Filo wo muri Alegizandiriya yavanze Ibyanditswe n’ibitekerezo byo gufindafinda

MU MWAKA wa 332 M.I.C. *, Alexandre le Grand yateye mu Misiri. Mbere yo kwerekeza iburasirazuba agiye kwigarurira isi yose, yubatse umujyi awita Alegizandiriya. Uwo mujyi waje kuba ihuriro ry’umuco wa kigiriki. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 20 M.I.C., muri uwo mujyi havukiye undi muntu wigaruriye ibihugu adakoresheje inkota n’amacumu ahubwo akoresheje ibitekerezo bya filozofiya. Uwo muntu yitwaga Filo wo muri Alegizandiriya, cyangwa Filo Judaeus kubera ko yakomokaga ku Bayahudi.

Nyuma y’aho Yerusalemu irimburiwe mu wa 607 M.I.C. Abayahudi bagatatana, hari benshi bagiye gutura mu Misiri. Abayahudi babarirwa mu bihumbi babaga mu mujyi wa Alegizandiriya. Ariko kandi, hari ibibazo byajyaga bivuka hagati y’Abayahudi n’abaturanyi babo b’Abagiriki. Abayahudi bangaga gusenga imana z’Abagiriki, mu gihe Abagiriki bo bannyegaga Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo. Kubera ko Filo yari yarize mu mashuri y’Abagiriki kandi akarerwa n’ababyeyi b’Abayahudi, yari azi neza iby’izo mpaka. Yemeraga ko idini ry’Abayahudi ari ryo dini ry’ukuri. Ariko mu buryo bunyuranye n’abandi benshi, Filo yashatse uburyo bwo kuyobora Abanyamahanga ku Mana mu mahoro. Yashakaga kubakundisha idini ry’Abayahudi.

Ibyanditswe bya kera bihabwa ibisobanuro bishya

Kimwe n’Abayahudi benshi bo muri Alegizandiriya, ururimi kavukire rwa Filo rwari Ikigiriki. Bityo, ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo mu Kigiriki bwitwa Septante ni bwo yakoreshaga yiyigisha. Mu gihe yasuzumaga umwandiko wa Septante yemeye adashidikanya ko wari ukubiyemo ibitekerezo bya filozofiya, kandi ko na Mose yari “intiti mu bya filozofiya.”

Mu binyejana byinshi mbere y’aho, intiti z’Abagiriki zari zarabonye ko byari bigoye kwemera imigani y’imana n’imanakazi zabo, hamwe n’intwari n’abadayimoni bavugwa mu migani y’imihimbano ya kera y’Abagiriki. Batangiye kuyiha ibisobanuro bishya. Dore icyo intiti mu mateka y’Abaroma n’Abagiriki yitwa James Drummond yavuze ku buryo bakoreshaga: “abahanga muri filozofiya batangiraga bashakisha ibisobanuro bififitse byihishe inyuma y’iyo migani ya rubanda, maze bagahera ku bintu biteye ishozi kandi bidahuje n’ubwenge byabaga biyirimo, bakavuga ko abayihimbye bagomba kuba bari bagamije kugaragaza ukuri kwimbitse kandi kwigisha bakoresheje iyo mvugo y’ikigereranyo ikangura ibyiyumvo.” Ubwo buryo bwo kumva ko ibintu biba bifite ikindi bisobanura ni bwo Filo yagerageje gukoresha asobanura Ibyanditswe.

Urugero, tekereza ku byanditswe mu Itangiriro 3:22 mu buhinduzi bwa Septante bwa Bagster, hagira hati “Umwami Imana aremera Adamu n’umugore we imyambaro y’impu, arayibambika.” Abagiriki bumvaga ko Imana Isumbabyose ifite icyubahiro cyinshi cyane ku buryo itari gukora umurimo usuzuguritse wo gukana imyenda. Bityo, Filo yabonye ko uwo murongo ufite ikindi usobanura, maze aravuga ati “imyambaro y’impu ni  imvugo y’ikigereranyo yerekeza ku ruhu uru tubona, ni ukuvuga umubiri wacu; kuko Imana itangira kurema yaremye ubwenge ibwita Adamu; noneho irema ibyumviro by’inyuma ibyita Ubuzima. Hanyuma byabaye ngombwa ko irema n’umubiri, mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo iwita imyambaro y’impu.” Bityo, Filo yagerageje kumvikanisha ko igikorwa Imana yakoze cyo kwambika Adamu na Eva, ari ikintu cyo mu rwego rwa filozofiya abantu bagomba gutekerezaho cyane.

