Baruki, umwanditsi w’indahemuka wa Yeremiya

WABA uzi “Baruki mwene Neriya” (Yeremiya 36:4)? Nubwo avugwa mu bice bine bya Bibiliya gusa, abasomyi bayo bazi neza ko yari umwanditsi w’umuhanuzi Yeremiya, akaba n’incuti ye y’inkoramutima. Bari bari kumwe mu myaka 18 ya nyuma y’ubwami bw’u Buyuda yaranzwe n’umuvurungano, no mu gihe cy’irimbuka riteye ubwoba rya Yerusalemu, ubwo yarimburwaga n’Abanyababuloni mu mwaka wa 607 Mbere ya Yesu, na nyuma yaho, ubwo abantu bahungiraga mu Misiri.

Hari utuntu tubiri dukozwe mu ibumba * two mu kinyejana cya karindwi Mbere ya Yesu twavumbuwe mu myaka ishize, twanditseho ngo “ni aka Berekhyahu [ari ryo zina rya Baruki mu Giheburayo] mwene Neriyahu [izina rya Neriya mu Giheburayo], Umwanditsi,” twatumye intiti zita cyane kuri uwo muntu uvugwa muri Bibiliya. Baruki yari muntu ki? Akomoka mu wuhe muryango? Yari yarize iki, kandi se ni uwuhe mwanya yari afite? Kuba yarashyigikiye Yeremiya abigiranye ubutwari bigaragaza iki? Ni iki twamwigiraho? Reka turebe ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo mu nkuru ziboneka muri Bibiliya ndetse no mu mateka.

Umuryango yakomokagamo n’akazi yakoraga

Muri iki gihe, intiti nyinshi zemera ko Baruki yakomokaga mu muryango ukomeye w’abanditsi bo mu Buyuda. Zitanga impamvu nyinshi zituma zibyemeza. Urugero, iyo Bibiliya ivuga Baruki, imwita “umunyamabanga,” cyangwa se “umwanditsi” dukurikije ubuhinduzi bumwe na bumwe. Ibyanditswe binavuga ko Seraya, umuvandimwe we, yari umutware ukomeye ibwami ku ngoma y’Umwami Sedekiya.—Yeremiya 36:32; 51:59.

Umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo witwa Philip J. King yanditse iby’abanditsi bo mu gihe cya Yeremiya agira ati “abanditsi, ni ukuvuga abari barabigize umwuga, bari abantu bakomeye mu Buyuda mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya karindwi no mu ntangiriro z’icya gatandatu Mbere ya Yesu. . . . Iryo zina ryahabwaga abatware bakuru b’ibwami.”

Byongeye kandi, inkuru turi busuzume mu buryo burambuye iri muri Yeremiya, igice cya 36, yumvikanisha ko Baruki yashoboraga kubonana n’abajyanama b’umwami kandi ko yari yemerewe gukoresha icyumba igikomangoma cyangwa umutware ukomeye witwaga Gemariya yariragamo cyangwa icyo yakoreragamo. Intiti mu bya Bibiliya yitwa James Muilenberg yashyigikiye icyo gitekerezo igira iti “Baruki yashoboraga kwinjira mu cyumba uwo mwanditsi yakoreragamo kuko yari abifitiye uburenganzira, kandi na we akaba yari umwe mu batware b’ibwami bari bateranye mu gihe gikomeye cyo gusomera mu ruhame umuzingo. Yari kumwe n’abatware bagenzi be.”

Hari igitabo cyatanze indi mpamvu yemeza ko Baruki yari umwanditsi kigira kiti “kubera ko ka kantu gakozwe mu ibumba ka Berekhyahu kavumbuwe kari hamwe n’utundi twinshi tw’abandi batware bakomeye, birakwiriye gutekereza ko Baruki cyangwa Berekhyahu yakoranaga n’abandi batware bakomeye” (Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals). Urebye, amakuru dufite agaragaza ko Baruki n’umuvandimwe we Seraya bari abatware bakomeye bashyigikiye umuhanuzi w’indahemuka Yeremiya muri ya myaka y’umuvurungano yabanjirije irimbuka rya Yerusalemu.

 Ashyigikira Yeremiya ku mugaragaro

Turebye uko ibintu byagiye bikurikirana, Baruki yavuzwe bwa mbere muri Yeremiya, igice cya 36, mu “mwaka wa kane wa Yehoyakimu” cyangwa se ahagana mu mwaka wa 625 Mbere ya Yesu. Icyo gihe Yeremiya yari amaze imyaka 23 ari umuhanuzi.—Yeremiya 25:1-3; 36:1, 4.

