Abanabatisita bari bantu ki?

ABANTU bageze bwa mbere mu mujyi wa Münster wo mu ntara ya Westphalie ho mu Budage, hafi ya bose barahagarara bakitegereza cyane utuzu duto dutatu tw’ibyuma tumeze nk’urutete tumanitse ku munara wa Kiliziya. Utwo tuzu tumaze imyaka igera hafi kuri 500 tumanitse aho ngaho, uretse ko hari ubwo hajyaga hashira igihe gito baratuvanyeho. Batuhashyira bwa mbere, twarimo imirambo y’abagabo batatu bababajwe urubozo ku ka rubanda hanyuma bakicwa. Abo bagabo bari Abanabatisita, kandi utwo tuzu ni urwibutso rw’ubwami bwabo.

Abanabatisita bari bantu ki? Batangiye bate? Inyigisho zabo z’ibanze zari izihe? Kuki abo bagabo bishwe? Kandi se, ni iki utwo tuzu dutatu duhuriyeho n’ubwami bwabo?

Kiliziya ikwiriye kuvugururwa: ariko se ite?

Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 15 no mu ntangiriro z’icya 16, abantu bagendaga barushaho kunenga Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma hamwe n’abayobozi bayo. Ruswa n’ubwiyandarike byari byarahawe intebe muri kiliziya; ibyo rero ni byo byatumaga abantu benshi bumva ko hakenewe ivugurura risesuye. Mu mwaka wa 1517, Martin Luther yasabye ku mugaragaro ko habaho ivugurura, kandi uko abandi bantu bagendaga binjira mu mpaka, bidatinze havutse Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti.

Icyakora abo bazanye iby’ivugurura ntibari bafite gahunda bumvikanaho y’ibyagombaga gukorwa cyangwa urugero ihinduka ryagombaga gukorwamo. Abantu benshi bemeraga ko ari ngombwa kwishingikiriza kuri Bibiliya mu birebana no gusenga. Nyamara abashakaga ivugurura ntibashoboye no kuvuga rumwe ku birebana n’uburyo bwo gusobanura inyigisho za Bibiliya. Harimo abumvaga ko Ivugurura ryagendaga gahoro cyane. Muri abo bantu baharaniraga ivugurura ni ho havutse Abanabatisita.

Hans-Jürgen Goertz yanditse mu gitabo cye ati “mu by’ukuri ntihariho idini rimwe gusa ry’Abanabatisita, hari menshi” (DieTäufer—Geschichte und Deutung). Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1521 abagabo bane bitwaga abahanuzi b’i Zwickau, batumye habaho impaka nyinshi igihe babwirizaga inyigisho z’Abanabatisita i Wittenberg. Naho mu mwaka wa 1525, hashinzwe irindi tsinda ry’Abanabatisita i Zurich ho mu Busuwisi. Nanone Abanabatisita batangije amatsinda yabo muri Moravie (ubu ni muri Repubulika ya Tchèque), no mu Buholandi.

Umubatizo ni uw’abana cyangwa ni uw’abakuru?

Amatsinda y’aba Abanabatisita yabaga ahanini agizwe n’abantu bake, kandi muri rusange bari abanyamahoro. Ntibahishaga imyizerere yabo; ahubwo babwirizaga abandi. Mu mwaka wa 1527, inyigisho z’ibanze z’Abanabatisita zasobanuwe mu nyandiko yiswe iy’i Schleitheim. Muri izo nyigisho zabo harimo ko bangaga kuba abasirikare, bakitandukanya n’isi kandi bagaca abanyabyaha muri bo. Ariko icyarangaga imyizerere yabo kurusha ibindi byose, ari na cyo cyabatandukanyaga n’andi madini mu buryo bugaragara, ni uko bemeraga badashidikanya ko umubatizo ari uw’abantu bakuze atari uw’abana. *

Ikibazo cyo kubatiza abantu bakuru nticyari ikibazo cy’idini gusa; cyari ikibazo cyo gushaka amaboko. Iyo barindira ko umuntu aba mukuru akabona kubatizwa, bityo akihitiramo ashingiye ku kwizera kwe, hari abatari kuzirirwa babatizwa rwose. Abo bantu rero batabatijwe, nibura mu  rugero runaka, nta bubasha kiliziya yari kuba ibafiteho. Hari amadini yabonaga ko kubatiza abantu bakuru gusa byashoboraga gutuma abura amaboko.

Ku bw’ibyo, Abagatolika n’Abaluteriyani bifuzaga kurwanya umubatizo w’abantu bakuru. Nyuma y’umwaka wa 1529, nibura mu turere tumwe na tumwe, ababatizaga abantu bakuru, cyangwa ababatizwaga bakuze, bashoboraga guhanishwa igihano cy’urupfu. Umunyamakuru witwa Thomas Seifert asobanura ko Abanabatisita “batotejwe cyane mu Bwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bw’u Budage hose.” I Münster ni ho ibitotezo byari bikaze cyane.

Münster ya kera yashakaga ko ibintu bihinduka

Umujyi wa Münster wo muri icyo gihe wari ufite abaturage bagera ku 10.000, kandi wari umutamenwa ukikijwe n’inkuta zifite kirometero 5 z’umuzenguruko, kandi ku ntera ya metero 90 uvuye kuri izo nkuta hari hagiye hari imitego. Icyakora n’ubwo uwo mujyi wari urinzwe utyo, abantu bawubagamo ntibari bafite umutekano. Igitabo cyanditswe n’Inzu Ndangamurage y’umujyi wa Münster, kivuga ko hari “amakimbirane ashingiye kuri politiki hagati y’abacamanza n’abacuruzi bo muri uwo mujyi” (The Kingdom of the Anabaptists). Byongeye kandi, abaturage b’uwo mujyi barakazwaga n’imyifatire y’abayobozi ba kiliziya. Umujyi wa Münster washyigikiye Ivugurura, maze mu mwaka wa 1533 ureka kuba umujyi w’Abagatolika uba uw’Abaluteriyani.

Umwe mu babwiriza b’Ivugurura wari ku isonga i Münster, ni Bernhard Rothmann, akaba yari umugabo uhubuka. Umwanditsi witwa Friedrich Oehninger avuga ko “ibitekerezo” bya Rothmann “byaje kuba iby’Abanabatisita mu buryo bugaragara; we na bagenzi be bangaga kubatiza abana.” I Münster yari ashyigikiwe cyane, n’ubwo hari ababonaga ko akabya gushaka ko hahinduka ibintu byinshi cyane. “Abantu benshi cyane mu bashakaga ko ibintu byaguma uko byahoze, bahunze uwo mujyi, bafite ubwoba kandi batinya ko hari ikintu kibi cyari kigiye kuba. Abanabatisita bo hirya no hino baje ari benshi kwibera i Münster, biringiye ko ari ho imigambi yabo izasohorezwa.” Abanabatisita bamaze kuba benshi i Münster, byatumye haba ibintu biteye ubwoba.

Yerusalemu Nshya igotwa

Abaholandi babiri bari barimukiye i Münster, ari bo Jan Mathys wotsaga imigati i Haarlem, na Jan Beuckelson, wari uzwi ku izina rya Jean de Leiden, amaherezo baje kugira uruhare rukomeye mu byahabereye. Mathys yiyise umuhanuzi, maze atangaza ko muri Mata 1534 ari bwo Kristo yari kuzaza bwa kabiri. Batangaje ko uwo mujyi ari wo Yerusalemu Nshya ivugwa muri Bibiliya, kandi muri uwo mujyi abantu bose bumvaga ko isi yari hafi kurangira. Rothmann yemeje ko abantu bagomba gusangira ibyo batunze byose. Abantu bakuru babaga muri uwo mujyi bagombaga gufata umwanzuro wo kubatizwa, biti ihi se bakawuvamo. Icyo gihe habatijwe abantu benshi, hakubiyemo n’abibijwe mu mazi kugira ngo gusa batirukanwa mu ngo zabo no mu byabo.

Indi mijyi yatewe ubwoba n’uko Münster yabaye umujyi wa mbere Abanabatisita bari bakomeyemo mu by’idini kandi bafite ingufu za politiki. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko ibyo byatumye “Münster yangwa n’ibindi bice bisigaye byose by’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bw’u Budage” (Die Täufer zu Münster). Igikomangoma Musenyeri Franz von Waldeck wari ukomeye muri ako karere, yakoranyije ingabo ajya kugota Münster. Izo ngabo zarimo Abaluteriyani n’Abagatolika. Ayo madini yombi yari yarahoze arebana ay’ingwe ku kibazo cy’Ivugurura, kandi bidatinze yari kuzongera agafatana mu mihogo mu Ntambara y’Imyaka Mirongo Itatu, ubu bwo yari yishyize hamwe ngo arwanye Abanabatisita.

 Irimbuka ry’ubwami bw’Abanabatisita

Imbaraga izo ngabo zaje kugota zari zifite, ntizakangaga abari bibereye mu mujyi ugoswe n’inkike. Muri Mata 1534, ubwo bari biteze ko Kristo yari agiye kuza bwa kabiri, Mathys yasohotse mu mujyi ari ku ifarashi y’umweru, yiringiye ko Imana iri bumurinde. Tekereza nawe ukuntu abayoboke ba Mathys bahiye ubwoba bakagira n’agahinda ubwo bareberaga ku nkike z’umujyi bakabona ingabo zari zibagose zicagagura Mathys, maze umutwe we zikawushinga ku giti.

Jean de Leiden yasimbuye Mathys maze yitwa Umwami Jan w’Abanabatisita i Münster. Yagerageje gukemura ikibazo cy’uko uwo mujyi wari ufite abagore benshi n’abagabo bake, binyuriye mu gutera abagabo inkunga yo kurongora abagore benshi uko bashaka. Ikigaragaza ukuntu mu bwami bw’Abanabatisita i Münster bakabyaga, ubusambanyi n’ubuhehesi byahanishwaga igihano cyo gupfa, mu gihe gushaka abagore benshi byo byihanganirwaga ndetse bakabiteramo abantu inkunga. Umwami Jan ubwe yashatse abagore 16. Igihe umwe muri abo bagore witwaga Elisabeth Wandscherer yamusabaga uruhushya rwo kuva mu mujyi, yamuciye umutwe ku karubanda.

Uwo mujyi wamaze amezi 14 ugoswe, maze amaherezo muri Kamena 1535 urafatwa. Umujyi wa Münster wararimbutse bikomeye kandi ntiwongeye kurimbuka utyo keretse mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose. Rothmann yarahunze, ariko Umwami Jan hamwe n’abandi bayobozi babiri b’Abanabatisita barafashwe, bababazwa urubozo hanyuma baricwa. Imirambo yabo yashyizwe mu tuzu tw’ibyuma tumeze nk’urutete maze bayimanika ku munara wa Kiliziya ya Mutagatifu Lambert. Seifert yasobanuye ko ibyo byari “kubera umuburo uteye ubwoba abantu bose bashoboraga guteza akaduruvayo.” Ni koko, kwivanga muri politiki byabakururiye ingaruka zikomeye.

Abandi Banabatisita byabagendekeye bite? Ibitotezo byarakomeje bimara imyaka myinshi hirya no hino mu Burayi. Abenshi mu Banabatisita bakomeye ku mahame yo kutivanga mu ntambara, n’ubwo muri bo harimo bake bari abarwanyi. Byageze aho Menno Simons wahoze ari umupadiri ayobora Abanabatisita, kandi amaherezo itsinda rye ryaje kwitwa Abamenoni cyangwa andi mazina.

Utuzu dutatu

Ubusanzwe Abanabatisita bari abanyedini bageragezaga kwizirika ku mahame ya Bibiliya. Ariko abantu b’i Münster bakabyaga mu bintu batumye Abanabatisita badohoka ku ntego yabo batangira kwivanga muri politiki. Bamaze kudohoka, batangiye kurwanira impinduramatwara. Ibyo byatumye Abanabatisita hamwe n’umujyi wabo wa Münster bahura n’amakuba.

Abasura uwo mujyi baracyibutswa ibyo bintu biteye ubwoba byabaye mu myaka igera hafi kuri 500 ishize. Bate? Babyibutswa n’utwo tuzu dutatu tw’ibyuma tumeze nk’urutete tumanitse ku munara wa kiliziya.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 13]

Umwami Jan yababajwe urubozo, aricwa hanyuma amanikwa ku munara wa kiliziya ya Mutagatifu Lambert