Uko Ubukristo bwakwirakwiriye mu Bayahudi bo mu kinyejana cya mbere

HARI inama y’ingenzi yabereye i Yerusalemu ahagana mu mwaka wa 49 I.C. ‘Abashimwaga ko ari inkingi’ z’itorero rya gikristo ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere, ari bo Yohana, Petero na Yakobo mwene nyina wa Yesu, bari bahari. Abandi bantu babiri bavuzwe ko bari muri iyo nama ni intumwa Pawulo na mugenzi we Barinaba. Ku murongo w’ibyigwa bagombaga gusuzuma uko bazagabana ifasi nini yo kubwirizamo. Pawulo abisobanura agira ati ‘badusezeraniye jyewe na Barinaba ko bazafatanya natwe, babihamirishije gukorana mu ntoki ngo twebwe tujye mu banyamahanga, na bo bajye mu bakebwe.’—Abagalatiya 2:1, 9. *

Uwo mwanzuro bagezeho twagombye kuwumva dute? Mbese bagabanye ifasi yo kubwirizamo bashaka ko bamwe bajya kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza Abayahudi n’abandi Banyamahanga bari barahindukiriye idini ry’Abayahudi, hanyuma abandi bakajya kubwiriza Abanyamahanga? Cyangwa se bayigabanyije bakurikije uturere ayo mafasi yari aherereyemo? Kugira ngo tubone igisubizo gihwitse, ni ngombwa ko tumenya amwe mu mateka y’Abayahudi bari baratataniye mu mahanga, batabaga muri Palesitina.

Aho Abayahudi bari batuye mu kinyejana cya mbere

Mu kinyejana cya mbere, Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga banganaga iki? Intiti nyinshi zisa n’aho zemeranya n’ibivugwa mu gitabo kimwe kigira kiti “ntibyoroshye kumenya umubare wabo neza neza, ariko bavuga ko ucishirije, mbere gato y’umwaka wa 70 I.C., muri Yudaya hari Abayahudi bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri n’igice, abandi barenga miriyoni enye bakaba bari batuye hirya no hino mu ntara zategekwaga n’Abaroma. . . . Uko bigaragara, Abayahudi bari bagize hafi kimwe cya cumi cy’abaturage bose bo mu bwami bw’Abaroma, kandi mu turere twabagamo Abayahudi benshi, nko mu mijyi yo mu ntara z’iburasirazuba, bashobora kuba bari bagize kimwe cya kane cy’abaturage baho bose cyangwa bakaba baranarengaga.”—Atlas of the Jewish World.

Abayahudi benshi babaga muri Siriya, muri Aziya Ntoya, i Babuloni, muri Egiputa no mu Burasirazuba. Nanone hari Abayahudi bake babaga mu Burayi. Bamwe mu Bakristo ba mbere b’Abayahudi bazwi cyane babaye mu mahanga. Urugero ni nka Barinaba wavukaga i Kupuro, Purisikila na Akwila babaye i Ponto n’i Roma, Apolo wakomokaga i Alekizanderiya na Pawulo w’i Taruso.—Ibyakozwe 4:36; 18:2, 24; 22:3.

Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga bari bafite ibintu byinshi byabahuzaga n’igihugu cyabo kavukire. Kimwe muri ibyo ni umusoro boherezaga buri mwaka mu rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu, bukaba bwari uburyo bwo kwifatanya muri gahunda yo gusenga no kuyoboka Imana. Intiti yitwa John Barclay ivuga ibihereranye n’uwo musoro igira iti “hari ibihamya byinshi bigaragaza ko aho Abayahudi bari baratataniye hose, bakusanyaga ayo mafaranga n’izindi mpano z’inyongera zatangwaga n’abakire, bakazikusanya babyitondeye cyane.”

Ikindi kintu cyabahuzaga n’igihugu cyabo, ni ingendo zakorwaga n’abantu benshi babarirwa mu bihumbi bajyaga i Yerusalemu buri mwaka  kwizihiza iminsi mikuru. Inkuru yo mu Byakozwe n’Intumwa 2:9-11 ivuga ibyabaye kuri Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 I.C., irabigaragaza. Abayahudi bari bahari baturukaga i Pariti, i Bumedi, muri Elamu, i Mezopotamiya, i Kapadokiya, i Ponto, muri Aziya, i Furugiya, i Pamfiliya, muri Egiputa, muri Libiya, i Roma, i Kirete no muri Arabiya.

