Abanditsi ba kera n’Ijambo ry’Imana

IBYANDITSWE bya Giheburayo byarangije kwandikwa mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya gatanu Mbere ya Yesu. Mu binyejana byakurikiyeho, intiti z’Abayahudi, cyane cyane Abasoferimu n’Abamasoreti bakurikiyeho, zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo umwandiko w’Igiheburayo udashyirwamo amakosa. Icyakora, ibitabo bya Bibiliya bya kera kurusha ibindi byanditswe mu gihe cya Mose na Yosuwa, ni ukuvuga imyaka igihumbi mbere y’igihe cy’Abasoferimu. Imizingo ibyo bitabo byari byanditsweho yangirikaga ubusa. Ku bw’ibyo rero, igomba kuba yarandukuwe incuro nyinshi. Ni iki tuzi ku birebana n’umwuga w’ubwanditsi muri icyo gihe cya kera? Ese muri Isirayeli ya kera hari abantu b’abahanga mu kwandukura inyandiko?

Inyandiko za Bibiliya za kera kurusha izindi zandikishijwe intoki zishobora kuboneka muri iki gihe, ni ibice by’Imizingo yo mu Nyanja y’Umunyu. Imwe muri iyo mizingo ni iyo mu kinyejana cya gatatu n’icya kabiri mbere ya Yesu. Porofeseri Alan R. Millard, intiti mu ndimi zo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no mu bushakashatsi ku byataburuwe mu matongo yaho, yaravuze ati “nta gice na kimwe cya Bibiliya dushobora kubonera kopi za kera cyane.” Yongeyeho ati “imico yo mu turere two hafi ya [Isirayeli] ishobora kugaragaza uko abanditsi ba kera bakoraga, kandi ubwo bumenyi bushobora gufasha umuntu kumenya agaciro k’umwandiko w’Igiheburayo n’amateka yawo.”

Umwuga w’ubwanditsi mu bihe bya kera

Mu myaka ibihumbi bine ishize, muri Mezopotamiya bandikaga inyandiko zivuga iby’amateka, amadini, amategeko, amashuri n’ubuvanganzo. Amashuri yigishaga iby’ubwanditsi yagendaga yiyongera, kandi rimwe mu masomo yatangwagamo ryari iryo kudatandukira mu gihe umuntu yandukura imyandiko. Intiti zo muri iki gihe zibona ko imyandiko y’i Babuloni yagiye yandukurwa kenshi mu gihe cy’imyaka igihumbi cyangwa irenga, yahindutsemo utuntu duto cyane.

Umwuga w’ubwanditsi ntiwakorwaga muri Mezopotamiya gusa. Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “umwanditsi w’i Babuloni wo mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri rwagati Mbere ya Yesu, yari amenyereye uburyo bwo kwandika bwakoreshwaga ahakorerwaga ubwanditsi muri Mezopotamiya, Siriya, Kanaani ndetse no mu Misiri.” *—The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East.

Mu gihe cya Mose, mu Misiri umwuga w’ubwanditsi wari uw’abantu bakomeye. Abanditsi bahoraga bandukura ibitabo by’ubuvanganzo. Uwo murimo ugaragazwa n’imitako yo ku mva z’Abanyamisiri zimaze imyaka isaga ibihumbi bine. Cya gitabo twigeze kuvuga cyavuze ko mu kinyagihumbi  cya kabiri Mbere ya Yesu, abanditsi ba mbere bo muri icyo gihe cya kera “bari barandukuye kandi bakusanya ibitabo byasobanuraga ukuntu muri Mezopotamiya no mu Misiri bari barageze ku isanzuramuco rikomeye, kandi bari barashyizeho urutonde rw’amabwiriza n’amategeko yagengaga abanditsi babigize umwuga.”

