Bibiliya mu Gitaliyani yabonetse bigoranye

“BIBILIYA iri mu bitabo byakwirakwijwe cyane mu gihugu cyacu [cy’u Butaliyani], ariko ishobora no kuba ari kimwe mu bitabo bidakunze gusomwa. Urebye Abagatolika ntibajya bashishikarizwa gukoresha Bibiliya no kuyisoma bemera ko ari Ijambo ry’Imana. Hari ababa bifuza kumenya Bibiliya, ariko akenshi ntihaboneke ubibafashamo.”

Ayo magambo yavugiwe mu nama y’Abasenyeri mu mwaka 1995, yazamuye ibibazo. Mu binyejana byashize, Bibiliya yasomwaga mu rugero rungana iki mu Butaliyani? Kuki itakwirakwiriye cyane nk’uko biri mu bindi bihugu? Kuki n’ubu mu gihugu cy’u Butaliyani badakunda gusoma Bibiliya? Gusuzuma amateka ya Bibiliya zagiye zihindurwa mu rurimi rw’Igitaliyani biraduha ibisubizo.

Kugira ngo indimi zikomoka ku Kilatini, urugero nk’Igifaransa, Igiporutugali, Igihisipaniya n’izindi zitere imbere, byafashe ibinyejana byinshi. Mu bihugu byinshi byo mu Burayi byari bisanzwe bikoresha Ikilatini, indimi zivugwa na rubanda zagiye zihabwa agaciro buhoro buhoro, ndetse zitangira gukoreshwa mu bitabo by’ubuvanganzo. Iterambere ry’izo ndimi ryagize ingaruka ku ihindurwa rya Bibiliya. Mu buhe buryo? Hari igihe cyageze itandukaniro hagati y’Ikilatini (ururimi rwakoreshwaga n’idini Gatolika) n’indimi zavugwaga na rubanda hamwe n’izazikomokagaho, rigenda riba rinini ku buryo abantu bize ari bo gusa bari basigaye bumva Ikilatini.

Mu mwaka wa 1000, nubwo abaturage hafi ya bose b’umwigimbakirwa w’u Butaliyani bashoboraga kubona kopi ya Bibiliya yitwa Vulgate, gusoma Ikilatini cyakoreshwagamo ntibyaboroheraga. Hashize ibinyejana byinshi abayobozi b’idini rya Gatolika ari bo bagena inyigisho zatangwaga mu mashuri, hakubiyemo n’izo muri za kaminuza nkeya zariho muri icyo gihe. Abantu bakomeye bake cyane ni bo bonyine bashoboraga kuyigamo. Ku bw’ibyo, Bibiliya yaje kuba “igitabo kitazwi.” Icyakora, hari abantu benshi bifuzaga kumenya Ijambo ry’Imana kandi bakarisobanukirwa mu ndimi kavukire.

Muri rusange, abayobozi ba kiliziya barwanyaga ko Bibiliya yahindurwa mu zindi ndimi batinya ko byatuma havuka ibyo bitaga ubuhakanyi. Dukurikije ibyavuzwe n’umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Massimo Firpo, “gukoresha izo ndimi zavugwaga na rubanda [byari gutuma] inzitizi zaterwaga n’ururimi [rw’Ikilatini] zivaho, kandi urwo rurimi ni rwo rwatumaga abayobozi ba Kiliziya Gatolika biharira ubuyobozi mu birebana n’idini.” Ku bw’ibyo, umuco, idini n’imibereho y’abantu ni byo byatumye kugeza n’ubu abantu bo mu Butaliyani badafite ubumenyi buhagije kuri Bibiliya.

 Bahindura ibitabo bimwe na bimwe bya Bibiliya mu Gitaliyani

Ikinyejana cya 13 cyagiye gushira ibitabo bimwe na bimwe bya Bibiliya byaramaze gukurwa mu Kilatini bishyirwa mu Gitaliyani. Ibyo bice byari byarahinduwe byari byandikishijwe intoki kandi bihenda cyane. Kubera ko mu kinyejana cya 14 ibitabo byahinduwe byagendaga byiyongera, Bibiliya hafi ya yose yari imaze kuboneka, nubwo ibitabo biyigize byari byarahinduwe n’abantu batandukanye, bari ahantu hanyuranye kandi mu bihe bitandukanye. Ibyinshi muri ibyo bitabo byahinduwe n’abantu bativuze amazina. Abakire cyangwa abantu bize ni bo gusa bagiraga ibyo bitabo kuko ari bo babaga bafite ubushobozi bwo kubigura. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Gigliola Fragnito yavuze ko n’igihe gucapa ibitabo na za Bibiliya byatumaga birushaho guhenduka, “abantu bake gusa ari bo bari babitunze.”

Abenshi mu baturage b’icyo gihugu bamaze ibinyejana byinshi batazi gusoma. Ndetse n’igihe intara zose z’u Butaliyani ziyungaga mu mwaka wa 1861, abaturage 74,7 ku ijana ntibari bazi gusoma no kwandika. Igihe guverinoma nshya y’u Butaliyani yategekaga ko abantu bose bajya mu ishuri kandi bakigira ubuntu, Papa Piyo wa IX yandikiye umwami mu mwaka wa 1870 amusaba kurwanya iryo tegeko, avuga ko ryari “icyorezo” kigamije gutsemba “burundu amashuri ya kiliziya Gatolika.”

Bibiliya ya mbere yuzuye mu Gitaliyani

Bibiliya ya mbere yuzuye mu Gitaliyani yacapiwe i Venise mu mwaka 1471, icyo gihe hakaba hari hashize imyaka 16 mu Burayi hakoreshejwe bwa mbere uburyo bwo gucapa hifashishijwe inyuguti zikozwe mu twuma batondekaga bakandika amagambo. Mu mezi umunani, Nicolò Malerbi wari uwihaye Imana wo mu muryango w’Abakamaludile, yasohoye ubuhinduzi bwe. Yifashishije cyane ubuhinduzi bwari busanzweho, acapa Bibiliya imeze nka Vulgate, irimo amagambo amwe n’amwe yashimbuje amagambo yo mu gace k’iwabo ka Vénétie. Ubuhinduzi bwe ni bwo bwa mbere bwo mu rurimi rw’Igitaliyani bwakwirakwiye mu buryo bugaragara.

Undi muntu wasohoye Bibiliya i Venise ni uwitwaga Antonio Brucioli. Yari umwe mu bantu babayeho mu kinyejana cya 16 baharaniraga kugarura filozofiya, ubwenge n’umuco by’Abagiriki n’Abaroma ba kera, akagira n’ibitekerezo by’Abaporotesitanti, ariko ntiyigeze yitandukanya na Kiliziya Gatolika. Mu mwaka wa 1532, Brucioli yahinduye Bibiliya ayikuye mu ndimi z’umwimerere z’Igiheburayo n’Ikigiriki. Iyo ni yo Bibiliya ya mbere yahinduwe mu Gitaliyani ivanywe mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Nubwo ubwo buhinduzi butari bwanditse mu Gitaliyani cy’abahanga, urebye ubumenyi abantu bari bafite mu ndimi za kera muri icyo gihe, usanga nta cyo atakoze ngo akurikize neza inyandiko z’umwimerere. Muri Bibiliya zimwe Brucioli yasohoye, hari aho yagiye asubizamo izina ry’Imana ryanditse ngo “Ieova.” Bibiliya ye yamaze hafi ikinyejana cyose ikunzwe cyane n’Abataliyani b’Abaporotesitanti hamwe n’abanyedini bari batacyemeranya n’idini ryabo.

Hari ubundi buhinduzi bwo mu Gitaliyani, mu by’ukuri bukaba bwari Bibiliya ya Brucioli inonosowe, bwagiye busohorwa kandi bumwe bwari ubw’Abagatolika. Icyakora, nta na bumwe muri ubwo buhinduzi bwakwirakwijwe mu buryo bugaragara. Mu mwaka wa 1607, Giovanni Diodati wari umupasitori w’umuyoboke wa Calvin, akaba yari afite ababyeyi bari barahungiye mu Busuwisi kubera gutotezwa bazira idini ryabo, yasohoreye i Génève ubundi buhinduzi bwo mu Gitaliyani, abuvanye mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Ubuhinduzi bwe bwaje kuba Bibiliya yakoreshejwe n’Abataliyani b’Abaporotesitanti mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi. Mu gihe ubwo buhinduzi bwasohokaga, ni bwo buhinduzi bw’Igitaliyani bwarushaga ubundi kuba bwiza. Bibiliya ya Diodati yafashije Abataliyani gusobanukirwa inyigisho za Bibiliya. Ariko rero, abayobozi b’amadini bashinzwe kugenzura inyandiko banze ko yo n’ubundi buhinduzi bikwirakwizwa.

Bibiliya, “igitabo kitazwi”

Hari igitabo cyavuze kiti “Kiliziya yabashije kugenzura ibitabo, ariko kugeza igihe batangiriye gucapa, ntiyari yarigeze yumva ko ari ngombwa gukora urutonde rw’ibitabo byari bibuzanyijwe kubera ko ibyo babonaga ko biteje akaga babitwikaga” (Enciclopedia Cattolica). Ndetse na nyuma y’Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti,  abayobozi b’idini bo mu bihugu bitandukanye by’u Burayi bakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bahagarike ikwirakwizwa ry’ibitabo bavugaga ko byigisha ubuhakanyi. Ihinduka rikomeye ryaje kubaho nyuma y’Inama y’i Trente mu mwaka wa 1546, ubwo hasuzumwaga ikibazo cy’ubuhinduzi mu ndimi zakoreshwaga na rubanda. Hari ibitekerezo bibiri byatanzwe. Abari bashyigikiye ko ubwo buhinduzi bucibwa bavugaga ko Bibiliya zo mu ndimi za rubanda “zari kuba nyirabayazana w’ubuhakanyi.” Abatari bashyigikiye ko bucibwa bavugaga ko “abanzi babo,” ari bo Baporotesitanti, bari kuvuga ko kiliziya yarwanyije Bibiliya zihinduwe mu ndimi za rubanda igamije guhisha “uburiganya n’ibinyoma” byayo.

Uko kutumvikana kwatumye iyo Nama itagira umwanzuro ifata kuri icyo kibazo, ahubwo yemeza ko Vulgate ari yo Bibiliya ikwiriye, ikaba yaraje kuba Bibiliya yemewe yakoreshwaga na Kiliziya Gatolika. Icyakora, uwitwa Carlo Buzzetti, wari umwarimu muri Kaminuza y’Abasaleziyani y’i Roma yitiriwe Papa, yasanze kuvuga ko Vulgate ari yo Bibiliya “ikwiriye” “byarumvikanishaga ko, mu by’ukuri, ari yo yonyine yari yemewe.” Ibyakurikiyeho byarabigaragaje.

Mu mwaka wa 1559, Papa Pawulo wa IV yasohoye urutonde rwa mbere rw’ibitabo bibujijwe; Abagatolika bakaba bari babujijwe gusoma, kugurisha, guhindura cyangwa gutunga ibitabo nk’ibyo. Ibyo bitabo byavugwagaho kuba bibi kandi bikaba byari gutuma badakomeza kugira ukwizera kandi bakangirika mu by’umuco. Urwo rutonde rwabuzanyaga gusoma Bibiliya zahinduwe mu ndimi za rubanda hakubiyemo na Bibiliya ya Brucioli. Abarengaga kuri iryo tegeko bafungirwaga amasakaramentu. Urutonde rwasohowe mu mwaka wa 1596, rwo rwarimo amategeko akomeye kurushaho. Nta muntu wari wemerewe guhindura cyangwa gucapa Bibiliya mu ndimi za rubanda. Bene izo Bibiliya zagombaga gutwikwa.

Ibyo byatumye nyuma y’ikinyejana cya 16, gutwikira Bibiliya mu mbuga za kiliziya byiyongera. Muri rusange, abantu batekerezaga ko Ibyanditswe ari igitabo cy’abahakanyi kandi na n’ubu ni ko bakibibona. Hafi Bibiliya zose n’ibitabo biyisobanura byari mu bubiko bw’ibitabo, bwaba ubwa rusange cyangwa ubw’abantu ku giti cyabo, byaratwitswe kandi mu myaka 200 yakurikiyeho nta Mugatolika wari wemerewe guhindura Bibiliya mu Gitaliyani. Bibiliya zakwirakwizwaga mu mwigimbakirwa w’u Butaliyani, kandi nabwo rwihishwa kuko abantu batinyaga ko bazibafatana, zabaga ari izahinduwe n’intiti z’Abaporotesitanti. Ku bw’ibyo, umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Mario Cignoni yaravuze ati “mu by’ukuri, hashize ibinyejana byinshi Abagatolika batari abihaye Imana badasoma Bibiliya rwose. Urebye, Bibiliya yahindutse igitabo kitazwi, kandi hari Abataliyani babarirwa muri za miriyoni barinze  bapfa badasomye ipaji n’imwe ya Bibiliya.”