Tekereza nanone ibivugwa mu Itangiriro 2:10-14, havuga aho amazi yo mu busitani bwa Edeni yaturukaga, hakavugwamo n’imigezi ine yasohokaga muri ubwo busitani. Filo yagerageje gucukumbura ashakisha ibindi bisobanuro byari byihishe inyuma y’amagambo asobanura imiterere y’ako karere. Amaze kuvuga uko ako karere kari gateye, yaravuze ati “birashoboka ko nanone uyu murongo waba ufite ikindi usobanura, kubera ko imigezi ine ishushanya imico ine myiza cyane.” Yafindafinze avuga ko umugezi wa Pishoni ugereranya amakenga, Gihoni ikagereranya gushyira mu gaciro, Tigre ikagereranya ubutwari naho umugezi wa Ufurate ukagereranya ubutabera. Nguko uko amagambo yasobanuraga imiterere y’akarere yasimbujwe ibitekerezo byo kumva ko ibintu biba bifite ibindi bisobanuro byihishe inyuma.

Filo yakoresheje ubwo buryo bwo kumva ko ibintu biba bifite ikindi bisobanura ubwo yasesenguraga inkuru ivuga iby’irema, iy’uko Kayini yishe Abeli, iy’Umwuzure wo mu gihe cya Nowa, iy’uko indimi zanyuranyijwe i Babeli ndetse n’andi mahame menshi yo mu Mategeko ya  Mose. Nk’uko urugero ruri muri paragarafu ibanziriza iyi rubigaragaza, incuro nyinshi yemeraga ko umurongo wa Bibiliya ugomba gufatwa uko wakabaye, hanyuma agashyiraho ibisobanuro bye by’ikigereranyo avuga ati “wenda twagombye no gutekereza ko ushobora kuba ufite n’ikindi usobanura.” Mu nyandiko za Filo, imvugo y’ikigereranyo ni yo yashyiraga imbere; ariko ikibabaje ni uko ibyo byatumaga ibisobanuro byigaragaza by’Ibyanditswe bizimira.

Imana ni nde?

Filo yemeje ko Imana ibaho akoresheje urugero rwiza cyane. Amaze kugaragaza imiterere y’ubutaka, inzuzi, imibumbe n’inyenyeri, yafashe umwanzuro ugira uti “isi ni yo yaremanywe ubugeni n’ubuhanga bwinshi kurusha ibindi bintu byose; wagira ngo yaremwe n’umuntu waminuje kandi ufite ubumenyi butunganye kurusha abandi bose. Nguko uko twamenye ko Imana ibaho.” Iyo mitekerereze yari ihuje n’ubwenge.—Abaroma 1:20.

Ariko igihe Filo yasobanuraga kamere y’Imana Ishoborabyose, yatandukiriye ukuri cyane. Filo yavugaga ko Imana “idafite imico iyiranga” kandi ko “nta wayisobanukirwa.” Filo yavuze ko nta wagombye kwirushya ashaka kumenya Imana, avuga ko “kugerageza kuyimenya kurushaho bigatuma ukora ubushakashatsi ugerageza kumenya kamere cyangwa imico iyiranga ari ubupfu rwose.” Ibyo bitekerezo ntiyabikuye muri Bibiliya, ahubwo yabikomoye kuri filozofiya ya Platon.

Filo yavuze ko nta wushobora kumenya Imana, ko no kuyita izina bwite bidashoboka. Filo yagize ati “ku bw’ibyo rero, byari bihuje n’ubwenge rwose ko nta zina bwite rikwiriye kwitirirwa Imana, kuko mu by’ukuri ari Imana nzima nyine.” Mbega ukuntu ibyo bihabanye n’ukuri!

Bibiliya ivuga yeruye ko Imana ifite izina ryayo bwite. Muri Yeremiya 16:21 hagira hati “dore noneho ngiye kubamenyesha, ni ukuri ngiye kubamenyesha ukuboko kwanjye n’imbaraga zanjye, na bo bazamenya yuko izina ryanjye ari Yehova.” None se kuki Filo, Umuyahudi wari uzi iyo mirongo yo muri Bibiliya, yigishije ko Imana itagira izina? Byatewe n’uko atasobanuraga Imana ifite kamere ivugwa muri Bibiliya, ahubwo yavugaga Imana itagira izina, umuntu atasobanukirwa yo muri filozofiya y’Abagiriki.

