Umwaka wo mu ‘gihugu cyiza’

MU MWAKA wa 1908 hari ikintu gishishikaje cyavumbuwe mu mugi uvugwa muri Bibiliya witwa Gezeri, wari mu kibaya kiri ku nkengero z’Inyanja Nini mu burengerazuba bwa Yerusalemu. Icyo kintu ni akabaho gakozwe mu ibumba; abantu bakaba bemera ko ari ako mu kinyejana cya cumi Mbere ya Yesu. Kariho inyandiko y’Igiheburayo bavuga ko igaragaza mu magambo make imbonerahamwe y’umwaka w’ubuhinzi n’ibyawukorwagamo. Ako kabaho kaje kwitwa Kalendari y’i Gezeri.

Ako kabaho kariho umukono wa Abiya. Nubwo abahanga bose mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo batavuga rumwe ku biri kuri ako kabaho, abenshi bemera ko ari umukoro w’umunyeshuri wanditswe mu buryo bw’umuvugo. * Ese wakwishimira gusobanukirwa uko ibihe by’umwaka byo mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano byari bimeze binyuze ku byo umwana w’umuhungu wabayeho icyo gihe yanditse? Nubyemera biri bugufashe kwibuka inkuru zimwe na zimwe zivugwa muri Bibiliya.

Amezi abiri y’isarura

Umwanditsi w’iyo kalendari ya kera ahera ku isarura rusange. Kubera ko icyo gikorwa cy’isarura cyaje bwa mbere ku rutonde ruri kuri iyo kalendari, ushobora kwiyumvisha impamvu Abisirayeli babonaga ko iryo sarura ari ryo ryasozaga igice cy’ingenzi cy’umwaka w’ubuhinzi. Uko kwezi kwa Etanimu (kwaje kwitwa Tishri) guhuza na Nzeri/Ukwakira kuri kalendari yacu. Iyo isarura hafi ya ryose ryabaga rirangiye, habagaho igihe cy’umunsi mukuru wihariye wo kwishima, uwo Abiya ashobora kuba yarifatanyagamo. Tekereza nawe ukuntu yishimaga, ubwo yabaga afasha se guca ingando babagamo mu gihe cy’icyumweru cyose bamaraga bashimira Yehova kubera ibyo basaruye mu mirima yabo!—Gutegeka 16:13-15.

Muri icyo gihe, abagize umuryango wa Abiya babaga biteguye gusarura imyelayo binyuze mu gukubita amashami yayo. Uwo murimo ushobora kuba utaroroheraga Abiya wari ukiri muto, ariko  yishimiraga kureba uko ukorwa (Gutegeka 24:20). Abagize umuryango we batoraguraga imbuto bakazijyana hafi aho, aho bazisekuriraga kugira ngo bazikuremo amavuta. Cyangwa umuryango washoboraga kubona amavuta ukoresheje uburyo bworoshye: washyiraga mu mazi imyelayo imenaguye, maze ugakusanya amavuta yabaga areremba hejuru y’amazi. Uretse kuba ayo mavuta y’agaciro kenshi yararibwaga, hari ibindi yashoboraga gukora. Yanashyirwaga mu matara bacanaga kandi yakoreshwaga mu kuvura imibyimba n’ibikomere, urugero nk’ibyo Abiya yashoboraga kugira igihe yabaga akina.

Amezi abiri yo gutera

Iyo imvura ya mbere yatangiraga kugwa, Abiya ashobora kuba yarishimiraga kwiyuhagira amazi akonje. Birashoboka ko se yari yaramubwiye akamaro k’imvura mu gihugu (Gutegeka 11:14). Ubutaka bwakakajwe n’izuba mu gihe cy’amezi runaka, bwarorohaga, ntibigorane kubuhinga. Umuhinzi wo mu bihe bya kera yayoboraga abigiranye ubuhanga isuka ikururwa n’itungo, yashoboraga kuba ikozwe mu giti gikwikiyeho icyuma gisongoye. Umuhinzi yabaga agamije guca imirongo igororotse mu butaka. Ubutaka bwari ubw’agaciro kenshi; ni yo mpamvu abahinzi b’Abisirayeli banakoreshaga uturima duto, harimo n’amabanga y’imisozi. Ariko kandi, mu mabanga y’imisozi bahahingishaga amasuka adakururwa n’amatungo.