Abayoboraga urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu bashyikiranaga n’Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga binyuze mu kwandikirana. Birazwi ko Gamaliyeli, wa mwigishamategeko uvugwa mu Byakozwe 5:34, yohereje inzandiko i Babuloni no mu tundi duce. Igihe intumwa Pawulo yageraga i Roma afunzwe ahagana mu mwaka wa 59 I.C., “abakomeye bo mu Bayuda” baramubwiye bati “nta nzandiko z’ibyawe twabonye zivuye i Yudaya, kandi na bene Data baje nta wigez[e] atubarira inkuru mbi yawe, cyangwa ngo akuvuge nabi.” Ibyo biragaragaza ko Abayahudi babaga i Yerusalemu n’ababaga i Roma bandikiranaga kenshi.—Ibyakozwe 28:17, 21.

Bibiliya Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga bakoreshaga, ni ubuhinduzi bw’Ikigiriki bw’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo buzwi ku izina rya Septante. Hari igitabo kigira kiti “dushobora kuvuga ko LXX [Septante] yasomwaga kandi yemerwaga n’Abayahudi bose babaga mu mahanga kuko bumvaga ko ari yo Bibiliya yabo cyangwa ‘Ibyanditswe Byera’ byabo.” Ubwo buhinduzi ni na bwo bwakoreshwaga cyane n’Abakristo ba mbere mu gihe babaga bigisha.

Ibyo byose abari bagize inteko nyobozi ya gikristo i Yerusalemu bari babizi neza. Ubutumwa bwiza bwari bwarageze ku Bayahudi babaga muri Siriya ndetse na kure yaho, harimo n’ab’i Damasiko no muri Antiyokiya (Ibyakozwe 9:19, 20; 11:19; 15:23, 41; Abagalatiya 1:21). Uko bigaragara, abari muri ya nama yabaye mu mwaka wa 49 I.C., bakoze gahunda y’ukuntu umurimo wo kubwiriza wagombaga gukorwa nyuma yaho. Nimucyo turebe icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku birebana n’uko Ubukristo bwakwirakwiriye mu Bayahudi no mu banyamahanga bari barahindukiriye idini ry’Abayahudi.

Ingendo za Pawulo n’Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga

Mbere na mbere intumwa Pawulo yari yarahawe inshingano yo ‘kogeza izina rya [Yesu Kristo] imbere y’abanyamahanga n’abami n’Abisirayeli’ * (Ibyakozwe 9:15). Nyuma y’inama yabereye i Yerusalemu, Pawulo yakomeje gushakisha Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga aho yabaga yagiye hose. (Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 14.) Ibyo bigaragaza ko muri iyo nama bagabanye ifasi yo kubwirizamo badakurikije abayituyemo. Pawulo na Barinaba baguye umurimo wabo w’ubumisiyonari bagana mu burengerazuba bw’Ubwami bw’Abaroma, naho abandi babwiriza Abayahudi bo mu gihugu cyabo n’abo mu turere two mu Burasirazuba twari twiganjemo Abayahudi.

Igihe Pawulo na bagenzi be batangiraga urugendo rwabo rwa kabiri rw’ubumisiyonari baturutse muri Antiyokiya ya Siriya, babwiwe kwerekeza iy’iburengerazuba banyuze muri Aziya Ntoya hanyuma bakagera i Tirowa. Barahavuye bambuka bajya i Makedoniya kubera ko bamenye ‘yuko Imana yabahamagariye kubwira ubutumwa bwiza [Abanyamakedoniya].’ Nyuma yaho, havutse amatorero ya gikristo mu yindi mijyi yo mu Burayi, hakubiyemo Atenayi na Korinto.—Ibyakozwe 15:40, 41; 16:6-10; 17:1–18:18.

Ahagana mu mwaka wa 56 I.C., igihe Pawulo yari arangije urugendo rwe rwa gatatu rw’ubumisiyonari, yashatse kwagura ifasi yari yarahawe muri ya nama yabereye i Yerusalemu, akayagura agana kure cyane mu burengerazuba. Yaranditse ati “ku bwanjye nshaka kubabwira ubutumwa bwiza namwe abari i Roma.” Nanone ati “nzavayo nyure iwanyu njye i Sipaniya” (Abaroma 1:15; 15:24, 28). Ariko se, bite ku bihereranye n’Abayahudi benshi babaga mu mahanga, mu turere two mu Burasirazuba?