Ubugingo ni iki?

Filo yigishije ko ubugingo butandukanye n’umubiri. Yavuze ko umuntu “agizwe n’ubugingo n’umubiri.” Mbese ubugingo bushobora gupfa? Dore uko Filo yabisobanuye: “iyo turiho, umubiri wacu uba uriho; naho ubugingo bwacu buba bwarapfuye buhambye mu mubiri wacu, bumeze nk’ubuhambye mu mva. Ariko iyo [umubiri] wacu upfuye, ubugingo bwacu butangira kubaho mu buzima bwabwo bukwiriye, bukabohorwa ku kibi n’umubiri upfuye bwahoze bubohewemo.” Filo yatekerezaga ko kuvuga ko ubugingo bupfa ari imvugo y’ikigereranyo, ko mu by’ukuri butigera bupfa.

Ariko se ni iki Bibiliya yigisha ku birebana n’ubugingo? Mu Itangiriro 2:7 hagira hati “Uwiteka Imana irema umuntu mu mukungugu wo hasi, imuhumekera mu mazuru umwuka w’ubugingo, umuntu ahinduka ubugingo buzima.” Dukurikije uko Bibiliya ibivuga, abantu ntibafite ubugingo; ahubwo bo ubwabo ni ubugingo.

Nanone Bibiliya yigisha ko ubugingo bupfa. Muri Ezekiyeli 18:4 hagira hati “ubugingo bukora icyaha ni bwo buzapfa.” Duhereye kuri iyo mirongo dushobora kugera ku mwanzuro ukwiriye w’uko umuntu ari ubugingo. Ubwo rero iyo umuntu apfuye, ni ubugingo buba bupfuye.—Itangiriro 19:19. *

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Filo, Abayahudi ntibitaga ku bitekerezo bye cyane. Icyakora, amadini yiyita aya gikristo yayobotse ibitekerezo bye. Eusèbe n’abandi bayobozi ba kiliziya batekerezaga ko Filo yari yarahindukiriye Ubukristo. Jerome yamushyize ku rutonde rw’Ababyeyi ba Kiliziya. Abakristo b’abahakanyi ni bo bakomeje inyandiko za Filo, si Abayahudi.

Inyandiko za Filo zatumye habaho ihinduka  ryo mu rwego rw’idini. Ibitekerezo bye byatumye abiyita Abakristo bayoboka inyigisho idashingiye ku Byanditswe y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo. Nanone inyigisho za Filo ku birebana na Logos (cyangwa Jambo) ni zo Abakristo b’abahakanyi bahereyeho bahimba inyigisho y’Ubutatu idahuje na Bibiliya.

Ntimuyobywe

Mu gihe Filo yasesenguraga Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo, yarabyitondeye “ntiyagira ibisobanuro by’ikigereranyo asiga byashoboraga kuba byihishe inyuma y’ibisobanuro by’imvugo isanzwe.” Icyakora, nk’uko bivugwa mu Gutegeka 4:2, Mose yavuze iby’Amategeko y’Imana agira ati “ntimukōngere ku mategeko mbategeka, ntimukayagabanye mubone kwitondera amategeko y’Uwiteka Imana yanyu mbategeka.” N’ubwo uko bigaragara Filo yari afite intego nziza, yongeyeho ibitekerezo byo gufindafinda bimeze nk’igihu kibuditse, bipfukirana inyigisho zisobanutse neza zo mu Ijambo ry’Imana ryahumetswe.

Intumwa Petero yaravuze ati “ntitwakurikije imigani yahimbwe n’ubwenge, ubwo twabamenyeshaga imbaraga z’Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo” (2 Petero 1:16). Inyigisho Petero yahaye abari bagize itorero rya mbere rya gikristo zari zinyuranye n’inyandiko za Filo, kuko zari zishingiye ku bihamya bifatika no ku buyobozi bw’umwuka w’Imana, ari wo ‘mwuka w’ukuri’ wabayoboraga mu by’ukuri byose.—Yohana 16:13.

