Inyandiko ya kera igaragaza ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya

“BURI murongo usa n’aho wandikiwe gutera amatsiko abantu bose bashishikazwa no kumenya amateka y’Abakristo ba mbere.” Ngibyo ibyo abantu bavuga ku nyandiko ya kera. Waba uzi iyo ari yo?

Ni Inyandiko ya Muratori. Ushobora kuba warumvise bayivuga cyangwa ukaba utarayumva. Uko byaba biri kose ariko, ushobora no kwibaza uti ‘ni iki gituma iyo Nyandiko ya Muratori ihabwa agaciro kadasanzwe?’ Ni inyandiko ya kera cyane igaragaza urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe bigize Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki.

Ushobora kumva ko igitabo runaka cya Bibiliya cyemewe utiriwe usaba ibindi bisobanuro. Ariko se byagutangaza umenye ko hari igihe abantu bajyaga impaka ku bitabo bigomba gushyirwa muri Bibiliya? Inyandiko ya Muratori igaragaza urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe byahumetswe. Ubwo rero nk’uko ubyiyumvisha, kumenya ibitabo nyabyo bigize Bibiliya ni iby’agaciro kenshi. None se ni iki iyo nyandiko yagaragaje ku birebana n’ibitabo ubu bigize Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki? Reka tubanze turebe muri make amateka yayo.

Uko iyo nyandiko yavumbuwe

Iyo Nyandiko ya Muratori ni igice cya kodegisi (igitabo cyandikishijwe intoki) igizwe n’impapuro 76 zikozwe mu mpu, buri rupapuro rukaba rungana na santimetero 27 kuri 17. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750), Umutaliyani w’umuhanga mu by’amateka, yavumbuye iyo nyandiko mu nzu y’ibitabo yitiriwe Ambroise y’i Milan ho mu Butaliyani. Muratori yayisohoye mu mwaka wa 1740, akaba ari yo mpamvu bayimwitiriye. Birashoboka ko iyo kodegisi yakorewe mu kigo cya kera cy’abihayimana b’i Bobbio hafi ya Piacenza, mu majyaruguru y’u Butaliyani, mu kinyejana cya munani. Yaje gushyirwa mu Nzu y’ibitabo yitiriwe Ambroise mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 17.

Inyandiko ya Muratori igizwe n’umwandiko w’imirongo 85 wabonetse ku rupapuro rwa 10 n’urwa 11 rw’iyo kodegisi.Uwo mwandiko uri mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini, kandi uko bigaragara wandukuwe n’umwanditsi utarabyitondeye  cyane. Ariko, amwe mu makosa uwo mwanditsi yakoze yagiye avumburwa binyuze mu kuwugereranya n’indi myandiko ine yandikishijwe intoki isa n’uwo yo hagati y’ikinyejana cya 11 n’icya 12.

Yanditswe ryari?

Icyakora, ushobora kwibaza igihe Inyandiko ya Muratori yandikiwe bwa mbere. Birashoboka ko umwandiko w’umwimerere waba waranditswe mu Kigiriki, ibinyejana byinshi mbere y’uko uwo wa Muratori uhindurwa mu Kilatini uvanywe mu Kigiriki. Aho ni ho hari ikintu kidufasha kumenya igihe inyandiko ya mbere yandikiwe. Iyo Nyandiko ya Muratori igaragaza igitabo kitari muri Bibiliya cyitwa Shepherd, kandi ivuga ko umugabo witwa Hermas ari we wacyanditse “vuba aha cyane, akacyandikira mu mujyi wa Roma.” Intiti zivuga ko ibintu bya nyuma byanditswe mu gitabo Shepherd cya Hermas byanditswe hagati y’umwaka wa 140 n’uwa 155. Bityo rero, ushobora kubona impamvu wa mwandiko w’umwimerere w’Ikigiriki waje guhindurwa mu kilatini kandi ukitirirwa Muratori, waba ari uwo hagati y’umwaka wa 170 n’uwa 200.

Kuba umwanditsi wawo yaragiye avugamo Roma cyangwa akayikomozaho, bigaragaza ko ushobora kuba warandikiwe muri uwo mujyi. Ariko abantu ntibavuga rumwe ku waba yarawanditse. Hari abavuga ko waba waranditswe na Clément wo muri Alexandrie w’i Mélito muri Sarudi ya kera, cyangwa ukandikwa na Polycrate wo muri Efeso. Icyakora, abenshi mu ntiti bavuga ko ari Hippolyte, umwanditsi wanditse ibitabo byinshi mu Kigiriki kandi akaba yarabaye i Roma mu gihe bya bitabo bigize Inyandiko ya Muratori bishobora kuba byarandikiwe. Nubwo ibyo bishobora kutagushishikaza, ushobora kwifuza kumenya byinshi ku bitabo bigize iyo nyandiko, ari na byo bituma igira agaciro.

