Mari umujyi wa kera wari ukomeye wo mu butayu

ANDRÉ PARROT, umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo yagize ati “numvaga mu mutwe harimo muzunga igihe nari ngeze mu cyumba cyanjye nijoro, ubwo jye na bagenzi banjye twari tumaze kwishimira ibintu byiza cyane twari tumaze kubona.” Muri Mutarama 1934, i Tell Hariri hafi y’umudugudu muto wa Abu Kemal ku ruzi Ufurate muri Siriya, Parrot n’ikipi ye bataburuye igishushanyo cyariho amagambo avuga ngo “Lamgi-Mari, umwami wa Mari, umutambyi mukuru wa Enlil.” Basabwe n’ibyishimo bamaze kukibona.

Umujyi wa Mari wari ubonetse! Kuba uwo mujyi warabonetse bishishikajeho iki abigishwa ba Bibiliya?

Kuki udushishikaje?

N’ubwo umujyi wa Mari wari usanzwe uzwi mu nyandiko za kera, aho wari wubatse hari hamaze imyaka myinshi hatazwi. Abanditsi b’Abasumeri bavuze ko umujyi wa Mari wari icyicaro cy’ingoma y’abami bashobora kuba barategetse akarere kose ka Mezopotamiya. Umujyi wa Mari wari wubatswe ku ruzi rwa Ufurate, hakaba hari ahantu heza kuko hari mu ihuriro ry’imihanda yahuzaga ikigobe cya Peresi na Ashuri, Mezopotamiya, Anatoliya n’inkombe z’inyanja ya Mediterane. Ibicuruzwa byari bikubiyemo imbaho, ibyuma n’amabuye, ibyo byose bikaba bitarabonekaga muri Mezopotamiya, byanyuraga muri uwo mujyi. Imisoro yakwaga kuri ibyo bicuruzwa yakungahaje cyane umujyi wa Mari, bituma utegeka ako karere kose. Icyakora,  uko gukomera kwawo kwarangiye ubwo Siriya yigarurirwaga na Sarigoni wo muri Akkad.

Mu myaka igera kuri 300 nyuma y’aho Sarigoni yigaruriye umujyi wa Mari, uwo mujyi wagiye utegekwa n’abategetsi ba gisirikare batandukanye. Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwabo, uwo mujyi wongeye kugira ubukungu mu rugero runaka. Icyakora, mu gihe cy’umutegetsi wa nyuma ari we Zimri-Lim, umujyi wa Mari wari waratangiye gusubira inyuma. Zimri-Lim yagerageje gushimangira ubutegetsi bwe agaba ibitero, agirana amasezerano n’ubundi bwami bakanashyingirana. Ariko ahagana mu 1760 M.I.C., * Umwami Hamurabi w’i Babuloni yatsinze uwo mujyi kandi arawusenya, ashyira iherezo ku cyo Parrot yise “umwe mu mijyi y’abantu bari barateye imbere kuruta indi yose yo mu gihe cya kera.”

Igihe ingabo za Hamurabi zasakizaga umujyi wa Mari, mu buryo batari bazi bagiriye neza cyane abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo n’abahanga mu by’amateka bo muri iki gihe. Mu gihe basenyaga inkuta zari zubakishije amatafari ya rukarakara, hamwe na hamwe batabye amazu yari afite metero zigera kuri 5, bituma ayo mazu atangirika uko igihe cyagendaga gihita. Abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bataburuye amatongo y’insengero n’ingoro z’abami hamwe n’ibikoresho byinshi n’inyandiko zibarirwa mu bihumbi byatumye abantu bamenya uko abantu b’icyo gihe babagaho.

Kuki amatongo yo mu mujyi wa Mari adushishikaza? Reka dufate urugero rw’igihe umukurambere Aburahamu yari ku isi. Aburahamu yavutse mu mwaka wa 2018 M.I.C., hashize imyaka 352 Umwuzure ubaye. Yari uwo mu gisekuruza cya cumi uturutse kuri Nowa. Aburahamu abitegetswe n’Imana, yarimutse ava mu mujyi yavukiyemo wa Uri ajya i Harani. Mu mwaka wa 1943 M.I.C., igihe Aburahamu yari afite imyaka 75, yavuye i Harani ajya mu gihugu cya Kanaani. Umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo w’Umutaliyani witwa Paolo Matthiae yavuze ko “ingendo za Aburahamu ava muri Uri ajya i Yerusalemu [muri Kanaani] yazikoze mu gihe cya Mari.” Ku bw’ibyo rero, kuba barabonye aho umujyi wa Mari wari wubatswe, bifite agaciro kuko bidufasha kwiyumvisha uko isi umugaragu w’Imana w’indahemuka Aburahamu yari atuyemo yari imeze. *—Itangiriro 11:10–12:4.

Ni iki ayo matongo ahishura?

Idini ryari ryarasagambye mu mujyi wa Mari nk’uko byari bimeze n’ahandi hose muri Mezopotamiya. Batekerezaga ko umuntu afite inshingano yo gukorera imana zitandukanye. Mbere yo gufata imyanzuro iyo ari yo yose ikomeye, buri gihe babanzaga kugisha inama imana zabo. Abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo babonye amatongo y’insengero esheshatu. Muri izo nsengero harimo Urusengero rw’Intare (bamwe batekereza ko rwari urusengero rwa Dagan, ari yo Dagoni yo muri Bibiliya) hamwe n’ingoro za Ishtar, imanakazi y’uburumbuke, n’ingoro y’imana y’izuba Shamash. Izo nsengero zabaga zirimo igishushanyo cy’ikigirwamana baturaga ibitambo n’amasengesho.  Abasengaga izo mana na bo bakoreshaga ibishushanyo byabo byabagaragazaga bamwenyura bari mu masengesho, bakabisiga ku ntebe zo mu rusengero kuko batekerezaga ko ibyo bishushanyo byakomezaga gusenga badahari. Parrot yagize ati “icyo gishushanyo twagereranya na ya buji yo muri kiliziya Gatolika ikoreshwa mu masengesho muri iki gihe ariko ku rugero rwagutse kurushaho, mu by’ukuri cyabaga gisimbura uwasengaga.”

Ikintu gishishikaje cyane kurusha ibindi mu byataburuwe mu matongo y’i Tell Hariri, ni amatongo y’ingoro nini, izwi ku izina ry’uwayituyemo nyuma, ari we Umwami Zimri-Lim. Umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo w’Umufaransa witwa Louis-Hugues Vincent yavuze ko ari “ikirezi mu nyubako za kera z’i Burasirazuba.” Iyo ngoro yubatswe ku buso bwa hegitari 2,5, yari ifite ibyumba bigera kuri 300 n’imbuga. Ndetse no mu bihe bya kera cyane, iyo ngoro yabarirwaga mu bintu bitangaje byo mu isi. Georges Roux yanditse mu gitabo cye Ancient Iraq (Iraki ya kera) ati “iyo nzu yari ikimenywabose cyane, ku buryo umwami wa Ugarit ku nkombe za Siriya atatinye kohereza umuhungu we mu birometero 600 ku butaka, nta yindi mpamvu uretse gusa kugira ngo ajye gusura ‘inzu ya Zimri-Lim.’ ”

Abashyitsi binjiraga muri iyo ngoro yari igoswe n’inkike, banyuze mu irembo rimwe ryari rifite iminara ku mpande zombi, bakabona kugera ku mbuga nini. Umwami wa nyuma wa Mari Zimri-Lim yabaga yicaye ku ntebe ye ya cyami iri kuri podiyumu, akaba ari aho akemurira ibibazo bya gisirikare, ubucuruzi n’ububanyi n’amahanga, agaca imanza kandi akahakirira abashyitsi n’abambasaderi. Abashyitsi baracumbikirwaga, buri gihe bagasangira n’umwami divayi n’ibiryo mu nkera z’akataraboneka. Ibyo biryo byabaga bigizwe n’inyama z’inka, iz’intama, iz’isha, ifi  n’inkoko zabaga zokeje cyangwa zitogosheje; bakazigaburana n’isupu yabaga irimo ibirungo n’imvange y’imboga hamwe na foromaje. Iyo bamaraga kurya, barenzagaho imbuto zigisoromwa, izumye cyangwa izisizweho isukari, na gato zabaga zokejwe mu maforomo adasanzwe. Kugira ngo abashyitsi bice akanyota, bahabwaga inzoga isanzwe cyangwa divayi.

Izo ngoro zabaga zirimo n’aho kwisukurira. Bahabonye ibyumba byo kwiyuhagiriramo byarimo ibikarayi binini byari bikozwe mu ibumba n’imisarani. Hasi no ku mukaba w’urukuta bari barasizeho godoro yo kubirinda. Imiferege yari yubakishije amatafari ahiye n’ibitembo byari bikozwe mu ibumba bisize godoro, byasohoraga amazi mabi n’ubu biracyakora nyuma y’imyaka 3.500. Igihe abagore batatu bo mu rugo rw’ibwami barwaraga indwara yica, hatanzwe amategeko akaze. Umugore nk’uwo wabaga arwaye yahabwaga akato. “Nta muntu wagombaga kunywera ku gikombe cye, nta wariraga ku meza ye, nta n’uwicaraga ku ntebe ye.”

Ni iki twakwigira ku nyandiko zaho?

Parrot n’ikipi ye bavumbuye ibisate bigera ku 20.000 biriho inyandiko z’inyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari zanditswe mu rurimi rwo muri Akkad. Ibyo bisate biriho amabaruwa n’inyandiko z’ubutegetsi n’iz’ubukungu. Muri izo nyandiko zose, izigera kuri kimwe cya gatatu ni zo zonyine zatangajwe. Nyamara ziri mu mibumbe 28. Zifite akahe gaciro? Jean-Claude Margueron, umuyobozi w’ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo y’i Mari (Mission archéologique française de Mari) yagize ati “urebye nta kintu na kimwe twari tuzi ku mateka, inzego z’ubuzima n’imibereho ya buri munsi muri Mezopotamiya na Siriya nyuma gato y’umwaka wa 2000 M.I.C. Izo nyandiko zatumye dushobora kwandika amateka yaho anonosoye.” Nk’uko Parrot yabivuze, izo nyandiko “zihishura ibintu byinshi bitangaje abantu bazivugwamo bahuriyeho n’ibyo Isezerano rya Kera ritubwira ku birebana n’igihe cy’abakurambere.”

Ibisate basanze i Mari nanone bidufasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa imirongo imwe yo muri Bibiliya. Urugero, ibyo bisate bigaragaza ko gufata abagore b’umwanzi byari “ikintu cyarangaga imyifatire y’abami bo muri icyo gihe.” Inama umugambanyi Ahitofeli yagiriye Abusalomu umuhungu w’Umwami Dawidi yo gusambanya inshoreke za se, ntiyari igitekerezo gishya.—2 Samweli 16:21, 22.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 1933, i Tell Hariri hataburuwe incuro 41. Icyakora, kugeza ubu hegitari 8 ku 110 z’umujyi wa Mari ni zo zonyine zimaze gutabururwa. Birashoboka ko bashigaje kuvumbura ibindi bintu bishishikaje i Mari, muri uwo mujyi wa kera wo mu butayu wari ukomeye.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 10]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Ikigobe cya Peresi

Uri

MEZOPOTAMIYA

Ufurate

MARI

ASHURI

Harani

ANATOLIYA

KANAANI

Yerusalemu

Inyanja ya Mediterane (Inyanja nini)

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Muri iyi nyandiko, Umwami Iahdun-Lim wa Mari yirataga ibyo yubatse

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Igihe bavumburaga iki gishushanyo cya Lamgi-Mari bashoboye kumenya neza Mari

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Ebih-Il, umutegetsi w’i Mari asenga

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Podiyumu yo mu ngoro, aho igishushanyo cy’imanakazi gishobora kuba cyarabaga

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Amatongo y’i Mari agaragaza ko bubakishaga amatafari ya rukarakara

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Icyumba cyo kogeramo mu ngoro

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Ibuye rigaragaza ugutsinda kwa Naram-Sin wigaruriye Mari

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Mu matongo y’ingoro bahasanze ibisate bigera ku 20.000

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© Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

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Inyandiko: Musée du Louvre, Paris; igishushanyo: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

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Igishushanyo: Musée du Louvre, Paris; podiyumu n’icyumba cyo kogeramo: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13 yavuye]

Ibuye rigaragaza ugutsinda: Musée du Louvre, Paris; amatongo y’ingoro: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)