Abayahudi babaga mu duce two mu burasirazuba

Mu kinyejana cya mbere I.C., muri Egiputa ni ho habaga Abayahudi benshi kurusha mu tundi turere, cyane cyane mu murwa mukuru waho, ari wo Alekizanderiya. Uwo mujyi wari isangano ry’ubucuruzi n’umuco, warimo Abayahudi babarirwa mu bihumbi amagana n’amasinagogi yari ari hirya no hino muri uwo mujyi. Filo, Umuyahudi wo muri Alekizanderiya, yavuze ko muri Egiputa hose icyo gihe habaga Abayahudi batari  munsi ya miriyoni. Hari n’abandi benshi bari batuye mu gihugu byegeranye cya Libiya, mu mujyi wa Kurene no mu duce twari tuwukikije.

Bamwe mu Bayahudi bahindutse Abakristo bari abo muri utwo duce. Dusoma ibyerekeye “Apolo wavukiye mu Alekizanderiya,” abantu bamwe “b’i Kupuro n’ab’i Kurene,” na “Lukiyosi w’Umunyakurene” washyigikiye itorero ryo muri Antiyokiya ya Siriya (Ibyakozwe 2:10; 11:19, 20; 13:1; 18:24). Uretse abo, nta kindi Bibiliya ivuga ku byerekeye umurimo Abakristo ba mbere bakoreye muri Egiputa no mu duce twari tuhakikije, uretse ibya Filipo, umubwiriza w’Umukristo wabwirije inkone y’Umunyetiyopiya.—Ibyakozwe 8:26-39.

Ahandi hantu hari hatuye Abayahudi benshi ni i Babuloni gukomeza kugeza i Pariti, i Bumedi no muri Elamu. Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka uvuga ko “mu turere twose tw’ikibaya cy’uruzi rwa Tigre na Ufurate, kuva muri Arumeniya ukagera mu Kigobe cya Peresi, ndetse no kugeza mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba bw’Inyanja ya Kasipiyene no mu burasirazuba bw’u Bumedi, hari hatuye Abayahudi.” Hari igitabo kivuga ko abo Bayahudi bageraga nko ku 800.000 cyangwa bakaba baranarengaga (Encyclopaedia Judaica). Umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuyahudi wo mu kinyejana cya mbere witwaga Josèphe, yavuze ko Abayahudi babarirwa mu bihumbi mirongo bari batuye i Babuloni bajyaga bajya i Yerusalemu mu minsi mikuru yabaga buri mwaka.

Mbese haba hari Abayahudi bari baje i Yerusalemu bavuye i Babuloni, babatijwe kuri Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 I.C.? Ntitubizi. Ariko mu bantu bari bateze amatwi intumwa Petero uwo munsi, harimo n’abari bavuye muri Mezopotamiya (Ibyakozwe 2:9). Tuzi ko intumwa Petero yari i Babuloni ahagana mu mwaka wa 62-64 I.C. Ni ho yandikiye ibaruwa ye ya mbere kandi birashoboka ko n’iya kabiri ari ho yayandikiye (1 Petero 5:13). Uko bigaragara, muri ya nama ivugwa mu ibaruwa yandikiwe Abagalatiya, Babuloni yari ituwe n’Abayahudi benshi yari iri mu ifasi yahawe Petero, Yohana na Yakobo.

Itorero ry’i Yerusalemu n’Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga

Yakobo na we wari muri ya nama yo kugabana ifasi yo kubwirizamo, yari umugenzuzi mu itorero ry’i Yerusalemu (Ibyakozwe 12:12, 17; 15:13; Abagalatiya 1:18, 19). Na we yari ahibereye kuri Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 I.C., igihe Abayahudi babarirwa mu bihumbi babaga  mu mahanga bari baje i Yerusalemu, bitabiraga ubutumwa bwiza maze bakabatizwa.—Ibyakozwe 1:14; 2:1, 41.

Uhereye ubwo, Abayahudi benshi bajyaga bajya i Yerusalemu mu minsi mikuru yabaga buri mwaka. Muri icyo gihe uwo mujyi wabaga wuzuye abantu ku buryo byabaga ngombwa ko abashyitsi barara mu midugudu ya hafi aho cyangwa bagakambika mu mahema. Hari igitabo gisobanura ko uretse kuba abo Bayahudi barahahuriraga n’incuti, bajyaga mu rusengero gusenga, gutura ibitambo no kwiga Torah cyangwa Amategeko.—Encyclopaedia Judaica.

Nta gushidikanya, Yakobo n’abandi bari bagize itorero ry’i Yerusalemu baboneragaho umwanya wo kubwiriza Abayahudi babaga mu mahanga. Birashoboka ko intumwa zabikoranye amakenga cyane igihe ‘hādukaga akarengane gakomeye mu Itorero ry’i Yerusalemu,’ biturutse ku rupfu rwa Sitefano (Ibyakozwe 8:1). Mbere na nyuma y’iryo totezwa, inkuru zo mu Byakozwe n’Intumwa zigaragaza ko ishyaka abo Bakristo bagiraga mu murimo wo kubwiriza ryakomeje kwiyongera.—Ibyakozwe 5:42; 8:4; 9:31.