Niba wifuza gusenga Imana yandikishije Bibiliya, ukeneye ubuyobozi bw’ukuri, si ibisobanuro bishingiye ku bitekerezo by’abantu. Ukeneye kugira ubumenyi nyakuri ku byerekeye Yehova n’ibyo ashaka, kandi ugomba kwicisha bugufi kugira ngo ube umwigishwa utaryarya. Niwiga Bibiliya ufite iyo myifatire myiza, uzamenya “ibyanditswe byera bibasha kukumenyesha ubwenge, bwo kukuzanira agakiza gaheshwa no kwizera Kristo Yesu.” Uzibonera ko Ijambo ry’Imana rishobora gutuma ugira ‘ibigukwiriye byose ngo ukore imirimo myiza yose.’—2 Timoteyo 3:15-17.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

UMUJYI FILO YARI ATUYEMO

Filo yari atuye mu mujyi wa Alegizandiriya ho mu Misiri kandi ni ho yakoreraga. Uwo mujyi wamaze ibinyejana byinshi ari umujyi uzwi cyane w’ibitabo n’ibiganiro by’intiti mu rwego rw’isi.

Abanyeshuri bigishwaga n’intiti z’ibirangirire zigishaga mu mashuri yo muri uwo mujyi. Inzu y’ibitabo yo muri Alegizandiriya yabaye icyamamare mu isi yose. Ibitabo byarimo byariyongereye bigera mu bihumbi amagana kubera ko abari bashinzwe kuyicunga bashakishaga inyandiko zose bakazizana.

Nyuma y’aho, icyubahiro Alegizandiriya yari ifite mu isi n’ubumenyi bwari bubitswe mu mazu yaho, byaje kugenda bigabanuka. Abami b’abami ba Roma bateje imbere umujyi wabo wa Roma, maze ihuriro ry’umuco ryimurirwa i Burayi. Ubuhenebere bwa Alegizandiriya bwageze ku ndunduro mu kinyejana cya karindwi I.C., ubwo uwo mujyi wigarurirwaga n’abandi. Kugeza n’ubu abahanga mu by’amateka baracyababazwa n’uko iyo nzu y’ibitabo yari ikomeye yasenyutse, hakaba hari bamwe bavuga ko byashubije abantu inyuma ho imyaka 1.000.

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

L. Chapons/Illustrirte Familien-Bibel nach der deutschen Uebersetzung Dr. Martin Luthers

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 12]

IBISOBANURO BYIHISHE INYUMA Y’AMAGAMBO MURI IKI GIHE

Hari inkuru zivugwaho kuba zikubiyemo ibintu by’ingenzi byihishe inyuma y’amagambo. Kimwe na Filo wo muri Alegizandiriya, abigisha b’abanyedini bo muri iki gihe bavuga ko Bibiliya ikubiyemo ibindi bisobanuro byihishe inyuma y’amagambo.

Dufate urugero rwo mu Itangiriro igice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 11, havuga amateka y’abantu kuva ku irema kugeza igihe abantu batataniye ku munara wa Babeli. Ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwakozwe n’Abagatolika bwitwa The New American Bible buvuga ku bihereranye n’ibyo bice byo muri Bibiliya bugira buti “ukuri gukubiye muri ibyo bice kwagombaga kuvugwa mu mvugo yari yogeye mu bantu bo muri icyo gihe kugira ngo Abisirayeli, bo bagombaga kubika uko kuri, bashobore kugusobanukirwa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uko kuri kugomba gutandukanywa n’imvugo isanzwe kwanditswemo imeze nk’umwambaro.” Ibyo bishaka kuvuga ko ibivugwa mu Itangiriro igice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 11 bitagomba gufatwa uko byakabaye. Ahubwo nk’uko umwambaro utwikira umubiri, ni na ko amagambo yakoreshejwe atwikiriye ibisobanuro byimbitse kurushaho.

Icyakora, Yesu yigishije ko ibyo bice bibanza byo mu Itangiriro bigomba gufatwa uko byakabaye kandi ko ari ukuri (Matayo 19:4-6; 24:37-39). Intumwa Pawulo na Petero na bo ni ko bigishije (Ibyakozwe 17:24-26; 2 Petero 2:5; 3:6, 7). Abigishwa ba Bibiliya bataryarya bamaganira kure ibisobanuro bidahamanya n’Ijambo ry’Imana ryose uko ryakabaye.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

Inzu ihambaye y’urumuri yo muri Alegizandiriya

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Art Library