Umutambyi Mukuru wakatiye Yesu urwo gupfa

MU Gushyingo 1990, abagabo bakoraga mu busitani no ku muhanda wari ku kilometero kimwe ugana mu majyepfo y’aho umujyi wa Yerusalemu wahoze kera, bavumbuye ikintu gishishikaje cyane. Mu buryo butunguranye, tingatinga yagonze igisenge cyari gitwikiriye imva nini bashyinguragamo kera. Ako gace iyo mva yari irimo kose kari irimbi rinini cyane ryashyingurwagamo hagati y’ikinyejana cya mbere M.Y. *, n’ikinyejana cya mbere N.Y. * Icyari gishishikaje cyane, ni ikintu abahanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye muri iyo mva.

Iyo mva yari irimo amasanduku 12 arimo amagufwa y’abantu. Iyo umuntu yapfaga baramushyinguraga, noneho nyuma y’umwaka yaramaze kubora, amagufwa ye bakayakuramo, bakayashyira mu isanduku. Mu ruhande rw’imwe muri izo sanduku yari ibaje neza, ikaba ari na yo yari nziza cyane mu zataburuwe zose, hari handitseho ngo “Yehosef bar Caiapha” (Yozefu mwene Kayafa).

Ibihamya bigaragaza ko iyo mva ishobora kuba yari iy’umutambyi mukuru wari uyoboye urubanza rudasanzwe Yesu Kristo yaregwagamo. Josèphe, umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuyahudi, yavuze ko uwo mutambyi mukuru ari “Yozefu wari uzwi ku izina rya Kayafa.” Ibyanditswe bimwita Kayafa. Ni irihe somo twavana ku buzima bwe? Ni iki cyatumye akatira Yesu urwo gupfa?

Umuryango yakomokagamo n’uko yakuze

Kayafa yarongoye umukobwa wa Ana, na we wari umutambyi mukuru (Yohana 18:13). Kubera ko abari bagize iyo miryango yombi bashakaga gushyingiranwa n’abantu bari mu rwego rumwe na bo, birashoboka ko hari hashize imyaka myinshi iryo shyingiranwa bariteganyije. Ibyo byumvikanisha ko bagombaga kugenzura bitonze ibisekuru byabo kugira ngo bamenye neza ko bose bakomokaga ku batambyi. Uko bigaragara, iyo miryango yombi yari ikize kandi yakomokagamo abatware; bikaba binashoboka ko ubwo butunzi bwabo babukomoraga ku bikingi bari bafite mu karere ka Yerusalemu. Nta gushidikanya, Ana  yifuzaga ko uwari kuzaba umukwe we yazaba ari umuntu bazafatanya muri politiki. Uko bigaragara, Ana na Kayafa bari abayoboke b’agatsiko k’ingirwadini k’Abasadukayo kari gakomeye cyane.—Ibyakozwe 5:17.

Kubera ko Kayafa yakomokaga mu muryango w’abatambyi bakomeye, agomba kuba yari yarigishijwe Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo ndetse akamenya no kubisobanura. Ashobora kuba yaratangiye imirimo yo mu rusengero afite imyaka 20, ariko igihe yabereye umutambyi mukuru ntabwo kizwi.

Abatambyi bakuru n’abahoze ari abatambyi bakuru

Mu mizo ya mbere, umutambyi mukuru yagumaga kuri uwo mwanya kugeza apfuye, kandi yapfa agasimburwa n’umuhungu we. Icyakora mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.Y., Abahasimonayo bihaye uburenganzira bwo kuba abatambyi bakuru. * Herode Mukuru yashyizeho abatambyi bakuru, abandi abakuraho; ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko ari we wari ufite ububasha bwo kubashyiraho. Ba guverineri b’Abaroma bategetse intara ya Yudaya na bo ni uko babigenje.