Muri urwo rutonde “rw’amabwiriza n’amategeko yagengaga abanditsi” harimo n’itegeko ryo kongera kuri buri mwandiko w’ibanze indi nyandiko yabaga irimo amazina y’umwanditsi na nyir’igisate cy’ibuye cyangwa cy’ibumba iyo nyandiko yabaga iriho, itariki, aho inyandiko yashyizwe kuri ibyo bisate yavanywe, umubare w’imirongo yawo n’ibindi. Incuro nyinshi umwanditsi yongeragaho ati “wanditswe kandi ugenzurwa bahereye ku mwandiko w’umwimerere.” Ibyo bintu byose bigaragaza ko abanditsi ba kera baharaniraga kwandukura ibintu neza nta cyo bahinduyeho.

Porofeseri Millard twigeze kuvuga yaravuze ati “umurimo wo kwandukura inyandiko wari ukubiyemo gutahura amakosa no kuyakosora, ubwo buryo bukaba bwaratumaga abanditsi birinda ko umwandiko ujyamo amakosa. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo, cyane cyane nko kubara imirongo cyangwa amagambo, bwanakoreshwaga n’Abamasoreti mu ntangiriro z’Igihe Rwagati (hagati y’umwaka wa 500 n’uwa 1500).” Bityo rero, mu gihe cya Mose na Yosuwa, mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati bari basanzwe bafite akamenyero ko kwitonda bakandukura umwandiko neza badashyiramo amakosa.

Ese Abisirayeli na bo bari bafite abanditsi babishoboye? Bibiliya ibivugaho iki?

Abanditsi bo muri Isirayeli ya kera

Mose yakuze ari umwana wo kwa Farawo (Kuva 2:10; Ibyakozwe 7:21, 22). Dukurikije uko abakora ubushakashatsi ku gihugu cya Misiri babibona, mu byo Mose yigishijwe hagomba kuba hari harimo no kumenya neza imyandikire yo mu Misiri ndetse wenda n’ubuhanga bumwe na bumwe bw’abanditsi. Mu gitabo cya Porofeseri James K. Hoffmeier, yaranditse ati “hari impamvu yo kwemera inkuru za Bibiliya zivuga ko Mose yari afite ubushobozi bwo kwandika inkuru z’ibyabaye, izihereranye n’ingendo zakozwe, n’ubwo gukora indi mirimo y’abanditsi.” *—Israel in Egypt.

 Bibiliya ivuga abandi bantu bo muri Isirayeli ya kera bari abahanga mu murimo w’ubwanditsi. Hari igitabo kivuga ko Mose ‘yashyizeho abatware bazi gusoma no kwandika kugira ngo bandike imyanzuro yabaga yafashwe kandi bashyire ibintu kuri gahunda’ (The Cambridge History of the Bible). Uwo mwanzuro ushingiye mu Gutegeka 1:15, ahagira hati “nuko [jyewe Mose] ntoranya abatware b’imiryango yanyu, . . . mbahindura abatware banyu, ngo bamwe batware igihumbi igihumbi, abandi ijana ijana, abandi mirongo itanu itanu, abandi cumi icumi, batware mu miryango yanyu.” Abo batware bari bande?

Ijambo ry’Igiheburayo ryahinduwemo “umutware,” riboneka incuro nyinshi mu myandiko ya Bibiliya ivuga iby’igihe cya Mose n’icya Yosuwa. Intiti zinyuranye zivuga ko iryo jambo risobanura “umunyamabanga ushinzwe kwandika,” “‘uwandika’ cyangwa ‘ubika inyandiko,’” hamwe n’“umutware wunganira umucamanza ari umwanditsi we.” Kuba iryo jambo ry’Igiheburayo riboneka kenshi bigaragaza ko muri Isirayeli hari hari abanditsi nk’abo benshi, kandi ko kera bari bafite inshingano nyinshi mu buyobozi bw’iryo shyanga.

Urugero rwa gatatu ni urw’abatambyi bo muri Isirayeli. Hari igitabo kivuga ko “imirimo irebana n’idini hamwe n’indi isanzwe abatambyi bakoraga yasabaga ko baba bazi neza gusoma no kwandika” (Encyclopaedia Judaica). Urugero, Mose yabwiye abahungu ba Lewi ati “uko imyaka irindwi ishize . . . uzajye usomera aya mategeko imbere y’Abisirayeli bose.” Abatambyi bahawe inshingano yo kwita ku nyandiko yemewe y’Amategeko. Batangaga uburenganzira bwo kwandukura izindi nyandiko bahereye kuri iyo kandi bakagenzura uwo murimo.—Gutegeka 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Reka turebe ukuntu inyandiko y’Amategeko yandukuwe bwa mbere. Mu kwezi Mose yapfuyemo, yabwiye Abisirayeli ati “ubwo muzambuka Yorodani mukagera mu gihugu Uwiteka Imana yanyu ibaha, uzishingire ibibuye binini ubihome ingwa. Uzandike kuri ibyo bibuye amagambo yose y’ayo mategeko” (Gutegeka 27:1-4). Nyuma y’irimburwa rya Yeriko na Ayi, Abisirayeli bahuriye ku musozi wa Ebali, uri hagati mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano. Aho ni ho Yosuwa yandukuye “amategeko ya Mose” ku mabuye y’igicaniro (Yosuwa 8:30-32). Izo nyandiko zabayeho kubera ko abantu bari bazi kwandika no gusoma. Ibyo bigaragaza ko kera Abisirayeli bari bafite ubumenyi n’ubuhanga bwari bukenewe kugira ngo barinde imyandiko yabo yera kujyamo amakosa.

Ibyanditswe ntibyahindutse

Nyuma y’igihe cya Mose na Yosuwa, handitswe indi mizingo inyuranye yo mu Giheburayo kandi ikorerwa za kopi zandukuwe n’intoki. Iyo izo nyandiko zabaga zishaje cyangwa ubukonje bwarazangije cyangwa se zaratoye uruhumbu, zagombaga gusimbuzwa izindi. Uko kwandukura inyandiko byakomeje gukorwa mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi.

Nubwo abandukuraga Bibiliya babyitonderaga cyane, hari amakosa amwe n’amwe yakozwe. Ariko se hari ikintu kigaragara Bibiliya yaba yarahindutseho biturutse ku makosa yakozwe n’abayandukuraga? Oya. Muri rusange, ayo makosa nta cyo atwaye kandi nta ngaruka yagize ku miterere rusange ya Bibiliya, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kugereranya inyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki.

Ku Bakristo, uko Yesu Kristo yabonaga ibitabo bya kera bya Bibiliya ni ikimenyetso gishyigikira ko umwandiko w’Ibyanditswe Byera nta cyo wahindutseho. Amagambo nk’aya ngo “ntimwari mwasoma mu gitabo cya Mose?” n’andi ngo “mbese Mose ntiyabahaye amategeko?” agaragaza ko Yesu yabonaga ko inyandiko zandukuwe n’intoki zariho igihe yari ku isi zari izo kwizerwa (Mariko 12:26; Yohana 7:19). Byongeye kandi, Yesu yahamije ko Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo byose bitari byarigeze bihinduka ubwo yavugaga ati “ibyanditswe kuri jye byose mu mategeko ya Mose, no mu byahanuwe no muri Zaburi bikwiriye gusohora.”—Luka 24:44.

Bityo rero, dufite impamvu zo kwiringira ko Ibyanditswe Byera byagiye byandukurwa uko byakabaye kuva mu gihe cya kera. Bihuje n’ibyo umuhanuzi Yesaya wahumekewe yavuze agira ati “ubwatsi buraraba uburabyo bugahunguka, ariko Ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizahoraho iteka ryose.”—Yesaya 40:8.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

Umwanditsi w’Umunyamisiri akora umurimo we

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Ibitabo bya Bibiliya bya kera kurusha ibindi ni ibyo mu gihe cya Mose