“Nihagira uguhata”

“YEWE sha! Hita ureka ibyo wakoraga nonaha, maze uze untwarire uyu mutwaro!” Uratekereza ko Umuyahudi wo mu kinyejana cya mbere uhugiye mu kazi ke yari kubyitwaramo ate iyo umusirikare w’Umuroma aramuka amubwiye amagambo nk’ariya? Mu Kibwiriza cye cyo ku Musozi, Yesu yatanze inama agira ati “nihagira uguhata kumwakira umutwaro ngo uwutware kirometero imwe, uzongereho n’iya kabiri” (Matayo 5:41, Inkuru Nziza ku Muntu Wese). Ubwo se abari bateze amatwi Yesu bari kumva bate iyo nama yari abagiriye? Kandi se, iyo nama yaba isobanura iki kuri twe muri iki gihe?

Kugira ngo tubone ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo, ni ngombwa ko tumenya uko imirimo y’agahato yakorwaga mu bihe bya kera. Abaturage bo muri Isirayeli bo mu gihe cya Yesu bari bamenyereye cyane iby’imirimo y’agahato.

Umurimo w’agahato

Hari ibihamya bigaragaza ko mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, imirimo y’agahato yakozwe kuva kera cyane mu kinyejana cya 18 M.I.C. * Inyandiko z’ubuyobozi bw’umujyi wo muri Siriya ya kera witwaga Alalaki zivuga ibihereranye n’amatsinda y’abaturage ubutegetsi bwabaga bwarafashe bukabakoresha imirimo y’agahato yihariye. Mu mujyi wo muri Siriya witwaga Ugariti wari ku nkengero z’inyanja, abantu bahingaga mu mirima babaga baratishije na bo bakoreshwaga iyo mirimo y’agahato, keretse gusa iyo umwami yabaga yarabasoneye.

Birumvikana kandi ko abaturage b’igihugu cyabaga cyarigaruriwe cyangwa cyaraneshejwe n’ikindi, incuro nyinshi bakoreshwaga imirimo y’agahato. Abakoresha b’uburetwa b’Abanyegiputa bakoresheje Abisirayeli uburetwa bw’agahato bababumbisha amatafari. Nyuma yaho, Abisirayeli bakoresheje imirimo y’uburetwa Abanyakanaani bari batuye mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano, kandi Dawidi na Salomo bakomeje kubakoresha imirimo nk’iyo.—Kuva 1:13, 14; 2 Samweli 12:31, NW; 1 Abami 9:20, 21.

Igihe Abisirayeli basabaga umwami, Samweli yabasobanuriye ibyo uwo mwami yari kuzaba afite uburenganzira bwo kubategeka gukora. Yari kuzafata bamwe mu baturage be bakazajya bagendera ku magare n’amafarashi bye, bakaba abahinzi n’abasaruzi be, bakamucurira intwaro kandi bakamukorera n’indi mirimo (1 Samweli 8:4-17). Ariko kandi, mu gihe urusengero rwa Yehova rwubakwaga, abanyamahanga bakoreshwaga imirimo y’uburetwa bw’agahato ariko “mu Bisirayeli Salomo ntiyahinduragamo imbata, ahubwo bari ingabo zo kurwana, n’abagaragu be n’ibikomangoma bye, n’abatware b’ingabo ze n’abatware b’amagare ye n’ab’abagendera ku mafarashi be.”—1 Abami 9:22.

Ku birebana n’Abisirayeli bakoreshejwe mu mishinga y’ubwubatsi, mu 1 Abami 5:27, 28 hagira hati “Umwami Salomo atoranya abantu b’abanyagihe [“abari batoranyirijwe gukora imirimo y’agahato,” NW ] mu Bisirayeli, bose bari inzovu eshatu. Akajya abohereza muri Lebanoni uko ukwezi gutashye, abantu inzovu imwe bagafatanya igihe cy’ukwezi kumwe, bacyura igihe bakamara iwabo amezi abiri baruhuka.” Hari intiti imwe igira iti “ntitwashidikanya ko abami b’Abisirayeli n’ab’Abayuda bajyaga bakoresha abaturage imirimo y’agahato, kugira ngo babone abakozi batazajya bahemba bo kubakorera mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi no kubahingira imirima y’ibwami.”

Mu gihe cya Salomo ubwo buretwa bwari bukomeye cyane. Bwababazaga abaturage cyane ku buryo igihe Rehobowamu yakangishaga Abisirayeli kuzaremereza iyo ngoyi kurushaho, Abisirayeli bose  barivumbagatanyije maze batera amabuye uwari warashyiriweho kugenzura abakoraga imirimo y’agahato (1 Abami 12:12-18). Icyakora, gukoresha abantu imirimo y’agahato ntibyavuyeho. Asa, umwuzukuru wa Rehobowamu, yahamagariye abaturage b’u Buyuda kuza kubaka imijyi ya Geba na Misipa, kandi ‘nta n’umwe wari wemerewe gusigara.’—1 Abami 15:22.

Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma

Ikibwiriza cyo ku Musozi kigaragaza ko Abayahudi bo mu kinyejana cya mbere bari bamenyereye ko hari umuntu washoboraga ‘kubahatira’ gukora umurimo w’agahato. Iryo jambo ‘kubahatira’ rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Ikigiriki ag·ga·reuʹo, mu mizo ya mbere ryari rifitanye isano n’umurimo w’abakozi b’Abaperesi batwaraga amabaruwa. Bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gufata no gukoresha ku ngufu abantu, amafarashi, amato cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose babaga bakeneye kugira ngo bihutishe akazi bakoraga.

Mu gihe cya Yesu, Isirayeli yategekwaga n’Abaroma bari barashyizeho gahunda imeze nk’iyo. Mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwa Aziya, uretse imisoro isanzwe abaturage batangaga, bashoboraga no gukoreshwa imirimo y’agahato buri gihe cyangwa mu gihe byabaga bibaye ngombwa. Birumvikana ko abaturage batakundaga iyo mirimo. Ikindi kandi, gufatira ku ngufu amatungo, gufatira ibintu byabaga bimeze nk’ibisanduku bifite amapine byakururwaga n’amafarashi cyangwa ababitwaraga kugira ngo bijye gukoreshwa mu mirimo ya leta, byari byogeye hose. Dukurikije ibivugwa n’umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Michael Rostovtzeff, abategetsi “bagerageje gushyiraho amategeko agenga [imirimo y’agahato] ariko biba iby’ubusa, kubera ko igihe cyose iyo mirimo yakomezaga gukorwa, nta kabuza yagiraga ingaruka mbi. Abategetsi bari bafite imitima itaryarya bagiye bashyiraho amategeko menshi bagerageza kubuzanya ibyo gutegekesha igitugu no gukandamiza byajyanaga n’iyo mirimo . . . Ariko iyo mirimo yakomeje kurangwa no gukandamiza.”

Hari Umugiriki w’intiti wagize ati “buri wese yashoboraga guhatirwa kwikorera umutwaro w’umusirikare akawugeza ahantu runaka, kandi buri wese yashoboraga guhatirwa gukora umurimo uwo ari wo wose Umuroma yabaga ashatse kumukoresha.” Ibyo ni byo byabaye kuri Simoni w’Umunyakurene abasirikare b’Abaroma ‘bahatiye’ kwikorera igiti cy’umubabaro Yesu yari yikoreye.—Matayo 27:32.

Inyandiko zanditswe n’abigishamategeko b’Abayahudi na zo zavuze kuri iyo mirimo itarakundwaga n’abaturage. Urugero, hari umwigishamategeko wafashwe ahatirwa gutwara ibiti by’imihadasi akabigeza  mu nzu y’umutware. Abakoresha bashoboraga kwamburwa abantu babakoreraga imirimo y’ingufu bakajyanwa gukora indi mirimo, kandi abo bakoresha babo bagakomeza kubahemba. Amatungo yakoreshwaga mu gutwara ibintu na yo bashoboraga kuyatwara. N’iyo bayagaruraga, bayagaruraga atagishoboye kugira akandi kazi yakoreshwa. Ibyo biratuma wumva impamvu iyo umuntu bamutwaraga itungo bagiye kurikoresha yumvaga ko ari kimwe no kurimunyaga. Kandi koko, hari umugani Abayahudi bacaga ubigaragaza wagiraga uti “angareia (gutwara umuntu amatungo ku ngufu) ni kimwe no kumwica.” Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka ugira ati “kwambura abaturage bari bagize umudugudu amatungo yabo bahingishaga akajyanwa gukoreshwa indi mirimo, byashoboraga kubakenesha cyane kuruta kubambura amatungo yari asanzwe akurura imizigo.”

Ibyo biratuma dushobora kwiyumvisha ukuntu abaturage bangaga iyo mirimo, cyane cyane iyo abayibakoreshaga babaga babikorana agasuzuguro kandi bakabarenganya. Kubera urwango Abayahudi bari bafitiye abanyamahanga babategekaga, bumvaga kubahatira gukora iyo mirimo bangaga ari ukubakoza isoni cyane. Nta tegeko rizwi ritubwira uko urugendo umuturage yashoboraga gukora yikoreye umuzigo yabaga yahatiwe gutwara rwabaga rungana. Birashoboka ko abenshi batari kwemera kurenzaho n’intambwe imwe ku ntera amategeko yasabaga kugenda.