Ibyo ni byo byatumye havuka itsinda ry’abantu Ibyanditswe byita “abatambyi bakuru” (Matayo 26:3, 4). Uretse Kayafa, iryo tsinda ryari rigizwe n’abahoze ari abatambyi bakuru, urugero nka Ana wari warakuweho ariko agakomeza kwitwa umutambyi mukuru. Nanone iryo tsinda ryarimo bene wabo ba bugufi b’abatambyi bakuru babaga barakuweho, hamwe na bene wabo ba bugufi b’uwabaga ari umutambyi icyo gihe.

Abaroma bahaga Abayahudi uburenganzira bwo kuyobora intara ya Yudaya; mu bayiyoboraga hakaba harimo n’abatambyi bakuru. Ibyo byatumaga Abaroma bashobora kugenzura iyo ntara kandi bakabona imisoro batiriwe boherezayo abasirikare benshi. Abaroma babaga biteze ko abategetsi b’Abayahudi babungabunga umutekano kandi bagaharanira inyungu z’Abaroma. Ba guverineri b’intara z’Abaroma ntibakundaga abayobozi b’Abayahudi kubera ko abo bayobozi babangamiraga ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma. Icyakora, bemeye gukorana n’Abayahudi kugira ngo ubutegetsi bwabo butagira ikibuhungabanya kandi impande zombi zari zibifitemo inyungu.

Mu gihe cya Kayafa, umutambyi mukuru ni we wabaga akomeye mu bategetsi b’Abayahudi. Ana yabaye umutambyi mukuru hagati y’umwaka wa 6 cyangwa uwa 7, ashyizweho na Quirinius wari guverineri w’intara y’Abaroma ya Siriya. Inyandiko ivuga iby’imigenzo ya ba rabi igaragaza ko abari bagize imiryango y’abategetsi b’Abayahudi barangwaga n’umururumba, icyenewabo, igitugu n’urugomo. Hari umwanditsi wavuze ko Ana ashobora kuba yarakoze ibishoboka byose, kugira ngo umukwe we “azamurwe vuba na vuba mu ntera mu mirimo yakoraga mu rusengero. Kandi impamvu irumvikana, kuko uko Kayafa yari kugenda azamurwa mu ntera, ni ko yari kurushaho kugira icyo amarira Ana.”

Valerius Gratus wari guverineri w’intara ya Yudaya, yavanyeho Ana ahagana mu mwaka wa 15. Abandi batambyi bakuru batatu basimburanye kuri uwo mwanya mu gihe gito, muri bo hakaba harimo umwe mu bahungu ba Ana. Kayafa yabaye umutambyi mukuru ahagana mu mwaka wa 18. Mu mwaka wa 26, Pontiyo Pilato yagizwe guverineri w’intara ya Yudaya. Mu myaka icumi yamaze kuri uwo mwanya, Kayafa ni we wakomeje kuba umutambyi mukuru. Kayafa yabaye umutambyi mukuru mu gihe cy’umurimo wa Yesu no mu gihe cy’umurimo w’abigishwa be ba mbere. Ariko kandi, Kayafa yarwanyaga ubutumwa Abakristo babwirizaga.

Yatinyaga Yesu agatinya n’Abaroma

Kayafa yabonaga ko Yesu yari umuntu wari uteje akaga, washoboraga guteza imvururu. Yesu yarwanyije ukuntu Abakuru b’idini basobanuraga isabato kandi yirukanye mu rusengero abacuruzi n’abantu bavunjaga amafaranga, avuga ko bari bararuhinduye “isenga y’abambuzi” (Luka 19:45, 46). Hari abahanga mu by’amateka batekereza ko abacururizaga mu rusengero bari abo mu muryango wa Ana, wenda iyo ikaba ari indi mpamvu yatumye Kayafa agerageza gucecekesha Yesu. Igihe abatambyi bakuru boherezaga abasirikare ngo bajye gufata Yesu, batangajwe n’amagambo ye, bagaruka imbokoboko.—Yohana 2:13-17; 5:1-16; 7:14-49.

Iyumvire nawe uko byagenze abategetsi b’Abayahudi bamaze kumva ko Yesu yazuye Lazaro.  Ivanjiri ya Yohana igira iti “abatambyi bakuru n’Abafarisayo bateranya urukiko, barabazanya bati ‘tugire dute ko uwo muntu akora ibimenyetso byinshi? Nitumurekera dutya bose bazamwizera, kandi Abaroma bazaza barimbure umurwa wacu n’ubwoko bwacu’” (Yohana 11:47, 48). Abari bagize Urukiko Rukuru rwa Kiyahudi babonaga ko Yesu ateje akaga idini ryabo kandi ko yashoboraga guteza imvururu mu baturage Pilato yari yarabahaye kuyobora. Agatsiko ako ari ko kose Abaroma bari kumva ko gashaka kurwanya ubutegetsi bwabo, kari gutuma binjira mu bibazo by’Abayahudi. Kandi ibyo abari bagize Urukiko Rukuru rwa Kiyahudi ntibabishakaga.

Nubwo Kayafa atahakanaga ko Yesu yakoraga ibitangaza, ntiyamwizeye. Ibyo yabitewe nuko atashakaga gutakaza icyubahiro cye n’ubutware bwe. Ubwo se koko byari kuvugwa he ko Kayafa yemeye ko Lazaro yazutse? Kubera ko Kayafa yari Umusadukayo, ntiyemeraga umuzuko.—Ibyakozwe 23:8.

Kayafa yagaragaje ububi bwe igihe yabwiraga abategetsi bagenzi be ati “mbese ntimutekereza ko ari byiza ku bwacu, ko umuntu umwe yapfira abantu kuruta ko ubwoko bwose bwarimbuka?” Inkuru ikomeza igira iti ‘ibyo ntiyabivuze ku bwe, ahubwo kuko yari umutambyi mukuru muri uwo mwaka, yahanuye yuko Yesu yenda gupfira ubwo bwoko, ariko si ubwo bwoko bwonyine, ahubwo ni ukugira ngo abana b’Imana batatanye abateranirize hamwe. Bahera uwo munsi bajya inama zo kwica [Yesu].’—Yohana 11:49-53.

Kayafa ntiyari azi neza icyo ayo magambo ye asobanura. Kubera ko yari umutambyi mukuru, amagambo ye yari ubuhanuzi. Urupfu rwa Yesu ntirwari kugirira akamaro Abayahudi bonyine. Igitambo cy’incungu cya Yesu cyagombaga kuvana abantu bose mu bubata bw’icyaha n’urupfu. *

Bacura umugambi wo kwica Yesu

Abatambyi bakuru n’abakuru b’ubwo bwoko bateraniye mu rugo rwa Kayafa kugira ngo bajye inama y’ukuntu bafata Yesu bakamwica. Uwo mutambyi mukuru ashobora kuba yaragize uruhare mu kumvikana na Yuda Isikariyota amafaranga bari kumuha kugira ngo agambanire Yesu (Matayo 26:3, 4, 14, 15). Ariko kandi, kwica Yesu gusa ntibyari gutuma Kayafa agera ku migambi ye mibisha. Inkuru yo muri Bibiliya igira iti “nuko abatambyi bakuru bajya inama yo kwica Lazaro na we, kuko Abayuda benshi babavagamo ku bwe bakizera Yesu.”—Yohana 12:10, 11.

Maluko wari umugaragu wa Kayafa yari mu gaco k’abantu bari boherejwe ngo bafate Yesu. Yesu wari ufunzwe yabanje koherezwa kwa Ana kugira ngo amuhate ibibazo, hanyuma bamujyana kwa Kayafa. Kayafa yatumije abakuru b’Abayahudi ngo baze mu rubanza nijoro kandi ubundi guca urubanza nijoro bitari byemewe mu mategeko y’Abayahudi.—Matayo 26:57; Yohana 18:10, 13, 19-24.

Igihe abagabo b’abanyabinyoma bazaga gushinja Yesu maze bakavuguruzanya, ntibyaciye Kayafa intege. Umutambyi mukuru yari azi uko abo bagambanyi bagenzi be babonaga umuntu uwo ari we wese wavugaga ko ari Mesiya. Ni yo mpamvu yabajije Yesu niba yari Mesiya. Yesu yashubije ko abamuregaga bari kuzamubona “yicaye iburyo bw’ubushobozi bw’Imana aje ku bicu byo mu ijuru.” Kugira ngo agaragaze ko yari umuntu wubaha Imana, ‘umutambyi mukuru yashishimuye imyenda ye ati “arigereranije. Turacyashakira iki abagabo?”’ Abari bagize Urukiko Rukuru rwa Kiyahudi bemeje ko Yesu akwiriye gupfa.—Matayo 26:64-66.

Kugira ngo uwakatiwe yicwe byagombaga kwemezwa n’Abaroma. Kubera ko Kayafa yari umuhuza w’Abaroma n’Abayahudi, birashoboka ko ari we washyikirije Pilato urwo rubanza. Igihe Pilato yashakaga kurekura Yesu, birashoboka ko Kayafa yari mu batambyi bakuru bateye hejuru bati “mubambe! Mubambe” (Yohana 19:4-6)! Kayafa ashobora kuba yaroheje rubanda ngo basakuze basaba ko bababohorera umwicanyi aho kubohora Yesu. Nanone kandi, yari mu batambyi bakuru bavuze, ariko baryarya, bati “nta mwami dufite keretse Kayisari.”—Yohana 19:15; Mariko 15:7-11.

Kayafa yanze kwemera ko Yesu yari yazutse. Yarwanyije Petero na Yohana hanyuma arwanya na Sitefano. Kayafa yanahaye Sawuli uburenganzira bwo gufata Umukristo wese yari gusanga i Damasiko (Matayo 28:11-13; Ibyakozwe 4:1-17; 6:8–7:60; 9:1, 2). Icyakora, ahagana mu mwaka wa  36, Vitellius wari guverineri w’intara ya Siriya yategekwaga n’Abaroma yavanyeho Kayafa.

Umuryango wa Kayafa uvugwa nabi mu nyandiko z’Abayahudi. Urugero, Talmud y’i Babuloni yagize iti “mbonye ishyano kubera umuryango wa Hanin [Ana], mbonye ishyano kubera guharabikana kwabo.” Ayo magambo yo kwitotomba ashobora kuba yarerekezaga ku “ngamba zo gukandamiza abantu zari zarafashwe mu ibanga.”

Isomo twavana ku buzima bwa Kayafa

Hari intiti yavuze ko abatambyi bakuru bari abagabo “bakarishye, b’inyaryenge, bakoraga akazi kabo neza kandi bashobora kuba bari abibone.” Ubwibone bwatumye Kayafa yanga kwemera Mesiya. Ni yo mpamvu natwe bitadutangaza abantu baramutse banze kwakira ubutumwa bwo muri Bibiliya tubagezaho. Hari bamwe badashishikazwa cyane n’ukuri ko mu Byanditswe, bigatuma bakomera ku myizerere yabo babona ko nta cyo bayinganya. Abandi bo bashobora kumva ko kuba ababwiriza b’ubutumwa bwiza bisuzuguritse ku buryo byaba ari ukwitesha agaciro. Ikindi kandi, amahame ya gikristo aciraho iteka abantu b’abariganya cyangwa abanyamururumba.

Kubera ko Kayafa yari umutambyi mukuru, yagombye kuba yarafashije Abayahudi bagenzi be kwemera Mesiya. Ariko inyota y’ubutegetsi yatumye acira Yesu urwo gupfa. Kayafa ashobora kuba yarakomeje kurwanya ubukristo kugeza apfuye. Iyi nkuru ivuga iby’imyifatire ye igaragaza ko iyo umuntu apfuye, icyo abantu basigara bibuka atari imva yahambwemo gusa. Ibikorwa byacu bituma twihesha izina ribi cyangwa izina ryiza ku Mana.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Yozefu mwene Kayafa

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Isanduku iherutse kuvumburwa

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10 yavuye]

Ossuary, inscription, and cave in background: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority