Imikino ya kera n’agaciro gutsinda byahabwaga

“UMUNTU wese urushanwa yirinda muri byose.” “Iyo umuntu ashatse kurushanwa mu bikino ntahabwa ikamba, keretse arushanijwe nk’uko bitegetswe.”​—1 Abakorinto 9:25; 2 Timoteyo 2:5.

Iyo mikino intumwa Pawulo yavugaga yari kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi byarangaga umuco w’Abagiriki ba kera. Ni iki amateka atubwira kuri ayo marushanwa n’umwuka wayarangaga?

Vuba aha haherutse kuba imurika ryasobanuraga uko imikino yo mu Bugiriki yari imeze, ribera mu nzu nini ya kera y’imikino iri i Roma. Iryo murika ryiswe Nike​—Il gioco e la vittoria (“Nike​—imikino no gutsinda”). * Ibyari bimuritswe byashubije icyo kibazo kandi byatumye umuntu atekereza uko Umukristo yagombye kubona imikino.

Imikino yatangiye kera

Abagiriki si bo ba mbere batangije imikino. N’ubwo atari bo bayitangije ariko, ahagana mu kinyejana cya munani M.I.C. *, umusizi w’Umugiriki witwa Homère yasobanuye iby’ukuntu Abagiriki bose bashakaga kuba intwari kandi bakaba bari bafite umwuka wo kurushanwa,  ukaba waratumaga baha agaciro cyane ubutwari bwa gisirikare n’imikino ngororangingo. Iryo murika ryasobanuye ko mu birori bya mbere Abagiriki bakoze, byatangiye ari ibirori byo mu rwego rw’idini bakoraga bubahiriza imana zabo mu mihango yo gushyingura intwari zabo. Urugero, mu gisigo cya Homère cyitwa Iliade, akaba ari na cyo gihangano cya kera cyane kikiriho mu buvanganzo bw’Abagiriki, asobanura ukuntu ingabo zakomokaga mu miryango ikomeye zabanaga na Achille, zafashije intwaro hasi mu gihe cy’imihango y’ihamba rya Patroclus maze zigatangira kurushanwa kugira ngo zirebe urusha abandi mu iteramakofe, gukirana, gutera ingasire n’imihunda no gusiganwa ku magare akururwa n’amafarashi.

Byageze igihe ibirori nk’ibyo bikajya byizihizwa mu Bugiriki bwose. Agatabo kasobanuraga iby’iryo murika kavugaga ko “ibyo birori Abagiriki bakoraga bizihiza imana zabo, byabahaga uburyo bwo kuba baretse intonganya zabo zitashiraga kandi akenshi zabaga zirimo urugomo, bagashobora guhaza irari ryabaga muri kamere yabo ryo kurushanwa binyuze mu nzira z’amahoro, ariko nanone mu buryo butuma bumva ko hari ikintu bagezeho kigaragara. Akaba ari yo mpamvu bateguraga amarushanwa y’imikino ngororangingo.”

Hari imijyi yaje kugira akamenyero ko kujya ihurira hamwe buri gihe, abayibagamo bagahurira ahantu basengeraga, bakarushanwa mu mikino ngororangingo mu birori byo kubahiriza imana zabo. Byageze aho ibirori bine bimeze nk’ibyo birakomera kugeza ubwo byafashe isura y’ibirori byizihizwa mu Bugiriki hose. Muri ibyo birori harimo ibyaberaga ahitwa Olympie n’i Némée, byombi bikaba byarakorerwaga imana Zewu, hakaba n’iby’i Delphi byakorerwaga Apollo n’ibyo mu bunigo bwa Korinto byakorerwaga iyitwa Poséidon. Ibyo birori byahuzaga abarushanwa baturutse mu Bugiriki hose. Muri ibyo birori batambaga ibitambo bakanasenga, ariko nanone bahaga imana zabo ibyubahiro binyuriye mu kurushanwa gukora amasiporo ahambaye cyane no mu mikino ngororangingo.

Ibirori byabaye kera cyane kandi byari bihambaye kurusha ibindi byo muri urwo rwego, ni ibyo bavuga ko byatangiye mu mwaka wa 776 M.I.C., byajyaga biba nyuma y’imyaka ine, bikabera Olympie baha imana Zewu icyubahiro. Ibirori byazaga mu mwanya wa kabiri mu gukomera ni ibyaberaga i Delphi. Byaberaga hafi y’urugo rw’umupfumu wa kera bemeraga cyane w’i Delphi, ibyo na byo byabagamo amarushanwa y’imikino ngororangingo. Ariko kubera ko ibyo birori byahaga icyubahiro Apollo, imana y’ubusizi n’umuziki, byabaga byiganjemo indirimbo n’imbyino.

Imikino yakinwaga ni iyihe?

Ugereranyije n’ubwoko bw’imikino ngororangingo iriho ubu, iy’icyo gihe yari mike cyane kandi abagabo ni bo bonyine barushanwaga. Ubwoko bw’imikino yabaga mu Mikino Olempiki ya kera ntibwarengaga icumi. Amashusho abajwe cyangwa abumbye, ibishushanyo bikorogoshoye byitwa relief, ibishushanyije mu mabuye aconze no ku nzabya z’ibumba byari muri iryo murika, byagaragazaga iyo mikino yakinwaga.

Habagaho isiganwa ku maguru mu byiciro bitatu: icyiciro cya mbere cyirukwaga muri metero 200, ari byo bitaga sitade imwe, icyiciro cya kabiri cyari nka metero 400, icyiciro cya gatatu ari na cyo kirekire cyari metero 4.500. Abarushanwaga birukaga kandi bakitoza bambaye ubusa buriburi. Hari abarushanwaga mu mikino itanu ari yo: kwiruka, gusimbuka umurambararo, gutera ingasire, gutera umuhunda no gukirana. Andi marushanwa yabaga arimo iteramakofe n’undi mukino bitaga pancrace, ukaba wari “umukino warangwaga n’ubugome wakomatanyaga guterana amakofe nta kindi kintu bashyize ku bipfunsi no gukirana.” Habagaho no gusiganwa ku magare adatwikiriye akururwa n’amafarashi abiri cyangwa ane y’ibyana cyangwa akuze, bagasiganwa ku ntera ya sitade umunani, ni ukuvuga metero 1.600.

Umukino w’iteramakofe warimo urugomo rukabije kandi rimwe na rimwe hari abahasigaga agatwe. Abarushanwaga bambaraga ku bipfunsi byabo imikoba ishinzeho utwuma dushinyitse twatanyaguzaga  umubiri. Ushobora kwiyumvisha impamvu umuteramakofe witwa Stratofonte yirebye mu ndorerwamo akiyoberwa nyuma y’amasaha ane yari amaze aterana amakofe. Amashusho ya kera, abajwe cyangwa abumbye n’ashushanyijwe mu mabuye aconze ahamya ko isura y’abateramakofe yabaga yangiritse mu buryo buteye ubwoba.

Amategeko yo gukirana yasabaga abakirana gufatana ku gihimba gusa, kandi uwatsindaga ni uwabanzaga gutura hasi incuro eshatu uwo bakirana akamuhezayo. Uwo mukino wari utandukanye n’uwa pancrace, kuko muri pancrace ho byari byemewe gufatana aho ari ho hose. Abarushanwaga bashoboraga guterana imigeri, bagaterana amakofe, kandi bakaba bavunagurana ingingo. Icyari kibujijwe gusa kwari ukunogoranamo amaso, kuryana inzara no kurumana. Intego yari iyo guheza hasi uwo murushanwa kugeza yemeye ko atsinzwe. Hari ababonaga ko uwo mukino “ari wo wari uryoheye ijisho kurusha indi mikino yaberaga muri Olympie hose.”

Umukino wa pancrace uzwi cyane wabayeho kera ni uwo bavuga ko wabaye mu marushanwa ya nyuma y’Imikino Olempiki yo mu mwaka wa 564 M.I.C. Uwitwa Arrhachion, uwo barushanwaga yari yamunize, ariko yaritonze ashinguzamo amano y’uwamunigaga. Uwo barushanwaga yumvise ububabare bumurembeje yemeye ko atsinzwe, ariko abyemera mbere gato y’uko Arrhachion apfa. Abasifuzi bemeje ko umurambo wa Arrhachion ari wo utsinze!

Muri ayo marushanwa yose, iryo gusiganwa ku magare akururwa n’amafarashi ni ryo ryari ingenzi cyane kandi ni ryo abatware bakundaga kubera ko uwabaga yatwaye iryo gare atari we watsindaga, ahubwo hatsindaga nyiraryo na nyir’amafarashi. Mu gutangira muri iryo rushanwa ni bwo byabaga bishyushye, ubwo abasiganwa ku mafarashi bagombaga kuguma mu mirongo yabo, kandi bikarushaho iyo babaga bageze ku byapa bakatiraho kuri buri mpera ya buri murongo. Iyo hagiraga uwibeshya cyangwa agakora amakosa byashoboraga guteza impanuka, kandi izo mpanuka ni zo zatumaga abantu benshi bakunda uwo mukino cyane ndetse bakabona ko ari mwiza kurusha iyindi.

Ibihembo

Pawulo yagize ati “abasiganwa biruka bose, ariko ugororerwa akaba umwe” (1 Abakorinto 9:24). Gutsinda ni byo byari ingenzi cyane. Nta mwanya wa kabiri cyangwa uwa gatatu wabagaho, nta n’umudari w’ifeza cyangwa uwa bronze wabagaho. Iryo murika ryasobanuye ko “gutsinda cyangwa ‘Nike,’ ari yo yari intego yibanze y’uwarushanwaga. Ibyo byonyine byabaga bihagije kuko byagaragazaga agaciro ke nyakuri, haba mu mubiri no mu by’umuco, kandi byabaga ari ishema ry’akarere akomokamo.” Iyo mitekerereze igaragarira mu gisigo cya Homère kirimo umukarago uvuga ngo “nize guhora ndusha abandi.”

Igihembo cyahabwaga uwatsinze mu mikino yo mu Bugiriki cyabaga ari ikamba ry’ibibabi, kikaba cyari ikimenyetso gusa cy’uko yatsinze. Pawulo yaryise “ikamba ryangirika” (1 Abakorinto 9:25). Icyakora, icyo gihembo cyabaga gisobanura byinshi. Cyagereranyaga imbaraga ziba mu bintu kamere zatumaga uwabaga yatsinze agira ubushobozi bwo gutsinda. Abarushanwaga baharaniraga gutsinda uko byagenda kose kubera ko babaga bazi ko abatsinze imana ibaha umugisha. Muri iryo murika harimo ibintu bigaragaza uko abanyabugeni bakoraga ibishushanyo bibajwe n’abashushanyishaga amarangi batekerezaga imana ya Nike, ko yari imanakazi y’Abagiriki yo gutsinda yari ifite amababa, ifashe n’ikamba ryo kwambika uwatsinze. Umukinnyi wese watsindaga mu mikino y’i Olympie yabaga ageze ku rwego rwo hejuru.

Amakamba yo mu Mikino Olempiki yabaga akozwe mu bibabi by’igiti cya elayo, naho ay’imikino y’i Korinto akozwe muri pinusi, iy’i Delphi akozwe  mu giti cy’umworeni, ay’i Némée yo yabaga akozwe mu twatsi tw’ishyamba tumeze nka seleri. Hari ahandi hantu abateguraga imikino batangaga amafaranga cyangwa ibindi bihembo kugira ngo bareshye abakinnyi b’abahanga. Inzabya nyinshi zari muri iryo murika zari ibihembo byatanzwe mu mikino yo muri Atene ya kera yakorwaga bizihiza imanakazi Athéna. Mu mizo ya mbere izo nzabya zabikwagamo amavuta y’agaciro kenshi yo mu karere ka Attica. Ku rwabya rumwe muri izo ngizo, ku ruhande rumwe rwarwo hari hashushanyijweho iyo manakazi kandi handitsweho interuro igira iti “igihembo cy’amarushanwa yo muri Atene.” Ku rundi ruhande, hariho ibintu biranga umukino uyu n’uyu, bikaba bishoboka ko ari uwo umukinnyi yabaga yatsinze.

Imijyi yo mu Bugiriki yumvaga ko gukomera kw’abakinnyi bayo ari ko gukomera kw’iyo mijyi, kandi abakinnyi batsindaga bashyirwaga mu ntwari zo mu mijyi bakomokamo. Abakinnyi babaga batsinze iyo basubiraga iwabo babakiraga bakora umutambagiro nk’uwakorerwaga abasirikare batsinze urugamba. Bazamuraga amashusho yabo bashimira imana zabo, ubundi icyo akaba ari icyubahiro kitahabwaga abantu bakiriho, kandi abasizi bavugaga ibigwi byabo. Hanyuma, ababaga batsinze bahabwaga imyanya y’imbere mu birori by’iminsi mikuru y’igihugu kandi leta ikabaha amafaranga.

Amazu y’imikino n’abayitorezagamo

Amarushanwa mu mikino ngororangingo yabonwaga ko ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gutoza abaturage bazavamo abasirikare. Buri mujyi wose wo mu Bugiriki wabaga ufite inzu y’imikino, aho abasore bakoreraga imyitozo ngororangingo kandi bakahigishirizwa inyigisho zisanzwe hamwe n’iz’idini. Ayo mazu y’imikino yabaga akikije ikibuga kinini kidatwikiriye bakoreragaho imyitozo, gikikijwe n’amabaraza hamwe n’amazu yabaga arimo ibitabo n’ibyumba by’amashuri. Abasore bavuka mu miryango ikize ni bo cyane cyane bajyaga muri ayo mazu kubera ko babaga bafite igihe cyo kwiga aho kujya gushaka akazi. Aho ni ho abakinnyi b’imikino ngororangingo bamaraga igihe kirekire bari kumwe n’abatoza, bagakora imyitozo myinshi bitegura kuzajya mu marushanwa, kandi abatoza bashoboraga no kubategeka ubwoko bw’ibiryo bagomba kurya kandi bakababuza kugirana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagore.

Muri iryo murika ryabereye muri iyo nzu nini ya kera y’i Roma, umuntu yashoboraga kubona amashusho y’abakinnyi b’imikino ngororangingo ba kera, amenshi muri ayo mashusho akaba ari ayakozwe n’Abaroma bahereye ku mashusho abajwe y’umwimerere y’Abagiriki. Kubera ko Abagiriki ba kera batekerezaga ko umuntu ufite umubiri utunganye ari na we wabaga ari indakemwa mu by’umuco kandi uwo ukaba wari umwihariko w’abatware, iyo mibiri iteranye neza y’abakinnyi b’imikino ngororangingo batsinze yagaragazaga ibitekerezo byari byemewe muri filozofiya y’icyo gihe. Abaroma babonaga ko ayo mashusho ari ibihangano by’ubugeni bifite agaciro kenshi, amenshi muri yo yabaga atatse muri za sitadi, mu byumba byo kogeramo, mu mazu y’abakire n’ingoro z’abami.

Ibikino birimo urugomo ni byo byashimishaga Abaroma kurusha ibindi, bityo mu mikino yose y’Abagiriki yakinwaga i Roma, uw’iteramakofe, gukirana na pancrace ni yo yari ifite abafana benshi. Abaroma ntibabonaga ko iyo mikino ari irushanwa hagati y’abantu bahwanye kugira ngo barebe urusha undi, ahubwo babonaga ko ari ukwishimisha gusa. Igitekerezo cyariho mbere cy’uko imikino yari igamije kwigisha abantu bakomoka mu miryango ikomeye bazavamo abasirikare b’indobanure batojwe imikino ngororangingo, cyavuyeho. Abaroma bo bahinduye imikino y’Abagiriki isigara ari imyitozo  abantu bakora mbere yo kujya koga kugira ngo bagire ubuzima bwiza cyangwa imikino igamije gushimisha abantu ikinwa n’abakinnyi babigize umwuga bo muri rubanda rusanzwe, urugero nk’amarushanwa y’abakurankota.

Abakristo n’imikino

Kubera ko iyo mikino yari ifitanye isano n’idini, iyo yari impamvu yatumaga Abakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere batayijyamo. “Mbese urusengero rw’Imana rwahuza rute n’ibishushanyo bisengwa?” (2 Abakorinto 6:14, 16). Bite se ku mikino yo muri iki gihe?

Biragaragara ko imikino yo muri iki gihe idakorerwa guhesha imana z’abapagani icyubahiro. Ariko se ntusanga mu mikino imwe n’imwe yo muri iki gihe harangwamo ishyaka nk’iryo mu madini, rimeze nk’iryarangwaga mu bantu ba kera? Byongeye kandi, raporo zo mu myaka mike ishize zagaragaje ko hari bamwe mu bakinnyi b’imikino ngororangingo bakoresheje ibiyobyabwenge bibongerera imbaraga kugira ngo bashobore gutsinda kandi bazi ko ibyo bishobora kubateza indwara ndetse bikaba byanabahitana.

Abakristo babona ko kwitoza ku mubiri bifite agaciro gake cyane. Imico yo mu buryo bw’umwuka y’umuntu w’“imbere uhishwe mu mutima” ni yo ituma tuba beza mu maso y’Imana (1 Petero 3:3, 4). Tuzi ko abantu bose bakina muri iki gihe, atari ko baba bafite umwuka wo kurushanwa baharanira gutsinda byanze bikunze, ariko hari benshi baba bafite uwo mwuka. Mbese kwifanya na bo bizadufasha gukurikiza inama yo kutagira icyo dukorera ‘kwirema ibice cyangwa kwifata uko tutari, ahubwo tukicisha bugufi mu mitima?’ Cyangwa se uko kwifantanya na bo ntikuzatuma habaho ‘kwangana, gutongana, ishyari, umujinya, amahane, kwitandukanya no kwirema ibice?’—Abafilipi 2:3; Abagalatiya 5:19-21.

Imikino myinshi yo muri iki gihe ituma abakina bakoranaho, ishobora kurangwamo urugomo. Uwo ari we wese ureshywa n’iyo mikino yagombye kwibuka amagambo yo muri Zaburi 11:5, agira ati “Uwiteka agerageza abakiranutsi, ariko umunyabyaha n’ūkunda urugomo umutima we urabanga.”

Iyo imyitozo ikozwe mu gihe gikwiriye ishobora gushimisha, kandi n’intumwa Pawulo yavuze ko “kwitoza k’umubiri kugira umumaro kuri bike” (1 Timoteyo 4:7-10). Icyakora, iyo Pawulo yavugaga ku mikino y’Abagiriki, yayivugagaho agamije gusa kwereka Abakristo ko bagomba kugira imico runaka, urugero nko kwirinda no kwihangana. Intego iruta izindi zose Pawulo yaharaniraga kugeraho yari iyo kuzahabwa n’Imana “ikamba” ry’ubuzima bw’iteka (1 Abakorinto 9:24-27; 1 Timoteyo 6:12). Kuri iyo ngingo Pawulo yadusigiye urugero.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 31]

Umuteramakofe umaze kurwana

Icyo gishushanyo gikozwe muri bronze cyo mu kinyejana cya kane M.I.C., kiragaragaza ingaruka zangiza z’umukino w’iteramakofe wa kera. Dukurikije agatabo kasobanuraga iby’iryo murika ryabereye i Roma, muri uwo mukino “iyo umuteramakofe yihagararagaho . . . akarwana umuhenerezo, ‘uruguma yatewe akarwishyura,’ ibyo ni byo bashimagizaga bakabona ko urwo ari urugero rwiza.” Ako gatabo gakomeza gasobanura ko “iyo imirwano yabaga irangiye, ibisare byabaga byiyongereye ku nkovu z’imirwano ya mbere y’aho.”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Irushanwa ry’amagare akururwa n’amafarashi ryari ingenzi cyane kuruta andi marushanwa yose ya kera

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 30]

Abanyabugeni ba kera batekerezaga ko “Nike” ari imana yo gutsinda ifite amababa, yambikaga ikamba uwatsinze