Amasezerano y’amahoro y’i Westphalie yahinduye byinshi mu Burayi

“KUBONA abakuru b’ibihugu by’i Burayi n’aba za guverinoma zaho benshi bene aka kageni bakoraniye hamwe nk’uko bimeze uyu munsi, ntibisanzwe rwose!” Ayo magambo yavuzwe n’uwahoze ari perezida wa Repubulika y’u Budage Roman Herzog, mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 1998. Igihe yavugaga ayo magambo, mu bari bamuteze amatwi harimo abami bane, abamikazi bane, ibikomangoma bibiri, umutware umwe n’abaperezida benshi. Inama Nkuru y’Ibihugu by’i Burayi ni yo yatanze amafaranga yo gutegura ibyo birori, bikaba byari ibirori bikomeye cyane mu myaka 50 y’amateka y’u Budage bwo muri iki gihe. Hari habaye iki?

Mu kwezi k’Ukwakira, habaye isabukuru y’imyaka 350 Amasezerano y’Amahoro y’i Westphalie ashyizweho umukono. Akenshi iyo amasezerano y’amahoro ashyizweho umukono, ahindura byinshi mu mateka, kandi kuri iyo ngingo Amasezerano y’i Westphalie yari ikintu kidasanzwe. Ayo masezerano amaze gushyirwaho umukono mu mwaka wa 1648, yarangije Intambara y’Imyaka Mirongo Itatu, kandi yatumye havuka umugabane w’u Burayi tuzi ubu ugizwe n’ibihugu byigenga.

Inzego zose z’imibereho zarahungabanye

Mu Gihe Rwagati * inzego zari zikomeye cyane kurusha izindi mu Burayi, zari Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma n’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma. Ubwo bwami bwari bugizwe n’intara zibarirwa mu magana zitangana mu bunini, kandi bwari mu karere ubu kagizwe n’ibihugu bya Otirishiya, Repubulika ya Tchèque, u Bufaransa bw’iburasirazuba, u Budage, u Busuwisi, u Buholandi, u Bubiligi, Luxemburg n’uturere tw’u Butaliyani. Kubera ko intara z’u Budage ari zo zari nyinshi muri ubwo bwami, bwaje kwitwa Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bw’u Budage. Buri ntara yari ifite ubwigenge bucagase, igatwarwa n’igikomangoma. Umwami w’abami yari Umugatolika wo mu muryango wa ba Habsburg bo muri Otirishiya. Ubwo rero, kubera ko hategekaga papa n’umwami w’abami, u Burayi bwari mu maboko ya Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma bidasubirwaho.

Icyakora, mu kinyejana cya 16 n’icya 17, inzego zose z’imibereho zarahungabanye. Mu Burayi hose abantu bari barambiwe ukuntu Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma yari ikabije kudamarara. Abantu bashakaga kuvugurura idini, nka Martin Luther na Calvin, bavugaga ko abantu bagombaga kugarukira amahame ya Bibiliya. Luther na Calvin babonye ababashyigikira benshi, kandi ibitekerezo byabo ni byo byatumye habaho Ivugurura n’amadini y’Abaporotesitanti. Iryo vugurura ryatumye Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bwigabanyamo amadini atatu: Gatolika, Abaluteriyani n’iry’abayoboke ba Calvin.

Abagatolika bishishaga Abaporotesitanti, Abaporotesitanti na bo bagasuzugura Abagatolika. Uwo mwuka watumye mu kinyejana cya 17 Abaporotesitanti bashinga umuryango wabo, n’Abagatolika bashinga uwabo. Bamwe mu bikomangoma bifatanyije n’Abaporotesitanti, abandi bifatanya n’Abagatolika. Mu Burayi, na ko ni mu bwami bwose, hari umwuka wo kutizerana, ku buryo haburaga ukoma imbarutso gusa ngo umuriro wake. Amaherezo imbarutso yarakomwe, maze hatangira intambara yamaze imyaka 30.