Ubwo ni bwo Yehova yabwiye Yeremiya ati “enda umuzingo w’igitabo, ucyandikemo amagambo yose nakubwiye nguhanisha Isirayeli na Yuda n’amahanga yose, uhereye . . . ku ngoma ya Yosiya kugeza ubu.” Inkuru ikomeza igira iti “nuko Yeremiya ahamagara Baruki mwene Neriya, Baruki aherako yandika mu muzingo w’igitabo amagambo yose ava mu kanwa ka Yeremiya, ayo Uwiteka yari yamubwiye.”—Yeremiya 36:2-4.

Kuki Yeremiya yahamagaye Baruki? Yeremiya yaramubwiye ati “ndi imbohe simbasha kujya mu nzu y’Uwiteka” (Yeremiya 36:5). Uko bigaragara, Yeremiya yari abujijwe kugera ku rusengero, aho ubutumwa bwa Yehova bwagombaga gusomerwa, wenda kubera ko ubutumwa yari yaratanze mbere bwari bwararakaje abatware (Yeremiya 26:1-9). Nta gushidikanya ko Baruki yari umugaragu wa Yehova utaryarya, kandi yakoze ibyo ‘umuhanuzi Yeremiya yamutegetse byose.’—Yeremiya 36:8.

Kwandika imiburo yari yaratanzwe mu gihe cy’imyaka 23 yari ishize byatwaye igihe kinini, kandi birashoboka ko na Yeremiya yari ategereje igihe gikwiriye. Ariko mu Gushyingo cyangwa Ukuboza 624 Mbere ya Yesu, Baruki, abigiranye ubutwari, ‘yasomye mu gitabo amagambo ya Yeremiya ari mu nzu y’Uwiteka, mu cyumba cya Gemariya, ayasomera imbere ya rubanda rwose.’—Yeremiya 36:8-10.

Mikaya mwene Gemariya yatekerereje se na bimwe mu bikomangoma ibyabaye, maze bahamagara Baruki ngo yongere asome uwo muzingo mu ijwi riranguruye. Iyo nkuru igira iti “nuko bamaze kumva amagambo yose, bararebana bafite ubwoba babwira Baruki bati ‘ni ukuri tuzabwira umwami ayo magambo yose. . . . Genda wihishe wowe na Yeremiya hatagira umuntu umenya aho muri.’”—Yeremiya 36:11-19.

Igihe Umwami Yehoyakimu yumvaga ibyo Baruki yari yanditse abibwiwe na Yeremiya, yatanyuye uwo muzingo arakaye cyane, awujugunya mu muriro kandi ategeka abantu be gufata Yeremiya na Baruki. Abo bagabo babiri bandikiye mu rwihisho undi muzingo usa n’uwa mbere babitegetswe na Yehova.—Yeremiya 36:21-32.

Nta washidikanya ko Baruki yari asobanukiwe neza akaga iyo nshingano ye yari guteza. Agomba kuba yari azi iterabwoba Yeremiya yari yarahanganye na ryo imyaka mike mbere yaho. Ashobora no kuba yari yarumvise uko byari byaragendekeye Uriya wari warahanuye “amagambo ahwanye n’aya Yeremiya yose,” ariko akaza kwicwa n’Umwami Yehoyakimu. Icyakora, Baruki yemeye gukoresha ubuhanga yari afite ndetse no kwifashisha ubucuti yari afitanye n’abatware kugira ngo afashe Yeremiya gusohoza inshingano ye.—Yeremiya 26:1-9, 20-24.

Ntugashake “ibikomeye”

Hari igihe Baruki yamaze ababaye, ubwo yandikaga umuzingo wa mbere. Yavuganye agahinda ati “yewe, mbonye ishyano kuko Uwiteka yanyongereye agahinda ku mubabaro wanjye, ndembejwe no kuganya simbona uko nduhuka!” Ni iki cyamuteraga uwo mubabaro?—Yeremiya 45:1-3.

Nta gisubizo kitaziguye cyatanzwe kuri icyo kibazo. Ariko nawe gerageza kwiyumvisha imimerere Baruki yarimo. Gusubiramo muri make imiburo Abisirayeli n’Abayuda bari barahawe mu myaka 23, bishobora kuba byaratumye ubuhakanyi bwabo no kuba bari baranze Yehova bisobanuka neza. Umwanzuro Yehova yari yarafashe wo kurimbura Yerusalemu n’u Buyuda, hamwe no kureka iryo shyanga rikamara imyaka 70 mu bunyage i Babuloni, ushobora kuba warababaje Baruki. Ibyo bishobora kuba byaratewe n’uko iyo nkuru yamenyekanye muri uwo mwaka, kandi ikaba ishobora kuba yaranditswe muri uwo muzingo (Yeremiya 25:1-11). Ikirenze ibyo kandi, yari afite ingorane z’uko gukomeza gushyigikira Yeremiya ashishikaye muri icyo gihe kiruhije, byari gutuma atakaza umwanya we n’akazi yari afite.

Uko byaba byari bimeze kose, Yehova ubwe yagize icyo akora kugira ngo afashe Baruki kuzirikana urubanza rwari rwegereje. Yehova yaravuze ati ‘icyo nubatse ngiye kugisenya, n’icyo nateye nk’insina ngiye kukirandura ndetse  n’igihugu cyose.’ Hanyuma, yagiriye Baruki inama ati “mbese nawe urishakira ibikomeye? Ntukabishake.”—Yeremiya 45:4, 5.

Yehova ntiyavuze ibyo ‘bikomeye’ ibyo ari byo, ariko Baruki we agomba kuba yarasobanukiwe niba Yehova yarashakaga kuvuga intego zishingiye ku bwikunde, icyubahiro cyangwa ubutunzi. Yehova yamugiriye inama yo gushyira mu gaciro no kwibuka ibyari bigiye kuba agira ati “ngiye guteza abantu bose ibyago, ariko ubugingo bwawe nzabugutabarurira aho uzajya hose.” Ikintu cy’agaciro kurusha ibindi Baruki yari afite, ni ukuvuga ubuzima bwe, cyari kurindirwa aho yari kuzajya hose.—Yeremiya 45:5.

Nyuma y’ibyo bintu bivugwa muri Yeremiya igice cya 36 n’icya 45 byabaye kuva mu mwaka wa 625 kugeza mu wa 624 Mbere ya Yesu, Bibiliya nta cyo ivuga kuri Baruki. Yongera kumuvuga hasigaye amezi make ngo Abanyababuloni basenye Yerusalemu n’u Buyuda mu mwaka wa 607 Mbere ya Yesu. Icyo gihe byagenze bite?

Baruki yongera gushyigikira Yeremiya

Baruki yongera kuvugwa muri Bibiliya igihe Abanyababuloni bari bagose Yerusalemu. Yeremiya yari “akingiraniwe mu gikari cy’inzu y’imbohe,” ubwo Yehova yamubwiraga ngo agure umurima wari muri Anatoti wa mwene se wabo, kugira ngo bibe ikimenyetso cy’uko Abayuda bari kuzagarurwa. Yeremiya yongeye guhamagara Baruki kugira ngo amufashe mu birebana n’amategeko.—Yeremiya 32:1, 2, 6, 7.

Yeremiya yabisobanuye agira ati “nandika urwandiko rw’isezerano ndushyiraho icyitegererezo cyanjye cy’ubushishi, ntora abagabo mugerera ifeza ku minzani. Njyana urwandiko rw’ubuguzi, rwari rwashyizweho icyitegererezo cy’ubushishi . . . n’urundi rudafatanishijwe ubushishi. Maze urwandiko ruhamya ko nguze nduha Baruki.” Hanyuma, yategetse Baruki kubika izo nzandiko z’ubuguzi mu kibindi cy’ibumba kugira ngo zitazangirika. Hari intiti zemera ko igihe Yeremiya yavugaga ko ‘yanditse’ urwandiko rw’isezerano ashobora kuba yarabwiye Baruki akaba ari we urwandika kuko yari umwanditsi wabigize umwuga, akaba rero yarashoboraga kwandika inyandiko yemewe.—Yeremiya 32:10-14; 36:4, 17, 18; 45:1.

Baruki na Yeremiya bakoze ibintu mu buryo buhuje n’amategeko y’icyo gihe. Rimwe muri  ayo mategeko ni uko bagombaga kwandika inyandiko z’ubuguzi ebyiri. Cya gitabo cyabisobanuye kigira kiti “urwandiko rwa mbere rw’ubuguzi barwitaga ‘urwashyizweho ikimenyetso cy’ubushishi’ kuko rwazingwaga rugashyirwaho ka kantu gakozwe mu ibumba; rwabaga ari inyandiko y’umwimerere igaragaza iryo sezerano. . . . Urwa kabiri, ari rwo bitaga ‘urwandiko rutashyizweho ikimenyetso,’ rwabaga ari kopi ya rwa rundi ruriho ikimenyetso, kandi ni rwo bifashishaga iyo babaga bashaka kongera gusuzuma ayo masezerano. Ku bw’ibyo rero, habagaho inyandiko ebyiri, ni ukuvuga iy’umwimerere na kopi yayo, zandikwaga ku mpapuro ebyiri zitandukanye zikozwe mu mfunzo” (Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals). Ibintu byinshi byataburuwe mu matongo bihamya ko icyo gihe babikaga izo nyandiko mu kibindi cy’ibumba.

Amaherezo, Abanyababuloni bafashe Yerusalemu, barayitwika, bajyana abantu bose mu bunyage hasigara gusa abaturage bake b’abakene. Nebukadinezari yashyizeho Gedaliya ngo abe umutware, ariko aza kwicwa hashize amezi abiri. Abayahudi basigaye bafashe umwanzuro wo guhungira mu Misiri, barenze ku nama yahumetswe Yeremiya yari yabahaye. Muri iyo nkuru ni ho Baruki yongeye kuvugwa.—Yeremiya 39:2, 8; 40:5; 41:1, 2; 42:13-17.

Abatware b’Abayahudi babwiye Yeremiya bati “uravuga ibinyoma. Uwiteka Imana yacu ntiyagutumye kuvuga ngo ‘ntimuzajye muri Egiputa ngo mutureyo.’ Ahubwo Baruki mwene Neriya ni we ukutugabiza kugira ngo dutangwe mu maboko y’Abakaludaya batwice, kandi batujyane i Babuloni turi imbohe” (Yeremiya 43:2, 3). Icyo kirego gisa n’aho cyumvikanisha ko abatware b’Abayahudi bemezaga ko Baruki yoshyaga Yeremiya. Ese ibyo baba barabiterwaga n’umwanya Baruki yari afite cyangwa ubucuti yari afitanye na Yeremiya kuva kera, ku buryo batekerezaga ko yari atakiri umwanditsi w’uwo muhanuzi gusa, ahubwo ko hari n’ikindi cyari kibyihishe inyuma? Birashoboka, ariko icyo abatware b’Abayahudi baba baratekereje cyose, ubwo butumwa bwavaga kuri Yehova rwose.

Nubwo Abayahudi basigaye bari bahawe imiburo ituruka ku Mana, baragiye kandi bajyana “umuhanuzi Yeremiya na Baruki mwene Neriya.” Yeremiya yaranditse ati “nuko bajya mu gihugu cya Egiputa kuko banze kumvira ijwi ry’Uwiteka, maze bagera n’i Tahapanesi,” umujyi wari ku mupaka, mu burasirazuba bw’ahantu uruzi rwa Nili rwisukira mu nyanja, hafi ya Sinayi. Ubwo ni bwo bwa nyuma Bibiliya ivuga ibya Baruki.—Yeremiya 43:5-7.

Ni ayahe masomo twakura kuri Baruki?

Hari amasomo menshi y’ingirakamaro dushobora kuvana kuri Baruki. Isomo rimwe ry’ingenzi tumukuraho ni ukuntu yagiraga ubushake bwo guteza imbere umurimo wa Yehova yifashishije ubuhanga bwe no kuba yari aziranye n’abantu bakomeye, kandi ibyo byose akabikora atitaye ku ngaruka byari kumugiraho. Muri iki gihe, Abahamya ba Yehova benshi, baba abagabo cyangwa abagore, batekereza nka we, bakemera gukoresha ubuhanga bwabo mu mirimo ikorerwa kuri Beteli, mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi n’ahandi nk’aho. Ni gute wagaragaza ko utekereza nka Baruki?

Igihe Baruki yibutswaga ko mu minsi ya nyuma y’ubwami bw’u Buyuda nta gihe cyari gihari cyo kwishakira “ibikomeye,” biragaragara ko yahise yumvira kuko yarokotse. Birakwiriye rero ko natwe dukurikiza iyo nama kuko natwe turi mu minsi y’imperuka y’iyi si mbi. Natwe Yehova yadusezeranyije ko azaturokora. Mbese dushobora kumvira ibyo Yehova atwibutsa nk’uko Baruki yabigenje?

Hari n’irindi somo ry’ingirakamaro dukwiriye kuvana muri iyo nkuru. Baruki yafashije Yeremiya na mwene se wabo kubahiriza amategeko ubwo bagiranaga amasezerano y’ubuguzi, nubwo bombi bari bafitanye isano. Urwo ni urugero rushingiye ku Byanditswe rwafasha Abakristo baba bafitanye imishinga y’ubucuruzi n’abavandimwe na bashiki babo bahuje ukwizera. Ubwo rero, gukurikiza urwo rugero rwo gushyira amasezerano y’ubuguzi mu nyandiko bihuje n’Ibyanditswe, bigira akamaro kandi bigaragaza urukundo.

Nubwo Baruki avugwa incuro nke gusa muri Bibiliya, muri iki gihe Abakristo bose bakwiriye kuzirikana urugero yadusigiye. Ese uzakurikiza urugero rwiza twasigiwe n’uwo mwanditsi w’indahemuka wa Yeremiya?

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 16]

Ka kantu k’ibumba kanditseho izina rya Baruki

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Bulla: Courtesy of Israel Museum, Jerusalem