Insyo zituma tubona umutsima

KUVA kera abantu babonaga ko umutsima ari wo ufatiye runini ubuzima, ko ari wo funguro ry’ibanze, kandi ko ari wo funguro ry’ingenzi ryatunze abantu mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi. Koko rero, kuva kera cyane umutsima wakomeje kuba ifunguro ry’ibanze. Mu by’ukuri, kimwe mu bintu byihutirwaga umuntu yakoraga buri munsi, kwari ugushaka umutsima.

Ikintu cy’ibanze kugira ngo haboneke umutsima ni ifu cyangwa ifarini, ibyo bikaba biboneka baseye ibinyampeke. Ku bw’ibyo rero, gusya ni umwuga wakozwe kuva kera. Igihe imashini zisya zari zitaraza, umurimo wo gusya ibinyampeke bikavamo ifu ugomba kuba warasabaga imbaraga! Mu bihe bya Bibiliya, ijwi ry’urusyo ryumvikanishaga ko abantu babaga bari mu mimerere myiza, y’amahoro; kandi iyo iryo jwi ritumvikanaga, byagaragazaga ko aho hantu hatakiba abantu.—Yeremiya 25:10, 11.

Mu bihe byose by’amateka, gusya byabaga bikubiyemo iki? Ni ubuhe buryo bwakoreshwaga mu gusya? Kandi se ni izihe nsyo dukoresha muri iki gihe kugira ngo tubone umutsima?

Kuki insyo zari zikenewe?

Yehova yabwiye umugabo n’umugore ba mbere, ari bo Adamu na Eva, ati “dore mbahaye ibimera byose biri mu isi yose, n’igiti cyose gifite imbuto zirimo utubuto twacyo, bizabe ibyokurya byanyu” (Itangiriro 1:29). Mu byokurya Yehova Imana yahaye abantu harimo n’ibinyampeke. Ifunguro ryavaga mu binyampeke ryari ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu abeho kubera ko ibinyampeke byose, hakubiyemo ingano, sayiri, umuceri, amasaka n’ibigori, bibamo ibintu bitanga ingufu umubiri ushobora gukoramo ibiwutunga.

Ariko kandi, uko umuntu aremye bituma adashobora kurya ibinyampeke byose bidaseye. Byorohera abantu kubirya iyo bamaze kubisyamo ifu hanyuma bakayiteka. Uburyo bworoshye kuruta ubundi bwo guhindura ibinyampeke mo ifu ni ukubisekura mu isekuru, kubisya hakoreshejwe urusyo n’ingasire, cyangwa se gukoresha ubwo buryo bwombi.

Insyo zakoreshwaga n’imbaraga z’abantu

Amashusho yo mu marimbi ya kera yo mu Misiri agaragaza ubwoko bw’urusyo n’ingasire bakoreshaga kera cyane. Urwo rusyo n’ingasire bisa cyane n’ibikoreshwa iwacu. Urusyo rwari ibuye rifukuye kandi ryegutse baseragaho naho ingasire yari ibuye rito basheshaga. Umusyi, akenshi wabaga ari umugore, yapfukamaga inyuma y’urusyo maze agafatisha ingasire ibiganza byombi. Hanyuma, yatsindagiraga ingasire akoresheje ingufu ze zose z’amaboko n’igihimba, akajya ayikuba ku rusyo ajya imbere n’inyuma, nuko agasya impeke zabaga ziri hagati y’urusyo n’ingasire. Mbega uburyo bwari bworoheje ariko bw’ingirakamaro!

Icyakora, kumara igihe kirekire umuntu apfukamye byangizaga umubiri. Kuba umuntu wasyaga yarasunikaga ingasire akayigeza ku mpera y’urusyo kandi akayigarura, byatumaga ahora ababara umugongo, amaboko, ibibero, amavi n’amano. Hari abahanga mu bya siyansi yiga ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byataburuwe mu matongo, bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bikanka by’amagufwa byariho ubusembwa byataburuwe muri Siriya ya kera.  Ubwo bushakashatsi bwatumye bagera ku mwanzuro w’uko gukoresha bene izo nsyo byatumaga abagore bakiri bato bahora bababara ingasire z’amavi, bakangirika igice cyo hasi cy’uruti rw’umugongo, kandi bakarwara mu ino rinini indwara yo mu bwoko bwa rubagimpande bita ostéoarthrite. Muri Misiri ya kera, gusya bishobora kuba byarakorwaga n’abaja (Kuva 11:5). * Zimwe mu ntiti za Bibiliya zemera ko igihe Abisirayeli bavaga mu Misiri, bajyanye insyo n’ingasire bikozwe mu mabuye.

Uburyo bwo gusya bwanonosowe nyuma y’aho, bwari bukubiyemo no gukoma urusyo n’ingasire kugira ngo birusheho gusya neza. Umwenge umeze nk’umutemeri ucuritse batoboraga mu ngasire, watumaga umusyi ashobora kuwuzuzamo impeke, zikajya zimanuka zijyana hagati y’urusyo n’ingasire. Mu kinyejana cya kane cyangwa icya gatanu M.I.C., * mu Bugiriki bakoze imashini isya ariko yoroheje. Ku ngasire bacomekagaho agahini gatambitse kabaga gafite urwikaragiro ku mutwe umwe. Undi mutwe usigaye w’ako gahini ni wo basunikaga bawujyana imbere n’inyuma bigatuma ya ngasire yabaga irimo wa mwenge izenguruka yikuba ku rusyo.

Hari ibyo izo nsyo zose twavuze zitashoboraga gukora. Bazikoreshaga basunika ingasire bayijyana imbere n’inyuma, kandi ibyo amatungo ntiyashoboraga gutozwa kubikora. Bityo, izo nsyo zagombaga gukoreshwa n’imbaraga z’abantu gusa. Hashize igihe hadutse ikoranabuhanga rishya: urusyo ruzenguruka. Ubwo noneho amatungo yashoboraga gukoreshwa.

Insyo zizenguruka zoroheje akazi

Birashoboka cyane ko urusyo ruzenguruka rwaba rwarakorewe mu bihugu bikikije inyanja ya Mediterane ahagana mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C. Mu kinyejana cya mbere I.C., Abayahudi bo muri Palesitina bari bamenyereye gukoresha bene urwo rusyo, kubera ko Yesu yavuze iby’“urusyo rusheshwa n’indogobe.”—Mariko 9:42, Bibiliya Ntagatifu.

Insyo zakoreshwaga n’amatungo zakoreshejwe i Roma no mu bihugu byinshi byategekwaga n’ubwami bw’Abaroma. Inyinshi muri izo nsyo na n’ubu ziracyariho i Pompéi. Zari zigizwe n’ibuye ryo hejuru riremereye ryari rimeze nk’umutemeri ucuritse, ryari ricukuyemo umwenge washyirwagamo impeke, n’irindi ryo hasi na ryo ryabaga rimeze nk’umutemeri. Uko ibuye ryo hejuru ryagendaga ryikaraga ku ryo hasi, inyinshi mu mpeke zamanukiraga hagati y’ayo mabuye maze zigahinduka ifu. Amabuye yo hejuru ya bene ubwo bwoko ariho muri iki gihe aratandukanye mu bunini; afite santimetero 45 kugeza kuri 90 z’umurambararo. Izo nsyo zari zifite ubuhagarike bwa santimetero 180.

Ntituzi neza niba insyo zizenguruka hakoreshejwe intoki ari zo bakoze bahereye ku nsyo zikoreshwa n’amatungo, cyangwa se niba izikoreshwa n’amatungo ari zo bakoze bahereye ku zizenguruka hakoreshejwe intoki. Uko byaba biri kose, urusyo ruzenguruka hakoreshejwe intoki rwari rufite akarusho kubera ko rwashoboraga gutwarwa no gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye. Rwari rugizwe n’amabuye abiri y’inziga, wenda afite nka sentimetero 30 kugeza kuri 40 z’umurambararo. Ibuye ryo hasi ryabaga rifite inda, naho iryo hejuru ryo ryabaga rifukuye ku buryo ryaryamaga ku ryo hasi. Ibuye ryo hejuru ryagiraga urwikaragiro hagati, kandi agahini gakozwe mu giti ni ko karizengurutsaga. Ubusanzwe abagore babiri bapfukamaga barebana, buri wese agafatisha ako gahini akaboko kamwe kugira ngo bazengurutse ibuye ryo hejuru (Luka 17:35). Umwe muri abo bagore yagendaga ashyira impeke nkeya mu mwobo wo muri iryo buye ryo hejuru akoresheje ukuboko kudafashe ku gahini, maze undi akarunda ifu uko yagendaga igwa ku nkoko cyangwa ku mwenda babaga bashyize munsi y’urusyo. Ubwo buryo bwo  gusya bwatumaga abasirikare, abasare cyangwa bamwe mu bagize imiryango babaga bari kure y’ahaboneka insyo, babona ifu babaga bakeneye.