Iyo intabire yabaga imaze kuboneka, ingano na sayiri byaraterwaga. Igishishikaje rero, ni uko kuri Kalendari y’i Gezeri hakurikiraho amezi abiri yo guhinga ibyo binyampeke. Umubibyi yatwaraga imbuto mu mwenda we yakubye, maze agakoresha ukuboko kwe azikwirakwiza hirya no hino.

 Amezi abiri yo gutera ibya nyuma

“Igihugu cyiza” cyahoraga cyera (Gutegeka 3:25). Mu kwezi k’Ukuboza, hagwaga imvura ihagije maze ibyatsi byo muri icyo gihugu bigatohagira. Icyo rero cyabaga ari igihe cya nyuma cyo guhinga ibinyamisogwe, nk’amashaza n’ibindi bijya gusa na yo, hamwe n’izindi mboga (Amosi 7:1, 2, gereranya na NW). Kuri ka kabaho, Abiya yavuze ko icyo ari igihe “ubwatsi buba butoshye” cyangwa dukurikije ubundi buhinduzi igihe cyo “gutera ibya nyuma,” kikaba cyararangwaga n’ibyokurya byinshi biryoshye birimo imboga nyinshi zo muri icyo gihe.

Iyo igihe cy’ubukonje cyarangiraga, hagatangira igihe cy’ubushyuhe, igiti cy’umuluzi cyerekana ko urugaryi rw’iyo (hagati y’ukwezi kwa 3 n’ukwa 5) rwaje, cyarabyaga indabo z’umweru n’izijya gusa n’iroza. Cyashoboraga no gutangira kurabya muri Mutarama, igihe cy’ubushyuhe buke cyane.—Yeremiya 1:11, 12, gereranya na NW.

Ukwezi ko gutema igiti kivamo ubudodo kimeze nk’umugwegwe

Abiya yakomereje ku giti kivamo ubudodo. Wenda ibyo birakwibutsa ibintu byigeze kubera mu burasirazuba bw’imisozi ya Yudaya, mu binyejana runaka mbere y’igihe cya Abiya. Rahabu wo mu mujyi wa Yeriko yahishe abatasi babiri “abatwikira imigwegwe yari yatondekanije” (Yosuwa 2:6). Icyo giti cyari gifite akamaro mu mibereho y’Abisirayeli. Kugira ngo icyo giti kivemo indodo, cyabanzaga guhugutishwa. Iyo batashakaga ko gihuguta vuba bakirekeraga hanze kikazahugutishwa n’ikime; bashaka ko gihuguta vuba bakacyinika mu kizenga cyangwa mu mugezi. Iyo indodo zabaga zimaze kuboneka, zakoreshwaga mu gukora imyenda ikoreshwa ku mato, amahema n’imyambaro. Nanone kandi, icyo giti cyarakoreshwaga kugira ngo babone intambi zo gushyira mu matara.

Hari abavuga ko icyo giti kiteraga muri ako karere ka Gezeri kuko kajyaga kabura amazi. abandi bo bakavuga ko icyo giti cyakuraga gusa umwaka ujya kurangira. Icyo ni cyo gituma hari abemera ko kuri Kalendari y’i Gezeri, izina ryahawe icyo giti rivuga ibyatsi by’amatungo.

Ukwezi kumwe ko gusarura sayiri

Buri mwaka, nyuma y’ukwezi ko gutema icyo giti, Abiya yitegerezaga amahundo y’icyatsi kibisi ya sayiri, igihingwa akomerezaho kuri kalendari ye. Uko ni ukwezi kwa Abibu mu Giheburayo, gusobanura ngo “amahundo y’icyatsi kibisi.” Ibyo bishobora kuba byarerekezaga ku gihe ayo mahundo yabaga yeze ariko acyoroshye. Yehova yari yarategetse ati “ujye uziririza ukwezi Abibu, uziriririze Uwiteka Imana yawe pasika” (Gutegeka 16:1). Abibu (nyuma yaje kwitwa Nisani) ihura n’ibice byo mu mezi ya Werurwe na Mata. Igihe cyo gusarura sayiri gishobora  kuba cyaragiraga uruhare rukomeye mu kumenya igihe uko kwezi kwatangiriraga. Ndetse no muri iki gihe, Abayahudi b’Abakarayite bagena igihe umwaka wabo mushya utangirira bafatiye kuri icyo gihe cy’isarura. Uko biri kose, umuganda w’umuganura wa sayiri wagombaga kuzungurizwa imbere ya Yehova ku itariki ya 16 z’ukwezi kwa Abibu.—Abalewi 23:10, 11.

Sayiri yari ifite agaciro gakomeye cyane mu buzima bwa buri munsi bw’Abisirayeli benshi. Kubera ko yari ihendutse kuruta ingano, akenshi ni yo bahitagamo gukoramo imitsima cyangwa imigati, cyane cyane abakene.—Ezekiyeli 4:12.

Ukwezi kumwe ko gusarura no gupima

Uramutse ushubije amaso inyuma ugatekereza ku gihe cya Abiya, ushobora kwiyumvisha ko hari igihe yazindukaga mu gitondo cya kare akabona ibicu bitanga imvura byagabanutse, bikamwereka ko imvura itazongera kugwa. Icyo gihe imyaka yo mu gihugu cyiza yezwaga n’ikime (Itangiriro 27:28; Zekariya 8:12). Abahinzi b’Abisirayeli bari bazi neza ko hari ibihingwa byasarurwaga mu mezi y’umwaka yavagamo izuba cyane, byabaga bikeneye umuyaga ukwiriye kugeza kuri Pentekote. Umuyaga ukonje kandi urimo ibitonyanga wavaga mu majyaruguru, ushobora kuba wari ingirakamaro kugira ngo ibinyampeke byere. Ariko kandi, wangizaga ibiti byera imbuto igihe byabaga birabya. Umuyaga ushyushye wo mu majyepfo watumaga indabyo zibumbura kandi zikabangurirwa.—Imigani 25:23; Indirimbo 4:16.

Yehova we washyizeho ibihe, atuma ibidukikije bigira gahunda nziza bigenderaho. Mu gihe cya Abiya, Isirayeli yari ‘igihugu cy’ingano na sayiri, n’imizabibu n’imitini n’amakomamanga, n’igihugu cy’imyelayo n’ubuki’ (Gutegeka 8:8). Sekuru wa Abiya ashobora kuba yaramubwiye uburumbuke budasanzwe bwariho mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Umwami Salomo, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu byagaragazaga neza ko Yehova yabahaga imigisha.—1 Abami 4:20.

Nyuma y’uko iyo kalendari ivuga iby’isarura, hari ijambo ivuga bamwe babona ko risobanura “gupima.” Ibyo bishobora kuba byerekeza ku gikorwa cyo gupima umusaruro kugira ngo bagenere nyir’umurima ibye n’abakozi bahabwe ibyabo, cyangwa se batange umusoro. Ariko kandi, hari izindi ntiti zumva ko iryo jambo ry’Igiheburayo rishatse kuvuga “ibirori” kandi ko ryerekeza ku Munsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru, wabaga mu kwezi kwa Sivani (Gicurasi/Kamena).—Kuva 34:22, gereranya na NW.

Amezi abiri yo gusoroma amababi

Abiya yakomeje yandika ibihereranye n’amezi abiri yo kwita ku mizabibu. Yaba se yarifatanyaga mu kugabanya amababi ku mizabibu kugira ngo imbuto zibone izuba (Yesaya 18:5)? Hakurikiragaho igihe cyo gusoroma imbuto, icyo kikaba ari igihe cyari gishishikaje ku muntu ukiri muto. Mbega ukuntu imizabibu ya mbere yabaga iryoshye! Abiya ashobora kuba yari yarumvise iby’abatasi 12  Mose yohereje mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano. Bagiye yo mu minsi inzabibu za mbere zari zihishije, kugira ngo barebe ukuntu icyo gihugu cyari kiza. Icyo gihe, uruseri rw’inzabibu rwari runini ku buryo byasabye ko abagabo babiri baruheka!—Kubara 13:20, 23.

Ukwezi kumwe kw’imbuto zo mu mpeshyi

Abiya arangiza kalendari ye avuga iby’imbuto zo mu mpeshyi. Mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bwa kera, impeshyi yari kimwe mu bice bigize umwaka w’ubuhinzi cyaharirwaga imbuto. Nyuma y’igihe cya Abiya, Yehova yakoresheje amagambo ngo “icyibo cy’amatunda yo ku mpeshyi” kugira ngo agaragaze ko ‘iherezo ry’ubwoko bwe Isirayeli’ rigeze. Yabikoze yifashishije amagambo y’Igiheburayo ajya gusa, rimwe risobanura “igitebo cy’amatunda” irindi risobanura “iherezo” (Amosi 8:2). Ibyo bishobora kuba byaribukije Abisirayeli b’abahemu ko iherezo ryabo ryari rigeze kandi ko cyari igihe cy’urubanza rwa Yehova. Birashoboka cyane ko imitini yari imwe mu mbuto zo mu mpeshyi Abiya yerekezagaho. Imitini yo mu mpeshyi yashoboraga gukorwamo imigati cyangwa igakoreshwa mu gukanda ku kirashi cyangwa igishyute.—2 Abami 20:7.

Icyo Kalendari y’i Gezeri ikumariye

Birashoboka cyane ko Abiya wari ukiri muto yiboneye ibintu byakorwaga mu mwaka w’ubuhinzi wo mu gihugu cye. Muri icyo gihe imirimo y’ubuhinzi yari hose muri Isirayeli. Nubwo waba ntaho uhurira n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, ibyavuzwe kuri ako kabaho kavumbuwe i Gezeri bishobora gutuma ushimishwa no gusoma Bibiliya, ukayisobanukirwa kandi ikakugirira akamaro.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

UBURYO INYANDIKO IRI KURI KALENDARI Y’I GEZERI ISHOBORA GUHINDURWA:

“Amezi yo gusarura imyelayo;

amezi yo gutera;

amezi ubwatsi buba butoshye;

ukwezi ko gutema igiti kivamo ubudodo kimeze nk’umugwegwe;

ukwezi ko gusarura sayiri;

ukwezi ko gusarura ingano no gupima;

amezi yo gukonora;

ukwezi kw’imbuto zo mu mpeshyi.”

[yashyizweho umukono na] Abiya *

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Archaeological Museum of Istanbul

[Imbonerahamwe/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

NISANI (ABIBU)

Werurwe​—Mata

IYYAR (ZIVU)

Mata​—Gicurasi

SIVANI

Gicurasi​—Kamena

TAMMUZ

Kamena​—Nyakanga

AB

Nyakanga​—Kanama

ELULI

Kanama​—Nzeri

TISCHRI (ETANIMU)

Nzeri​—Ukwakira

HESCHVAN (BULA)

Ukwakira​—Ugushyingo

KISILEVU

Ugushyingo​—Ukuboza

TEBETI

Ukoboza​—Mutarama

HEBATI

Mutarama​—Gashyantare

ADARI

Gashyantare​—Werurwe

VÉADAR

Werurwe

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Umuhinzi: Garo Nalbandian

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 8]

Ahakozwe ubushakashatsi i Gezeri

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

© 2003 BiblePlaces.com

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Igiti cy’umuluzi

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Igiti gitanga ubudodo

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Dr. David Darom

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Sayiri

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

U.S. Department of Agriculture