Nyamara kandi, iyo mirimo y’agahato ni yo Yesu yerekejeho igihe yavugaga ati “nihagira uguhata kumwakira umutwaro ngo uwutware kirometero imwe, uzongereho n’iya kabiri” (Matayo 5:41, Inkuru Nziza ku Muntu Wese). Bakimara kubyumva, hari bamwe bashobora kuba baratekereje ko ibyo Yesu yari avuze bitari bihuje n’ubwenge. Ariko se ubundi yashakaga kuvuga iki?

Uko Abakristo bakwiriye kubyitwaramo

Mu magambo yoroheje, Yesu yabwiraga abari bamuteze amatwi ko iyo haza kugira umuntu ufite ubutware ubahatira gukora umurimo uwo ari wo wose wari wemewe n’amategeko, bagombaga kwemera kuwukora kandi bakawukora batinuba. Ku bw’ibyo, bagombaga ‘guha Kayisari ibye’ ariko ntibirengagize ko bari bakwiriye no ‘guha Imana ibyayo.’—Mariko 12:17. *

Byongeye kandi, intumwa Pawulo yateye Abakristo inkunga igira iti “umuntu wese agandukire abatware bamutwara, kuko ari nta butware butava ku Mana, n’abatware bariho bashyizweho n’Imana. Ni cyo gituma ugandira umutware aba yanze itegeko ry’Imana . . . Nukora nabi utinye, kuko adatwarira inkota ubusa.”—Abaroma 13:1-4.

Bityo, Yesu na Pawulo bemeraga ko umwami cyangwa ubutegetsi babaga bafite uburenganzira bwo guha igihano umuntu wese wabaga urenze ku byo basabaga. Icyo gihano cyabaga ari ikihe? Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umugiriki witwaga Épictète, wabayeho hagati y’ikinyejana cya mbere n’icya kabiri I.C. *, yatanze igisubizo agira ati “niba bibaye ngombwa ko umusirikare agutwara mu buryo butunguranye indogobe yawe ikiri ntoya, yireke igende. Ntushake kuyimwima, ntiwijujute, utava aho ukubitwa ibiboko bakagutwara n’indogobe yawe.”

Ariko kandi, hari igihe Abakristo, baba abo mu kinyejana cya mbere cyangwa abo muri iki gihe, bagiye bumva umutimanama wabo utabemerera gukora  ibyo ubutegetsi bwabasabaga. Rimwe na rimwe ibyo byagiraga ingaruka zikomeye. Abakristo bamwe bagiye bahanishwa igihano cy’urupfu. Abandi bafunzwe imyaka myinshi bazira ko banze kugira uruhare mu bikorwa babonaga bibangamira igihagararo cyabo cyo kutagira aho babogamira (Yesaya 2:4; Yohana 17:16; 18:36). Mu yindi mimerere, Abakristo bagiye bumva bashobora kubahiriza ibyo basabwaga gukora. Urugero, Abakristo bamwe bumva umutimanama wabo utababuza gukora imirimo igirira abandi akamaro bakoreshwa n’abayobozi ba gisivili. Iyo mirimo ishobora kuba ari nko gufasha abageze mu za bukuru cyangwa abamugaye, kuba umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’abashinzwe kuzimya inkongi z’umuriro, gutunganya ku mucanga wo ku nkombe z’inyanja, gukora akazi ko mu busitani, mu mashyamba cyangwa ahantu basomera ibitabo hamwe n’indi mirimo nk’iyo.

Birumvikana ariko ko imimerere igenda itandukana bitewe n’ibihugu abantu babamo. Ni yo mpamvu ku birebana no kumenya niba umuntu yakwemera cyangwa atakwemera ibyo bamusabye gukora, buri Mukristo agomba gukurikiza umutimanama we watojwe na Bibiliya.

Genda ikirometero cya kabiri

Ihame Yesu yigishije ryo kwemera gukora ibintu badusabye bitabangamiye umutimanama wacu, ntiryashyirwa mu bikorwa gusa mu birebana n’ibyo ubutegetsi busaba, ahubwo ryashyirwa mu bikorwa no mu mishyikirano tugirana n’abandi mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi. Urugero, tuvuge wenda ko nk’umuntu ugufiteho ububasha agusabye gukora ikintu wumva utifuzaga gukora ariko kitabangamiye amategeko y’Imana. Wabyifatamo ute? Ushobora wenda kumva byaba ari ukugutwara igihe cyawe ndetse n’imbaraga kandi bitari ngombwa, bityo bigatuma urakara. Bishobora no gutuma wumva umwanze. Ku rundi ruhande, uramutse wemeye kubikora ariko ugononwa ushobora gutakaza amahoro yo mu mutima. Umuti w’icyo kibazo ni uwuhe? Kora ibyo Yesu yaduteyemo inkunga; genda ikirometero cya kabiri. Ntugakore ibyo bagusabye gusa ahubwo ujye ukora n’ibirenze ibyo bagusabye. Jya ubikora utagononwa. Nubikora utyo, ntuzongera kumva ko bakurya imitsi, ahubwo uzumva ufite umudendezo kandi ni wowe uzaba ugenga ibyo ukora byose.

Hari intiti yagize iti “abantu benshi usanga mu buzima bwabo bwose bakora gusa ibyo bahatiwe gukora. Bumva ubuzima butabashimishije kandi bahora bananiwe. Abandi bo bakora ibirenze ibyo basabwa gukora kandi bakitangira gufasha abandi.” Koko rero, incuro nyinshi umuntu aba ashobora guhitamo kugenda kirometero imwe gusa cyangwa akagenda ebyiri. Uwahisemo kugenda imwe gusa, ashobora gushishikazwa no gusaba ko uburenganzira bwe bwakubahirizwa. Naho uwahisemo kugenda ebyiri we ashobora kugera ku bintu byiza cyane byamushimisha. Ese wowe uri umuntu wemera kugenda kirometero imwe gusa, cyangwa ujya wemera no kugenda kirometero ya kabiri? Ushobora kurushaho kwishima kandi ukagera kuri byinshi kurushaho uramutse ubona ko imirimo ukora atari akazi washinzwe gusa ugomba gusohoza, ahubwo ko ari ibintu nawe wifuza gukora.

Bite se niba uri umuntu ufite ubutware? Nk’uko byumvikana, gukoresha ubutware ufite kugira ngo uhatire abandi gukora ibyo ubasabye kandi batabishaka, ntibikwiriye ku Mukristo kandi nta n’ubwo bigaragaza urukundo. Yesu yagize ati “abami b’abanyamahanga babatwaza igitugu, n’abakomeye babo bahawe kubategeka.” Ariko ibyo si ko bigenda ku Bakristo (Matayo 20:25, 26). N’ubwo gukagatiza bishobora kugira icyo bigeraho, imishyikirano hagati y’abayobora n’abayoborwa yarushaho kuba myiza mu gihe abayoborwa basabwe mu bugwaneza gukora ikintu cyihariye, na bo bakemera kugikora bubashye kandi babyishimiye. Ni koko, kuba witeguye kugenda ibirometero bibiri aho kugenda kimwe bishobora mu by’ukuri gutuma ubuzima bwawe burushaho kuba bwiza.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 25]

UKO MU BIHE BYA KERA BAKORESHAGA NABI IMIRIMO Y’AGAHATO

Gukoresha imirimo y’agahato akenshi bwari uburyo bwo kugira ngo abayikoreshaga babone ababakorera imirimo. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’amategeko yagiye ashyirwaho yari agamije kubuza abakoresha imirimo y’agahato kurengera. Mu mwaka wa 118 M.I.C., umwami wa Misiri witwaga Ptolémée Évergète wa II yaciye iteka ko abatware be “batagombaga kongera kugira umuturage uwo ari we wese wo mu gihugu bakoresha ku ngufu imirimo yabo bwite, cyangwa ngo bamunyage inka ye (aggareuein) bajya kuyikoresha akazi kabo bwite ako ari ko kose.” Yongeyeho ati “nta muntu n’umwe ugomba gutwara ku ngufu . . . amato agiye kuyakoresha imirimo ye cyangwa yitwaje impamvu iyo ari yo yose.” Mu nyandiko yo mu mwaka wa 49 I.C. yanditse ku mabuye ari mu nzu yitwa Temple du Grand Oasis yo mu gihugu cya Misiri, umutegetsi w’Umuroma witwaga Virgile Capito yiyemereye ko abasirikare bajyaga batwara ibintu ku ngufu mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, maze ashyiraho itegeko ryagiraga riti “nta muntu wemerewe gufata cyangwa gutwara ku ngufu . . . ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose, keretse gusa afite urupapuro nanditse rubimuhera uburenganzira.”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 24]

Simoni w’Umunyakurene yahatiwe gukora umurimo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Abahamya benshi bamaze igihe kirekire muri gereza bazira ko bakomeye ku gihagararo cyabo cya gikristo