Ibirimo

Iyo nyandiko ntigizwe gusa n’urutonde rw’ibitabo rw’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki. Inagira icyo ivuga kuri ibyo bitabo n’abanditsi babyo. Iyo usomye iyo nyandiko, ubona ko imirongo ibanza y’inyandiko y’intoki ntayirimo kandi ukabona irangiye itarangiye. Itangira ivuga iby’Ivanjiri ya Luka kandi ikavuga ko umwanditsi w’icyo gitabo cya Bibiliya yari umuganga (Abakolosayi 4:14). Ivuga ko iyo Vanjiri ya Luka ari iya gatatu, bityo ukabona ko igice kibura gishobora kuba kivuga iby’Amavanjiri ya Matayo na Mariko. Niba nawe ari uko ubibona, Inyandiko ya Muratori yagushyigikira kubera ko ivuga ko Ivanjiri  ya kane ari iya Yohani.

Inyandiko ya Muratori ihamya ko igitabo cy’Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa cyanditswe na Luka, acyandikira “Tewofilo mwiza” (Luka 1:3; Ibyakozwe 1:1). Ikomeza igaragaza urutonde rw’amabaruwa intumwa Pawulo yandikiye ab’i Korinto (amabaruwa abiri), Abefeso, Abafilipi, Abakolosayi, Abagalatiya, Abatesalonike (amabaruwa abiri), Abaroma, Filemoni, Tito, na Timoteyo (amabaruwa abiri). Ibaruwa ya Yuda n’amabaruwa abiri ya Yohana, na yo avugwaho ko yahumetswe. Igihe umwanditsi yavugaga iby’Ivanjiri ya Yohana, yanakomoje ku ibaruwa ya mbere y’intumwa Yohana. Igitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe ni cyo giheruka urwo rutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe byahumetswe.

Ntitwanabura kuvuga ko iyo Nyandiko ya Muratori ivuga iby’igitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe bya Petero, ariko ikanavuga ko hari bamwe bumvaga ko Abakristo badakwiriye kugisoma. Umwanditsi wayo avuga ko mu gihe cye hariho inyandiko z’inyiganano zakwirakwizwaga. Iyo nyandiko yasobanuye ko izo nyandiko zitari zemewe kubera ko “bidakwiriye ko ibisharira bivangwa n’ubuki.” Iyo nyandiko inavuga iby’izindi nyandiko zitari zikwiriye gushyirwa ku rutonde rw’inyandiko zera. Ibyo bikaba biterwa n’uko wenda zari zaranditswe nyuma y’igihe cy’intumwa, nk’uko byari bimeze ku nyandiko yitwa Shepherd ya Hermas, cyangwa se bigaterwa n’uko zari zarandikiwe gushyigikira ubuhakanyi.

Ushobora kuba wabonye ko ibaruwa yandikiwe Abaheburayo, amabaruwa abiri yanditswe na Petero hamwe n’iyanditswe na Yakobo zitavugwa muri iyo nyandiko igaragaza ibitabo bya Bibiliya byemewe. Icyakora, Dogiteri  Geoffrey Mark Hahneman amaze kugira icyo avuga ku buhanga bw’umwanditsi wandukuye iyo nyandiko y’intoki, yavuze ko “nta waba arengereye avuze ko iyo Nyandiko ya Muratori ishobora kuba yarimo n’indi myandiko ubu yabuze, kandi ko ibaruwa ya Yakobo n’iy’Abaheburayo (n’iya 1 Petero) zishobora kuba zarimo.”—The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon.

Ku bw’ibyo rero, Inyandiko ya Muratori yemeza ko ibyinshi mu bitabo ubu biri mu Byanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki byari byemewe no mu kinyejana cya kabiri. Birumvikana ko kuba ibyo bitabo byemewe bivugwa mu nyandiko za kera atari byo byemeza ko bikwiriye kubarirwa mu bitabo byahumetswe. Ikigaragaza ko ibitabo byo muri Bibiliya byanditswe binyuriye ku mwuka wera, ni ibirimo. Byose bishyigikira ko Bibiliya yanditswe na Yehova Imana kandi byose biruzuzanya. Kuba ibitabo 66 byemewe bya Bibiliya bitavuguruzanya, bihamya ko byuzuzanya kandi ko byuzuye. Ku bw’ibyo, uzungukirwa no kubyemera uko biri, ko ari Ijambo rya Yehova ry’ukuri kwahumetswe, ko byarinzwe kugeza muri iki gihe.—1 Abatesalonike 2:13; 2 Timoteyo 3:16, 17.

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Ludovico Antonio Muratori

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Diritti Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Vietata la riproduzione. Aut. No. F 157/05

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 14]

Inzu y’ibitabo yitiriwe Ambroise

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Inyandiko ya Muratori

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Fragments: Diritti Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Vietata la riproduzione. Aut. No. F 157 / 05; Muratori, based on line art: © 2005 Brown Brothers