vamvas, icyamamare mu by’indimi akaba yari n’intiti mu bya Bibiliya, muri rusange bakaba baramufataga nk’umwe mu “barimu b’igihugu.”

Vamvas yemeraga adashidikanya ko Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi yari nyirabayazana w’ubujiji bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka abantu bari bafite. Yanemeraga cyane ko Bibiliya yari ikeneye guhindurwa mu Kigiriki cyavugwaga icyo gihe, kugira ngo abantu bakanguke mu buryo bw’umwuka. Mu mwaka wa 1831, Vamvas afashijwe n’izindi ntiti, yatangiye guhindura Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cyakoreshwaga mu mashuri. Ubuhinduzi bwe bwuzuye bwasohotse mu mwaka wa 1850. Kubera ko Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi itari kumutera inkunga, yakoranye n’umuryango wa Bibiliya wo mu Bwongereza (British and Foreign Bible Society) mu gusohora ubwo buhinduzi no kubukwirakwiza. Kiliziya yamwise “Umuporoso” cyangwa umuhakanyi, maze bidatinze ahinduka igicibwa.

Ukuntu Vamvas yahinduye byasaga cyane n’uko ubuhinduzi bwa King James bwari buhinduye, kandi yashyizemo amakosa nk’ayari muri ubwo buhinduzi, yaterwaga n’ubumenyi buke bwa Bibiliya n’ubw’indimi bwariho muri icyo gihe. Icyakora, iyo Bibiliya yamaze imyaka myinshi ari yo Bibiliya yo mu Kigiriki cya vuba cyane abantu bashoboraga kubona. Igishimishije cyane ni uko ibonekamo izina bwite ry’Imana incuro enye, ryanditswe mu  buryo bwa “Ieová.”—Itangiriro 22:14; Kuva 6:3; 17:15; Abacamanza 6:24.

Muri rusange, abantu bakiriye bate iyo Bibiliya hamwe n’ubundi buhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwari bworoshye kumva? Muri make, ntibyari bisanzwe! Igihe umugabo wacururizaga umuryango wa Bibiliya wo mu Bwongereza yari mu bwato avuye ku kirwa cyo mu Bugiriki, ‘yakikijwe n’amato menshi cyane yari arimo abana bari baje gushaka [Bibiliya], ku buryo yahatiwe gutegeka umusare mukuru kuva ku cyambu,’ atinya ko Bibiliya zose yari afite bazimarira aho! Icyakora, abarwanyaga Bibiliya ntibari basinziriye.

Abapadiri b’Aborutodogisi bihanangirije abantu bababuza gutunga ubwo buhinduzi. Urugero, mu mujyi wa Atene, Bibiliya zafatiriwe na Kiliziya. Mu mwaka wa 1833, umwepisikopi wa Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi i Kirete yatwitse Bibiliya z’ “Isezerano Rishya” yabonye mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana. Hari umupadiri wahishe Bibiliya imwe, kandi n’abaturage bo mu midugudu yo hafi aho bahishe Bibiliya zabo kugeza igihe uwo mwepisikopi yaviriye kuri icyo kirwa.

Hashize imyaka runaka nyuma y’aho, Sinodi Yera ya Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi ya Kigiriki yabereye ku kirwa cya Corfu, yaciye ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwa Vamvas. Byari bibujijwe gucuruza ubwo buhinduzi kandi kopi zabwo zari zihasanzwe zaratwitswe. Ku birwa bya Kiyo, Síros na Mykonos, ubugome abayobozi b’idini bari bafite, bwatumye Bibiliya zitwikwa. Ariko kandi, kurwanya ibyo guhindura Bibiliya byari bitararangira.

Umwamikazi ashishikazwa na Bibiliya

Mu myaka ya 1870, Umwamikazi Olga w’u Bugiriki yabonye ko muri rusange abaturage b’icyo gihugu bari bagifite ubumenyi buke bwa Bibiliya. Yemeraga ko ubumenyi bw’Ibyanditswe bwari guhumuriza abatuye icyo gihugu, ibyo bikaba ari byo byatumye yihatira kugira Bibiliya ihinduye mu mvugo yoroshye kurusha ubuhinduzi bwa Vamvas.

Umwepisikopi mukuru wa Atene, akaba yari n’umuyobozi wa Sinodi Yera, witwaga Prokopios, yateye umwamikazi inkunga yo gukomera kuri uwo mushinga, nubwo atabikoze ku mugaragaro. Nyamara kandi, igihe uwo mwamikazi yasabaga ko Sinodi Yera yakwemeza uwo mushinga ku mugaragaro, baranze. Icyakora ntiyatereye iyo; yongeye kubisaba maze bongera kumuhakanira mu wa 1899. Yarabihoreye, maze yiyemeza gucapisha Bibiliya nkeya ku mafaranga ye. Icyo gikorwa cyarangiye mu wa 1900.

Abarwanyaga Bibiliya ntibavuye ku izima

Mu mwaka wa 1901, ikinyamakuru kizwi cyane cyo muri Atene cyitwa The Acropolis, cyasohoye Ivanjiri ya Matayo ihinduwe mu Kigiriki cy’iki gihe cyo mu biganiro bisanzwe; yahinduwe n’umuhinduzi witwaga Alexander Pallis wakoreraga i Liverpool ho mu Bwongereza. Impamvu igaragara yasunitse Pallis na bagenzi be, yari iyo ‘kwigisha  Abagiriki’ no “gufasha igihugu kuva” mu buhenebere.

Abanyeshuri ba tewolojiya b’Aborutodogisi n’abarimu babo, babonaga ko ubwo buhinduzi “bwandagazaga ibintu by’agaciro kenshi byubahwaga cyane mu gihugu,” bikaba byari uguhumanya Ibyanditswe Byera. Umwepisikopi Joakim w’i Constantinople yasohoye inyandiko yagaragazaga ko ubwo buhinduzi butari bwemewe. Ayo makimbirane yafashe intera ya politiki kandi abanyapolitiki bari bahanganye bagiye babyuririraho mu buryo bw’amayeri.

Hari igice cy’abanyamakuru bari bakomeye muri Atene batangiye kwibasira ubuhinduzi bwa Pallis, bavuga ko abari babushyigikiye “bari abantu batemeraga Imana,” “abagambanyi” n’ “ibyitso by’abanyamahanga,” byiyemeje kubuza u Bugiriki amahoro. Kuva ku itariki ya 5 kugeza ku ya 8 Ugushyingo 1901, abanyeshuri bakoze imyigaragambyo muri Atene, ikaba yari yateguwe n’intagondwa zo muri Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi ya Kigiriki. Bateye ibiro bya Acropolis, berekeza ku ngoro y’umwami, bigarurira Kaminuza ya Atene, kandi basaba guverinoma kwegura. Imyigaragambyo yarangiye hapfuye abantu umunani mu mirwano yabashyamiranyije n’abashinzwe umutekano. Umunsi wakurikiyeho, umwami yasabye ko Umwepisikopi mukuru Prokopios yegura, maze hashize iminsi ibiri abaminisitiri bose na bo baregura.

Hashize ukwezi nyuma y’aho, abo banyeshuri bongeye kwigaragambya kandi batwika ku mugaragaro kopi y’ubuhinduzi bwa Pallis. Batangaje icyemezo cyamagana ibyo gukwirakwiza ubwo buhinduzi kandi basabira igihano gikomeye uwo ari we wese wari kubigerageza mu gihe cyari gukurikiraho. Ibyo byabaye impamvu yo kubuzanya gukoresha ubuhinduzi ubwo ari bwo bwose bwa Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cya vuba. Icyo cyari igihe cy’umwijima koko!

“Ijambo ry’Uwiteka ryo rihoraho iteka”

Kubuzanya gukoresha Bibiliya iri mu Kigiriki cy’iki gihe, byarangiye mu mwaka wa 1924. Kuva icyo gihe, imihati ya Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi ya Kigiriki yo kubuza abaturage kugira Bibiliya, yananiwe kugira icyo igeraho mu buryo bwuzuye. Hagati aho, Abahamya ba Yehova bafashe iya mbere mu kwigisha Bibiliya mu Bugiriki nk’uko babikora no mu bindi bihugu byinshi. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1905, bakoreshaga ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya ya Vamvas kugira ngo bafashe abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi bavuga Ikigiriki kugira ubumenyi bw’ukuri kwa Bibiliya.

Mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi, intiti n’abarimu benshi bagiye bashyiraho imihati ikwiriye gushimirwa kugira ngo bahindure Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cyo muri iki gihe. Muri iki gihe, hari ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bugera kuri 30, bwaba igice cyayo cyangwa Bibiliya yuzuye, abantu bazi Ikigiriki giciriritse bashobora gusoma bakabwumva. Ubuhinduzi bw’agaciro nyakuri muri bwo ni ubuhinduzi bwa Kigiriki bwa Les Saintes Écritures—Traduction du monde nouveau, bwasohotse mu mwaka wa 1997 ku bw’inyungu z’abantu babarirwa muri miriyoni 16 ku isi hose bavuga ururimi rw’Ikigiriki. Ubwo buhinduzi bw’Abahamya ba Yehova, buhindura Ijambo ry’Imana mu buryo umuntu asoma bitamugoye kandi bwumvikana neza, bugakurikiza neza neza inyandiko y’umwimerere.

Hari ikintu cy’ingenzi intambara yo guhindura Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cy’iki gihe igaragaza. Igaragaza neza ko ‘ijambo ry’Uwiteka rihoraho iteka,’ nubwo abantu bashyiraho imihati yo kurirwanya.—1 Petero 1:25.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

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Cyril Lucaris yayoboye ubuhinduzi bwa mbere mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki bw’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki byuzuye mu mwaka wa 1630

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Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève

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Bumwe mu buhinduzi bwa Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cya rubanda: Zaburi yacapwe mu: (1) 1828 na Ilarion, (2) 1832 na Vamvas, (3) 1643 na Julianus. “Isezerano rya Kera” ryacapwe mu: (4) 1840 na Vamvas

Umwamikazi Olga

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Za Bibiliya: National Library of Greece; Umwamikazi Olga: Culver Pictures

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Inyandiko zo ku mfunzo: uburenganzira bwatanzwe na The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29 yavuye]

Inyandiko zo ku mfunzo: uburenganzira bwatanzwe na The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin