Uko ubwami bwa kera bwa Lidiya butugiraho ingaruka muri iki gihe

KUBERA ko ushobora kuba utarigeze wumva iby’ubwami bwa kera bwa Lidiya, ushobora gutangazwa no kumva ko hari ikintu cyavumbuwe aho hantu cyahinduye uburyo ubucuruzi bwo muri iyi si bukorwa. Abasomyi ba Bibiliya na bo bashobora gutangazwa no kumenya ko hari ikintu cyavumbuwe n’abaturage bo mu bwami bwa Lidiya cyatumye ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya busa n’aho buteye urujijo busobanuka. Icyo kintu abaturage bo mu bwami bwa Lidiya bavumbuye ni ikihe? Mbere yo gusubiza icyo kibazo, byaba byiza tubanje kugira icyo tumenya ku bihereranye n’ubwo bwami busa n’aho bwibagiranye.

 Abami b’ubwami bwa Lidiya bategekeraga mu murwa mukuru wabwo witwaga Sarudi. Uwo mugi wari mu gice cy’uburengerazuba bw’icyahoze cyitwa Aziya Ntoya, ubu hakaba ari muri Turukiya. Umwami wa nyuma w’ubwami bwa Lidiya witwaga Crésus yirundanyirijeho ubutunzi butangaje, ariko nyuma yaho ahagana mu mwaka wa 546 Mbere ya Yesu, yatakaje ubwami bwe atsinzwe na Kuro Mukuru, Umwami w’u Buperesi. Uwo Kuro ni na we wigaruriye Ubwami bwa Babuloni imyaka mike nyuma yaho.

Abacuruzi bo mu bwami bwa Lidiya bahoraga bashaka uburyo bushya bwo guteza imbere umurimo wabo, bavugwaho kuba ari bo ba mbere bakoresheje ibiceri. Hari hashize igihe kirekire abantu bakoresha izahabu n’ifeza mu mwanya w’amafaranga, ariko kubera ko ibimanyu bya zahabu cyangwa iby’ifeza byabaga bitangana, igihe cyose abantu bajyaga kugura cyangwa kugurisha ikintu barabipimaga. Urugero, muri Isirayeli umuhanuzi w’Imana Yeremiya yaguze umurima. Yaranditse ati “mugerera ibiguzi shekeli cumi n’indwi z’ifeza.”—Yeremiya 32:9.

Mu bwami bwa Lidiya, abantu bo mu gihe cya Yeremiya bavumbuye uburyo bworoshye bwo gucuruza, ari bwo gukoresha ibiceri. Uburemere bw’ibyo biceri bwemezwaga na kashe ya leta yabaga iri kuri buri giceri. Ibiceri bya mbere byakoreshwaga mu bwami bwa Lidiya byari bikozwe mu mvange y’izahabu n’ifeza. Crésus amaze kwima ingoma, yasimbuje ibyo biceri ibindi byabaga bikozwe mu ifeza yonyine cyangwa muri zahabu yonyine. Abaturage bo mu bwami bwa Lidiya bahimbye uburyo bwo gukoresha ibiceri by’ubwoko bubiri, aho ibiceri 12 by’ifeza byabaga bifite agaciro kangana n’ak’igiceri kimwe cya zahabu. Ariko kandi, ubwo buryo bwaje kubangamirwa n’ibiceri by’ibyiganano. Icyo gihe wasangaga igiceri bita ko ari icya zahabu gusa kivanzemo andi mabuye y’agaciro gake. Abacuruzi bari bakeneye uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima zahabu ngo barebe niba itavangiye.

Abaturage bo mu bwami bwa Lidiya babonye ko ibuye ryaho ry’umukara ryitwa ibuye rya Lidiya ryashoboraga gukemura icyo kibazo. Bafataga igiceri cya zahabu bakagikuba kuri iryo buye risa n’irisennye ariko ririho utuntu duharatura buhoro, maze kigasigaho ikimenyetso. Noneho bagafata ibindi byuma babaga bazi uko zahabu irimo ingana, na byo bakabikuba kuri rya buye bigasigaho ibimenyetso byabyo. Iyo bagereranyaga amabara y’ibyo bimenyetso bitandukanye, bamenyaga uko zahabu iri muri cya giceri ingana. Ubwo buryo bavumbuye bwo gukoresha ibuye ry’ifatizo mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibiceri, ni bwo bwatumye bashobora gukoresha ibiceri byizewe. Ni mu buhe buryo kumenya ibyo bidufasha gusobanukirwa Bibiliya?

Uko amabuye y’ifatizo mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibiceri akoreshwa mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo muri Bibiliya

Kubera ko gupima zahabu hakoreshejwe ibuye ry’ifatizo byagezaho bigakwira mu bacuruzi, ijambo ryakoreshwaga berekeza kuri iryo buye ryaje gusobanura uburyo bwo gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibintu muri rusange. Mu Kigiriki, ari rwo rurimi igice kimwe cya Bibiliya cyanditswemo, iryo jambo ryerekezaga no ku bubabare umuntu yumva iyo bamukorera iyicarubozo, bashaka kumenya niba yakoze icyaha cyangwa ko ari umwere.

Kubera ko abarinzi b’inzu y’imbohe ari bo bababazaga imfungwa, ijambo ryakomotse ku ryasobanuraga ibuye ry’ifatizo mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibiceri, ryaje no gukoreshwa berekeza kuri abo barinzi b’inzu y’imbohe. Ni yo mpamvu Bibiliya yavuze ko umugaragu w’indashima wo mu mugani wa Yesu yashyizwe mu maboko y’“abarinzi b’inzu y’imbohe,” cyangwa nk’uko bivugwa mu bundi buhinduzi, yashyikirijwe “abamubabaza” cyangwa “abo kumwica urubozo” (Matayo 18:34; Bibiliya Ntagatifu, Inkuru Nziza ku Muntu Wese). Ku birebana n’uwo murongo, hari igitabo cyagize kiti “birashoboka ko abantu babonaga ko gufungwa ubwabyo ari uburyo bwo ‘kubabaza’ umuntu (kandi koko ni ko byari biri). Bityo, ijambo ‘abababaza’ nta kindi ryasobanuraga kitari abarinzi b’inzu y’imbohe” (The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia). Kumenya ibyo biradufasha gusobanura umurongo wo muri Bibiliya uruhije gusobanukirwa.

Icyari urujijo gisobanuka

Abasomyi ba Bibiliya b’imitima itaryarya bagiye bibaza uko bizagendekera Satani. Bibiliya igira iti ‘Satani yajugunywe mu nyanja y’umuriro n’amazuku, asangayo  ya nyamaswa y’inkazi na wa muhanuzi w’ibinyoma; kandi bazababazwa ku manywa na nijoro kugeza iteka ryose’ (Ibyahishuwe 20:10). Mu by’ukuri, Yehova aramutse ahaye umuntu ubuzima bw’iteka ariko uwo muntu agakomeza kubabazwa iteka ryose, byaba binyuranyije n’urukundo rwe ndetse n’ubutabera bwe (Yeremiya 7:31). Byongeye kandi, Bibiliya igaragaza ko ubuzima bw’iteka ari impano, atari igihano (Abaroma 6:23). Biragaragara rero ko imvugo yakoreshejwe mu Byahishuwe 20:10 ari ikigereranyo. Inyamaswa y’inkazi n’inyanja y’umuriro ni ikigereranyo (Ibyahishuwe 13:2; 20:14). None se uko kubabazwa na ko ni ikigereranyo? Iyo mvugo ishobora kuba isobanura iki?

Nk’uko twabibonye, ijambo ry’Ikigiriki ryahinduwemo “kubabazwa” rikomoka ku ijambo risobanura ibuye ry’ifatizo ryakoreshwaga mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibiceri, kandi rishobora no kwerekeza ku mubabaro wo mu nzu y’imbohe. Ku bw’ibyo, kuba Satani azababazwa iteka bishobora kwerekeza ku gikorwa cy’uko azafungirwa iteka mu rupfu, mbese nk’aho yaba ari mu nzu y’imbohe irinzwe cyane.

Uburyo bwo kugerageza ibiceri bwakoreshwaga mu bwami bwa Lidiya ngo barebe niba atari ibyiganano hifashishijwe rya buye, budufasha gusobanukirwa ikindi kintu ku bihereranye no kuba Satani ‘azababazwa’ iteka mu buryo buhuje n’urukundo rw’Imana. Mu ndimi zimwe na zimwe, ijambo rihindurwamo “ibuye ry’ifatizo mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’ibiceri” ryerekeza ku ihame bakoresha bapima ubuziranenge bw’ibintu muri rusange. Urugero, mu Cyongereza, ayo magambo asobanura “isuzuma cyangwa ihame rishingirwaho mu gihe bapima cyangwa bagenzura niba ikintu kimeze neza cyangwa ari umwimerere.” Ku bw’ibyo, nk’uko ibuye ry’ifatizo ryo mu bwami bwa Lidiya ryakoreshwaga mu gupima ibiceri kugira ngo barebe niba atari ibyiganano, ‘kubabazwa’ iteka kwa Satani cyangwa urupfu rwe, bizaba ari ihame ry’iteka rizakoreshwa igihe cyose haba hagize uwigomeka ku butegetsi bwa Yehova mu gihe kizaza. Nta na rimwe bizongera kuba ngombwa ko hashira igihe kirekire kugira ngo Yehova agaragaze ko ikirego kizaba cyazamuwe ku butegetsi bwe nta shingiro gifite.

Gusobanukirwa impamvu abacuruzi bo hirya no hino bakoresheje uburyo bwo gupima ibiceri hakoreshejwe ibuye ry’ifatizo ryo mu bwami bwa Lidiya hamwe no gusobanukirwa ubundi buryo bw’ikigereranyo ijambo ryerekeza kuri iryo buye rikoreshwamo, byatumye dusobanukirwa ibizaba kuri Satani. Ibizamubaho bizakomeza kuba ihame Imana izashingiraho icira umuntu wigometse urubanza, bitabaye ngombwa ko yongera kwihanganira ubwigomeke.—Abaroma 8:20.

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Kuba Satani azababazwa mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo, byumvikanisha ko urubanza azacirwa ari ihame ry’iteka

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Inyanja Yirabura

LIDIYA

SARUDI

Inyanja ya Mediterane

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Amatongo ya Sarudi ya kera

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]

Kera iminzani yakoreshwaga mu gupima amafaranga

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

E. Strouhal/Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 22 n’iya 23]

Gupima amabuye y’agaciro hakoreshejwe ibuye ry’ifatizo biracyariho

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Coins: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; touchstone: Science Museum/Science & Society Picture

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21 yavuye]

Electrum coin: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.