Itegeko ryabuzaga guhindura Bibiliya ryoroshywa

Nyuma y’igihe, Papa Benoît wa XIV yatanze itegeko rirebana na rwa rutonde ku ya 13 Kamena 1757 ryahinduraga iryari ryaratanzwe mbere, “yemera ko abantu basoma Bibiliya zahinduwe mu ndimi za rubanda zemewe n’Icyicaro Gitagatifu kandi zasohotse abasenyeri babitangiye uburenganzira.” Ibyo byatumye Antonio Martini waje kuba Arikiyepisikopi wa Florence, yitegura guhindura Bibiliya ya Vulgate. Igice cyayo cya mbere cyasohotse mu mwaka wa 1769, maze Bibiliya yose irangira mu mwaka wa 1781. Dukurikije uko igitabo kimwe cy’Abagatolika cyabivuze, ubuhinduzi bwa Martini ni bwo “mu by’ukuri bwari ubuhinduzi bwa mbere bwiza bwo mu Gitaliyani.” Kugeza icyo gihe, Abagatolika batari bazi Ikilatini ntibashoboraga gusoma Bibiliya yari yemewe na kiliziya. Mu myaka 150 yakurikiyeho, Bibiliya yahinduwe na Martini ni yo yonyine Abagatolika b’Abataliyani bari bemerewe gusoma.

Ibintu byahindukiye mu nama mpuzamatorero y’i Vatikani ya II. Mu nyandiko yitwaga Dei Verbum yo mu mwaka wa 1965, hatanzwe ku ncuro ya mbere uburenganzira bwo gukora “ubuhinduzi bwiza kandi bw’ukuri . . . mu ndimi zinyuranye, ariko cyane cyane bagahindura bavana mu nyandiko z’umwimerere z’ibitabo byera.” Mbere yaho gato, mu mwaka wa 1958, Ikigo Cyigisha Bibiliya cy’i Roma (Pontificio istituto biblico) cyari cyarasohoye “ubuhinduzi bwa mbere bwuzuye bw’Abagatolika buvanywe mu nyandiko z’umwimerere. Hari aho ubwo buhinduzi bwagaruragamo izina ry’Imana ryanditswe ngo “Jahve.”

Kurwanya Bibiliya zo mu ndimi za rubanda byangije byinshi, kandi na n’ubu ingaruka zabyo ziracyagaragara. Nk’uko byavuzwe na Gigliola Fragnito, byatumye “abayoboke bashidikanya ku bushobozi bwabo bwo gutekereza no kwishingikiriza ku mutimanama wabo.” Byongeye kandi, abantu bahatiwe gukurikiza imigenzo y’idini Abagatolika benshi babona ko ari yo y’ingenzi kuruta Bibiliya. Ibyo byose byatumye abantu batamenya Ibyanditswe, nubwo abenshi bari baramenye gusoma no kwandika.

Icyakora, umurimo wo kubwiriza ukorwa n’Abahamya ba Yehova watumye abantu bo mu Butaliyani bongera gushishikazwa na Bibiliya. Mu mwaka wa 1963, Abahamya basohoye Bibiliya yitwa Les Saintes Écritures — Traduction du monde nouveau y’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki mu Gitaliyani. Mu mwaka wa 1967, Bibiliya yose yarabonetse. Mu Butaliyani honyine hatanzwe Bibiliya z’ubwo buhinduzi zisaga 4.000.000. Iyo Bibiliya yitwa Les Saintes Écritures — Traduction du monde nouveau yagaruye izina ry’Imana, Yehova, kandi irangwa no kuba yaribanze cyane ku bitekerezo biri mu nyandiko z’umwimerere.

Abahamya ba Yehova babwiriza ku nzu n’inzu, bagasomera ababatega amatwi bose ubutumwa bw’ibyiringiro bwo mu Byanditswe, kandi bakabubasobanurira (Ibyakozwe 20:20). Ubutaha niwongera guhura n’Abahamya ba Yehova, kuki utabasaba kukwereka ibyo Bibiliya yawe ivuga ku isezerano rihebuje ry’uko Imana izashyiraho “ijuru rishya,” aho ‘gukiranuka kuzaba’?—2 Petero 3:13.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Venise

ROMA

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13 yavuye]

Bible title page: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma

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Brucioli yakoresheje izina ry’Imana Ieova mu buhinduzi bwe

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Brucioli’s translation: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; Index: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali

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Ku rutonde rw’ibitabo bibuzanyijwe hari hariho na Bibiliya zari zarahinduwe mu ndimi za rubanda kubera ko babonaga ko ziteje akaga