Ibyo bitwigisha iki?

Ni byo koko, Abakristo ba mbere bashyiragaho imihati ivuye ku mutima bagasanga Abayahudi aho babaga bari hose bakababwiriza. Muri icyo gihe kandi, Pawulo n’abandi babwirizaga n’Abanyamahanga bari mu mafasi yo mu Burayi. Bumviye itegeko Yesu yahaye abigishwa be mbere y’uko agenda, ryo guhindura “abantu bo mu mahanga yose” abigishwa.—Matayo 28:19, 20.

Urwo rugero rwabo rushobora kutwigisha ko ari ngombwa kugira gahunda mu murimo wo kubwiriza kugira ngo umwuka wa Yehova udufashe. Nanone dushobora kubona inyungu zo kubwiriza abantu baha agaciro Ijambo ry’Imana, cyane cyane abari mu turere tutarimo Abahamya ba Yehova benshi. Mbese mu ifasi y’itorero ryanyu hari uturere turimo abantu bitabira ubutumwa bwiza kurusha utundi? Byaba byiza mugiye mubwiriza muri utwo turere kenshi. Mbese mu karere k’iwanyu haba hari ibintu byabaye bishobora gutuma mushyiraho imihati yihariye kugira ngo mubwirize mu muhanda cyangwa mu buryo bufatiweho?

Ntitwungukirwa gusa no gusoma muri Bibiliya inkuru zivuga iby’Abakristo ba mbere, ahubwo nanone bituma turushaho gusobanukirwa amwe mu mateka yabo ndetse n’aho uturere tumwe na tumwe bari batuyemo twari duherereye. Kimwe mu bikoresho dushobora kwifashisha kugira ngo turusheho gusobanukirwa, ni agatabo gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Tumenye uko ‘Igihugu Cyiza’ cyari giteye,” karimo amakarita n’amafoto menshi.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Imbonerahamwe yo ku ipaji ya 14]

UKO INTUMWA PAWULO YITAYE KU BAYAHUDI BABAGA MU MAHANGA

MBERE Y’INAMA YABEREYE I YERUSALEMU MU MWAKA WA 49 I.C.

Ibyakozwe 9:19, 20 Damasiko — “abwiriza mu masinagogi”

Ibyakozwe 9:29 Yerusalemu — ‘aganira n’Abayuda ba kigiriki’

Ibyakozwe 13:5 Salamini, Kupuro — “bamamaza ijambo ry’Imana

mu masinagogi y’Abayuda”

Ibyakozwe 13:14 Antiyokiya y’i Pisidiya — “binjira mu

isinagogi”

Ibyakozwe 14:1 Ikoniyo — “binjirana mu isinagogi y’Abayuda”

NYUMA Y’INAMA YABEREYE I YERUSALEMU MU MWAKA WA 49 I.C.

Ibyakozwe 16:14 Filipi — “Ludiya, . . . wubahaga Imana”

Ibyakozwe 17:1 Tesalonike — “isinagogi y’Abayuda”

Ibyakozwe 17:10 Beroya — “isinagogi y’Abayuda”

Ibyakozwe 17:17 Atenayi — “agira impaka mu isinagogi

y’Abayuda”

Ibyakozwe 18:4 Korinto — “agira impaka mu isinagogi”

Ibyakozwe 18:19 Efeso — “yinjira mu isinagogi ajya

impaka n’Abayuda”

Ibyakozwe 19:8 Efeso — “yinjira mu isinagogi, amara amezi

atatu avuga ashize amanga”

Ibyakozwe 28:17 Roma — “ahamagaza abakomeye bo mu Bayuda”

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 15]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Abumvise ubutumwa bwiza kuri Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 I.C. bakomokaga mu turere twa kure

ILURIKO

U BUTALIYANI

Roma

MAKEDONIYA

U BUGIRIKI

Atenayi

KIRETE

Kurene

LIBIYA

BITUNIYA

GALATIYA

AZIYA

FURUGIYA

PAMFILIYA

KUPURO

EGIPUTA

ETIYOPIYA

PONTO

KAPADOKIYA

KILIKIYA

MEZOPOTAMIYA

SIRIYA

SAMARIYA

Yerusalemu

YUDAYA

U BUMEDI

Babuloni

ELAMU

ARABIYA

PARITI

[Inyanja n’imigezi]

Inyanja ya Mediterane

Inyanja Yirabura

Inyanja Itukura

Ikigobe cya Peresi