Insyo zizengurutswa n’amazi cyangwa umuyaga

Ahagana mu mwaka wa 27 M.I.C., hari umutekinisiye w’Umuroma witwaga Vitruvius wasobanuye uko urusyo rwakoreshwaga n’amazi rwo mu gihe cye rwakoraga. Amazi atemba yisukaga ku mbaho zabaga zicometse mu ruziga rumeze nk’ipine nini cyane ihagaritse, rufite urwikaragiro rw’umuhini utambitse, bigatuma urwo ruziga rwikaraga. Uwo muhini wabaga kandi ufatanye n’izindi nziga zifite amenyo acomekeranye, na zo zakaragaga undi muhini uhagaritse ucometse ku ngasire nini, ugahita uyizengurutsa.

Izo nsyo zikoreshwa n’amazi zatangaga umusaruro ungana iki uzigereranyije n’izindi twabonye? Bavuga ko mu isaha imwe insyo zikoreshwa n’intoki zashoboraga gusya ibiro by’impeke bitageze ku 10, mu gihe insyo zakoreshwaga n’amatungo zasyaga byinshi kurusha izindi, zo zasyaga ibiro birenga 50 mu isaha. Urusyo rukoresha amazi rwahimbwe na Vitruvius rwo rwari rwiza cyane kuzirusha kubera ko rwashoboraga gusya ibiro 150 kugeza kuri 200 mu isaha. N’ubwo incuro nyinshi abahanga mu gukora insyo bagiye barushaho kunonosora imikorere yazo, ihame ry’ibanze Vitruvius yasobanuye ni ryo bakomeje kugenderaho mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi.

Amazi yisuka si yo yonyine yatumye haboneka ingufu kamere zo gutuma insyo zikora. Iyo basimbuzaga insyo zikoreshwa amazi izikoreshwa n’umuyaga, intego yagerwagaho yabaga imwe. Insyo zikoreshwa n’umuyaga zishobora kuba zaratangiye gukoreshwa mu Burayi mu kinyejana cya 12 I.C., kandi zakoreshwaga cyane mu Bubiligi, mu Budage, mu Buholandi n’ahandi. Zakomeje gukoreshwa kugeza igihe insyo zikoreshwa n’umwuka ushyushye hamwe n’izindi ngufu zaje kugenda ziboneka buhoro buhoro, zigatuma izo zindi zita agaciro.

“Ibyokurya byacu by’uyu munsi”

N’ubwo amajyambere yaje, uburyo bwinshi bwo gusya bwo mu gihe cyashize buracyakoreshwa hirya no hino ku isi. Isekuru n’umuhini biracyakoreshwa muri Afurika no muri Oseyaniya. Muri Megizike no muri Amerika yo Hagati bakoresha urusyo n’ingasire mu gusya ibigori bakoramo imigati. Kandi insyo zikoreshwa n’amazi n’izikoreshwa n’umuyaga ziracyakoreshwa mu duce dutandukanye.

Icyakora ifu nyinshi ikoreshwa mu gukora imigati mu bihugu bikize muri iki gihe, iboneka hakoreshejwe imashini zikoresha. Buhoro buhoro, impeke zigenda zihinduka ifu uko zigenda zinyura mu nzira zitandukanye z’imashini zisya, ziba zifite ingasire zifite amenyo kandi zikaraga ku muvuduko utandukanye. Ubwo buryo butuma hashobora kuboneka ifu inyuranye ku giciro cyo hasi.

Nta gushidikanya ko kubona ifu yo gukoresha mu gutegura ibyokurya bitakiri ikibazo nk’uko byahoze. Ni koko, dushobora gushimira Umuremyi wacu ku bwo kuba yaraduhaye ibinyampeke n’ubuhanga bwo kubikuramo “ibyokurya byacu by’uyu munsi.”—Matayo 6:11.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Urusyo n’ingasire byo mu Misiri ya kera

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Soprintendenza Archeologica per la Toscana, Firenze

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Urusyo rukoreshwa n’itungo rusya imbuto za elayo ruzikuramo amavuta

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]

From the Self-Pronouncing Edition of the Holy Bible, containing the King James and the Revised versions