 Imbarutso yatumye imivu itemba i Burayi

Abategetsi b’Abaporotesitanti bagerageje kwegera Abagatolika bo mu muryango wa ba Habsburg kugira ngo babahe umudendezo wo gusenga. Ariko n’ibyo Abagatolika babemereye babyemeye bagononwa, ku buryo mu mwaka wa 1617-1618, insengero ebyiri z’Abaluteriyani zafunzwe muri Bohême (ubu ni muri Repubulika ya Tchèque). Ibyo byarakaje Abaporotesitanti b’ibikomerezwa, biroha mu ngoro y’i Prague, bafata abategetsi batatu b’Abagatolika babajugunya hanze babacishije mu idirishya ryo mu igorofa. Ibyo ni byo byakomye imbarutso umuriro uraka mu Burayi.

N’ubwo bitwaga ko ari abigishwa b’Umwami w’Amahoro, Yesu Kristo, abayoboke bo mu madini ahanganye bari batanye ku munigo (Yesaya 9:5). Mu rugamba rwaremeye ku musozi witwa Montagne Blanche, Abagatolika batsinze Abaporotesitanti, babogeraho uburimiro barabatatanya. Abaporotesitanti b’ibikomerezwa biciwe ku isoko ry’i Prague. Muri Bohême hose, imitungo y’Abaporotesitanti banze kwihakana idini ryabo yaranyazwe igabirwa Abagatolika. Hari igitabo kivuga ko icyo gikorwa cyo kunyaga imitungo “cyari kimwe mu bikorwa bikomeye cyane byo kunyaga no kugaba byakozwe mu Burayi bwo hagati.”—1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648: Intambara n’amahoro mu Burayi).

Ibyari byaratangiriye muri Bohême ari intambara y’amadini, byaje kuba intambara mpuzamahanga, buri gihugu giharanira kuba igihangange. Mu myaka 30 yakurikiyeho, Danemark, u Bufaransa, u Buholandi, Hisipaniya na Suwede byiroshye muri iyo ntambara. Abategetsi b’Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti, akenshi babitewe n’umururumba no gushaka gukomeza ubutegetsi bwabo, barwaniraga kuba ibihangange muri politiki no kubona inyungu z’ubucuruzi. Iyo ntambara yamaze imyaka 30 yagabanyijwemo ibice, buri gice kikitirirwa ibihugu bikomeye byabaga birwana n’umwami w’abami. Ibitabo byinshi bivuga ibice bine: Intambara ya Bohême na Palatina, Intambara ya Danemark n’intara z’amajyaruguru y’u Budage, Intambara ya Suwede, n’Intambara y’u Bufaransa na Suwede. Imirwano hafi ya yose yabereye ku butaka bw’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma.

Intwaro bakoreshaga icyo gihe, harimo imbunda za masotera, hamwe n’izindi ntwaro za kera, inini n’intoya, kandi muri Suwede ni ho havaga intwaro nyinshi. Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bararwanaga. Abasirikare bajyaga ku rugamba bamwe baririmba “Umubyeyi Mutagatifu Bikira Mariya” abandi ngo “Imana iri kumwe natwe.” Abasirikare bagendaga basahura, basenya icyo babonye cyose mu ntara z’u Budage, bagafata abanzi babo n’abasivili nk’inyamaswa. Iyo ntambara yabayemo ibikorwa bya kinyamaswa byinshi. Mbega ukuntu ibyo bihabanye n’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya buvuga ngo “nta shyanga rizabangurira inkota irindi shyanga, kandi ntabwo bazongera kwiga kurwana”!—Mika 4:3.

Hari Abadage bakuze nta kindi bazi uretse intambara, kandi abaturage bari bararambiwe intambara bifuza amahoro. Uko bigaragara, amahoro yari kuba yarabonetse iyo abategetsi badakomeza kurwana baharanira inyungu zabo za politiki. Iyo ntambara yaje gufata isura ya politiki ireka kuba intambara y’abanyamadini. Igishekeje ni  uko umugabo wari ushyigikiye ko ihindura isura yari umutegetsi mukuru muri Kiliziya Gatolika!

Karidinali Richelieu akoresha ububasha bwe

Izina ry’icyubahiro rya Armand-Jean du Plessis ryari Cardinal de Richelieu. Yanabaye minisitiri w’intebe w’u Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 1624 kugeza mu wa 1642. Richelieu yari afite intego yo kugira u Bufaransa igihangange mu Burayi. Kugira ngo abigereho, yagerageje kunegekaza ububasha bwa bene wabo b’Abagatolika bo mu muryango wa ba Habsburg. Yabigenje ate? Yateye inkunga y’amafaranga ingabo z’Abaporotesitanti bo mu ntara z’u Budage, Danemark, u Buholandi na Suwede, abo bose bakaba bararwanyaga abo mu muryango wa ba Habsburg.

Mu mwaka wa 1635, Richelieu yohereje ingabo z’u Bufaransa muri iyo ntambara ku ncuro ya mbere. Hari igitabo kivuga ko mu gice cya nyuma “cy’Intambara y’Imyaka Mirongo Itatu, itari ikiri intambara ishyamiranyije abanyamadini. . . . Yari yarahindutse iy’abanyapolitiki bashakaga kuba ibihangange i Burayi” (vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! [Harakabaho amahoro!]). Intambara yari yatangiye ishyamiranyije Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti, yarangiye Abagatolika bafatanyije n’Abaporotesitanti kurwanya abandi Bagatolika. Umuryango w’Abagatolika wageze mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1630 nta ngufu ugifite, maze mu mwaka wa 1635 uraseswa.

Imishyikirano y’amahoro y’i Westphalie

U Burayi bwari bwarayogojwe n’ubusahuzi, ubwicanyi, gufata abagore ku ngufu n’ibyorezo by’indwara. Abantu bagendaga barushaho kumva bakeneye amahoro kuko bari bamaze kubona ko muri iyo ntambara baguye miswi. Cya gitabo kigira kiti “mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1630, ibikomangoma byategekaga amaherezo byabonye ko ingufu za gisirikare zitashoboraga kubafasha kugera ku migambi yabo.” Ariko se niba buri wese yarifuzaga amahoro, yari kugerwaho ate?

Umwami w’abami Ferdinand wa III w’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma, Umwami Louis wa XIII w’u Bufaransa n’Umwamikazi Christina wa Suwede bemeranyijwe ko imishyikirano yabera ahantu abari bashyamiranye bose bagombaga guhurira bakaganira uko amahoro yari kuboneka. Batoranyije ahantu habiri ibiganiro byari kuzabera: mu mijyi yo mu Budage ya Osnabrück na Münster ho mu ntara ya Westphalie. Iyo mijyi yatoranyijwe kubera ko yari hagati y’umurwa mukuru wa Suwede n’uw’u Bufaransa. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1643, amatsinda y’intumwa agera ku 150, amwe akaba yari agizwe n’abajyanama benshi, yahuriye muri iyo mijyi yombi, intumwa z’Abagatolika zikoranira i Münster, iz’Abaporotesitanti zikoranira Osnabrück.

Babanje gushyiraho amategeko y’uko imishyikirano yari kugenda kugira ngo bamenye inzego intumwa zarimo, aho bari kwicara n’uko ibintu byari gukurikirana. Hanyuma imishyikirano y’amahoro yaratangiye, intumwa zaturutse hamwe zikageza igitekerezo cyazo ku zindi binyuriye ku bahuza. Nyuma y’imyaka hafi itanu bumvikanye ku masezerano y’amahoro, ariko hagati aho intambara yari igikomeza. Amasezerano y’i Westphalie yari agizwe n’inyandiko nyinshi. Inyandiko imwe yashyiriweho umukono mu mujyi wa Osnabrück, hagati y’Umwami w’abami Ferdinand wa III na Suwede, indi ishyirirwaho umukono i Münster hagati y’umwami w’abami n’u Bufaransa.

Abantu bakimara kumva iby’ayo masezerano, batangiye ibirori. Mu mijyi myinshi barashe imiriro mu kirere, barasa n’imizinga bishimira ayo masezerano. Inzogera zo muri za kiliziya zaravuze n’abantu bajya mu mihanda baririmba. None se u Burayi bwari bugiye kubona amahoro arambye?

Ese amahoro arambye arashoboka?

Amasezerano y’i Westphalie yashyizeho ihame ry’ubusugire bw’ibihugu. Ibyo byasobanuraga ko buri gihugu cyayashyizeho umukono cyemeye kubahiriza ubusugire bw’ibindi bihugu byose no kutivanga mu bibazo byo muri ibyo bihugu. Nguko uko umugabane w’u Burayi tuzi ubu, w’ibihugu byigenga wavutse. Muri ibyo bihugu, hari ibyungukiwe n’ayo masezerano kurusha ibindi.

U Bufaransa bwabaye igihangange, naho u Buholandi n’u Busuwisi birigenga. Intara z’u Budage  zo, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zari zarashenywe n’intambara, ayo masezerano nta cyo yazimariye kigaragara. Mu rugero runaka, uko u Budage bwari kumera mu myaka yari gukurikiraho, byari bishingiye ku myanzuro yafashwe n’ibindi bihugu. Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “icyo ibikomangoma by’u Budage byari kuvana muri ayo masezerano, cyaba icyiza cyangwa ikibi, cyaterwaga n’icyo ibihugu by’ibihangange (u Bufaransa, Suwede) byabonaga ko bitabangamiye inyungu zabyo” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica). Aho kugira ngo intara z’u Budage zunge ubumwe zigire igihugu kimwe, ziciyemo ibice nka mbere hose. Byongeye kandi, intara zimwe zagabiwe abategetsi b’abanyamahanga, nk’uko byagenze ku bice bimwe by’inzuzi zikomeye zo mu Budage, ari zo Rhin, Elbe na Oder.

Idini rya Kiliziya Gatolika, iry’Abaluteriyani, n’iry’abayoboke ba Calvin, yahawe uburenganzira bungana. Ibyo ariko ntibyashimishije abantu bose. Papa Innocent wa X yarwanyije ayo masezerano cyane, avuga ko ari ubusa, ko nta cyo amaze. Icyakora, uko amadini yari yarigabanyije ibihugu, byamaze ibinyejana bitatu nta kirahinduka kigaragara. N’ubwo uburenganzira bw’abantu bwo kujya mu idini bashatse bwari butaraboneka, nibura hari intambwe yari imaze guterwa.

Ayo masezerano yarangije Intambara y’Imyaka Mirongo Itatu, kandi yatumye ubushyamirane hafi ya bwose burangira. Iyo ni yo ntambara y’amadini ya nyuma ikomeye mu Burayi. Icyakora intambara ntizarangiye, ahubwo impamvu yaziteraga yaretse kuba iy’idini iba iya politiki cyangwa ubucuruzi. Ibyo ariko ntibishaka kuvuga ko idini ritongeye kugira uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose mu ntambara z’i Burayi. Mu Ntambara y’Isi ya 1 n’iya 2, ingabo z’Abadage zambaraga ku kuma bafungisha umukandara amagambo azwi cyane ngo “Imana iri kumwe natwe.” Muri izo ntambara ziteye ubwoba, Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bongeye kwiyunga bajya kurwana n’Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bo ku rundi ruhande.

Uko bigaragara, Amasezerano y’i Westphalie ntiyazanye amahoro arambye. Icyakora, vuba aha abantu bumvira bazagira bene ayo mahoro. Imana Yehova izazanira abantu amahoro adashira binyuriye ku Bwami bwa Kimesiya bw’Umwana we, Yesu Kristo. Igihe ubwo Bwami buzaba butegeka, hazaba hariho idini rimwe ry’ukuri rizafasha abantu kunga ubumwe aho kubacamo ibice. Nta muntu uzongera kurwana abitewe n’impamvu iyo ari yo yose, yaba iy’idini cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose. Mbega ukuntu tuzaruhurwa ubwo Ubwami buzategeka isi yose, maze hakabaho ‘amahoro atagira iherezo’!—Yesaya 9:5, 6.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Intambara yari yatangiye ishyamiranyije Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti, yarangiye Abagatolika bafatanyije n’Abaporotesitanti kurwanya abandi Bagatolika

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 22]

Abasirikare bajyaga ku rugamba bamwe baririmba “Umubyeyi Mutagatifu Bikira Mariya” abandi ngo “Imana iri kumwe natwe”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Cardinal Richelieu

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Igishushanyo cyo mu kinyejana cya 16 kigaragaza ubushyamirane hagati ya Luther, Calvin na papa

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20 yavuye]

From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23 yavuye]

Abayobozi b’amadini barwana: byavuye mu gitabo Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; ikarita: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck