Kuki isi yananiwe kunga ubumwe?

“Ku ncuro ya mbere kuva Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose yarangira, umuryango mpuzamahanga wunze ubumwe. . . . Ubu noneho isi ishobora guhera kuri ubwo bumwe igasohoza isezerano rimaze igihe kirekire ritegerejwe, ryo gushyiraho gahunda nshya isi igomba kugenderaho.”

AYO magambo yavuzwe n’uwari perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu myaka ya za 90. Icyo gihe, ibyaberaga ku isi byagaragazaga ko isi yunze ubumwe yari yegereje. Ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwavagaho bukurikirana. Urukuta rw’i Berlin rwarasenyutse, ibyo bikaba byaragaragazaga ko mu Burayi hari hatangiye igihe gishya. Amahanga yatangajwe cyane no kubona Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, ibyinshi mu bihugu bitari iby’Abakomunisiti byabonaga ko ari yo yatezaga amakimbirane ku isi, isenyuka. Intambara yo Kurebana Igitsure yari imaze kurangira, kandi ibiganiro byo kugabanya intwaro, hakubiyemo n’iza kirimbuzi byatangaga icyizere. N’ubwo mu Kigobe cya Peresi habaye intambara, icyo cyasaga n’aho ari ikibazo cy’akanya gato cyatumye ibyinshi mu bihugu byo ku isi birushaho kwiyemeza gushakira isi amahoro.

Icyizere cy’uko hari hagiye kubaho isi yunze ubumwe nticyagaragariraga muri politiki gusa, ahubwo cyagaragariraga no mu bindi bice bigize imibereho. Mu bice byinshi byo ku isi abantu bagendaga barushaho kugira imibereho myiza. Iterambere mu by’ubuvuzi ryari ryaratumye abaganga bashobora gukora ibintu byari kwitwa ko ari ibitangaza mu myaka mike ibarirwa muri za mirongo mbere y’aho. Iterambere mu by’ubukungu mu bihugu byinshi ryarihutaga cyane ku buryo byasaga n’aho isi yose yari igiye kurangwa n’uburumbuke. Mbese ibintu byasaga n’aho bigenda nk’uko byifuzwaga.

Muri iki gihe, n’ubwo nta myaka myinshi irashira, dushobora kwibaza tuti ‘mbese byagenze bite? Ya si yunze ubumwe bari baradusezeranyije iri he?’ Usanga ahubwo ibiba ku isi binyuranye n’ibyari byitezwe. Abiyahuzi batega ibisasu, ibitero by’ibyihebe, raporo zivuga iby’intwaro za kirimbuzi zirushaho kuba nyinshi hamwe n’ukwiyongera kw’ibindi bintu bihangayikisha; ibyo ni byo usanga buri gihe mu binyamakuru. Ibyo  bintu bisa n’aho bituma icyizere cy’isi yunze ubumwe kigenda kirushaho kuyoyoka. Hari umunyemari uzwi cyane uherutse kuvuga ati “isi yose yugarijwe n’ibikorwa by’urugomo bituma hagenda habaho ibindi bikorwa by’urugomo birushaho kuba bibi.”

Mbese isi yunze ubumwe cyangwa yiciyemo ibice?

Igihe Umuryango w’Abibumbye washingwaga, imwe mu ntego zawo yari iyo “gutuma amahanga agirana imishyikirano ya gicuti ishingiye ku ihame ry’uko abaturage bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi ko bafite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo abayobozi.” Ubu se ko hashize imyaka igera hafi kuri 60, iyo ntego nziza yaba yaragezweho? Reka da! Aho kugira ngo hashakwe “imishyikirano ya gicuti,” amagambo ngo “kwihitiramo abayobozi” asa n’aho ari yo ashishikaje amahanga. Kuba ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bihatanira kwemerwa no kugira ubutegetsi bwabyo kandi amoko amwe n’amwe na yo akabigenza atyo, byarushijeho gutuma isi yicamo ibice. Igihe Umuryango w’Abibumbye washingwaga wari ugizwe n’ibihugu 51. Ubu ugizwe n’ibihugu 191.

Nk’uko twabibonye, ahagana mu myaka ya za 90, abantu benshi bari biringiye ko isi yose yari iri hafi kunga ubumwe. Kuva icyo gihe, icyo cyizere cyarayoyotse ubwo isi yiboneraga ukuntu umuryango mpuzamahanga wagendaga urushaho kwicamo ibice, bituma abantu biheba. Intambara zatumye Yugosilaviya icikamo ibice, imirwano yabaye hagati ya Tchétchénie n’u Burusiya, intambara yo muri Iraki, n’ubwicanyi bukomeje kumena amaraso menshi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati; ibyo byose ni ibihamya by’uko isi igenda irushaho kwicamo ibice.

Nta gushidikanya ko hari abantu bagiye bashyiraho imihati myinshi yo kuzana amahoro babikuye ku mutima. N’ubwo ibyo byakozwe, isi yunze ubumwe isa n’aho itazagerwaho. Hari abantu benshi bibaza bati ‘kuki isi yunze ubumwe idashobora kugerwaho? Mbese iyi si iragana he?’

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 3 yavuye]

AP Photo/Lionel Cironneau

Arlo K. Abrahamson/AFP/ Getty Images