Umugi wa Korinto “wagenzuraga ibyambu bibiri”
Umugi wa Korinto “wagenzuraga ibyambu bibiri”
NUREBA ku ikarita y’u Bugiriki, uzasanga igice kinini cy’icyo gihugu kigizwe n’umwigimbakirwa hamwe n’ikindi gice kimeze nk’ikirwa kinini kiri mu majyepfo. Ibyo bice byombi bifatanyijwe n’akarondorondo k’ubutaka gafite ibirometero bitandatu by’ubugari, aho gafunganye cyane. Ako karondorondo bita Ubunigo bwa Korinto gahuza umwigimbakirwa wa Peloponeze uri mu majyepfo n’igice kinini cy’igihugu kiri mu majyaruguru.
Hari n’indi mpamvu ituma ubwo bunigo bugira akamaro. Abantu babwise ikiraro cyo ku nyanja, kubera ko mu burasirazuba bwabwo hari Ikigobe cya Saronike gikora ku Nyanja ya Egée no ku gice cy’iburasirazuba cy’Inyanja ya Mediterane, naho mu burengerazuba hakaba Ikigobe cya Korinto gikora ku Nyanja ya Ionie, ku Nyanja ya Adiriya, no ku gice cy’iburengerazuba cy’Inyanja ya Mediterane. Hagati aho ni ho hari umugi wa Korinto, aho intumwa Pawulo yaruhukiraga iyo yabaga ari mu ngendo z’ubumisiyonari. Kera uwo mugi wari uzwi cyane kubera ubukungu bwawo, ibinezeza n’ubwiyandarike.
Umugi wari wubatswe ahantu heza
Umugi wa Korinto uri ku karondorondo k’ubutaka, hafi y’inkombe y’iburengerazuba. Uwo mugi uri hagati y’ibyambu bibiri, biri ku mpande zombi z’ubwo bunigo. Iburengerazuba hari icyambu cya Léchée, naho iburasirazuba hakaba icya Kinkereya. Icyo ni cyo cyatumye umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi w’Umugiriki witwaga Strabo avuga ko Korinto “yagenzuraga ibyambu bibiri.” Kubera ko umugi wa Korinto uri ahantu heza, waje guhinduka ihuriro ry’amahanga, ku buryo
wagenzuraga ibikorwa by’abacuruzi banyuraga mu nzira y’ubutaka bava cyangwa bajya mu majyepfo, ndetse n’iby’abacuruzi bakoreshaga amato bava cyangwa bajya iburengerazuba.Kuva kera, amato yavaga mu burasirazuba (Aziya Ntoya, Siriya, Foyinike na Egiputa) n’ayavaga iburengerazuba (u Butaliyani na Esipanye) yazanaga imizigo, yayigeza ku cyambu kimwe bakayipakurura, hanyuma bakayikorera bagakora urugendo rw’ibirometero bike mu nzira y’ubutaka, bakayigeza ku kindi cyambu. Iyo imizigo yabaga imaze kuhagera, barongeraga bakayipakira mu yandi mato, maze bakikomereza urugendo. Iyo amato yabaga ari mato, barayakururaga bakayanyuza mu nzira y’ubutaka yambukiranyaga ubwo bunigo. Ubwo buryo bwo gutwara ibintu ni bwo bitaga diolkos.—Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 27.
Kuki abasare bakundaga kunyura mu nzira y’ubutaka yambukiranyaga ubwo bunigo? Ni ukubera ko byabarindaga akaga bashoboraga guhurira na ko mu rugendo rw’ibirometero 320 bari gukora mu nyanja yarubiye, bazenguruka imyigimbakirwa iri mu majyepfo ya Peloponeze, ihoramo imiyaga iteye ubwoba. By’umwihariko, abasare birindaga Umwigimbakirwa wa Maleya, umwigimbakirwa bacagaho umugani bagira bati “unyuze ku Mwigimbakirwa wa Maleya asiga asezeye.”
Icyambu cya Kenkireya cyari cyararengewe n’amazi kiboneka
Icyambu cya Kenkireya cyari ku birometero bigera kuri cumi na kimwe mu burasirazuba bwa Korinto, ni cyo cya nyuma abantu bakoraga ingendo zo mu mazi muri Aziya bageragaho. Muri iki gihe, kimwe cya kabiri cy’icyo cyambu cyarengewe n’amazi kubera imitingito ikaze yabaye mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kane. Strabo yavuze ko ku cyambu cya Kenkireya habaga hari abantu benshi n’ibintu byinshi by’agaciro. Nanone, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umuroma witwaga Lucius Apuleius yacyise “ubwihisho bunini kandi bukomeye bwakira amato aturutse mu mahanga menshi.”
Mu gihe cy’ubwami bw’Abaroma, icyo cyambu cyari gifite ibice bibiri bimeze nka fondasiyo zifite ishusho y’igice cy’uruziga bari barubatse mu nyanja, ku buryo amato yashoboraga kubona ahantu hagari yinjirira mu cyambu. Aho hantu amato yinjiriraga hari hafite ubugari bwa metero ziri hagati ya 150 na 200. Muri icyo cyambu amato yashoboraga guhagarara ahantu hafite metero 40 z’uburebure. Igihe bacukuraga mu ruhande rwacyo rw’iburengerazuba, babonye ibice by’urusengero rushobora kuba rwari ingoro y’imanakazi yitwaga Isis. Mu ruhande ruteganye n’urwo, ku iherezo ry’icyo cyambu, habonetse andi mazu ashobora kuba yari ingoro y’imanakazi
yitwaga Aforodite. Abantu batekerezaga ko izo manakazi zombi zarindaga abasare.Imirimo ijyanye no gutwara ibicuruzwa yakorerwaga kuri icyo cyambu, ishobora kuba ari yo yatumye intumwa Pawulo akora akazi ko kuboha amahema ubwo yari mu mugi wa Korinto (Ibyakozwe 18:1-3). Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “iyo itumba ryabaga ryegereje, abantu b’i Korinto babohaga amahema bakanadoda imyenda yo gushyira ku mato, babaga bafite akazi kenshi batashoboraga kurangiza. Muri ibyo byambu byombi habaga hari amato menshi ategereje ko itumba rigera kandi agomba gusanwa. Nanone, ingendo zo mu nyanja zabaga zarahagaze. Ku bw’ibyo, abacuruzi b’ibikoresho byo mu mato b’i Léchée n’i Kenkireya bahaga akazi hafi buri muntu wese wabaga ashobora kuboha umwenda wakoreshwaga mu gutwara amato.”—In the Steps of St. Paul.
Pawulo amaze amezi arenga 18 i Korinto, yafashe ubwato ava i Kenkireya ajya muri Efeso, ahagana mu mwaka wa 52 (Ibyakozwe 18:18, 19). Mu myaka ine yakurikiyeho, i Kenkireya havutse itorero rya gikristo. Bibiliya itubwira ko Pawulo yasabye Abakristo b’i Roma gufasha Umukristokazi witwaga Foyibe wo “mu itorero ry’i Kenkireya.”—Abaroma 16:1, 2.
Muri iki gihe abantu basura Ikigobe cya Kenkireya boga mu mazi y’urubogobogo ari mu bisigazwa by’icyo cyambu cyarengewe n’amazi. Abenshi muri bo ntibabona ko mu binyejana byashize aho hantu hakorerwaga imirimo myinshi, yaba iya gikristo cyangwa iy’ubucuruzi. Kandi no ku kindi cyambu cy’i Korinto, ari cyo cyambu cya Léchée, kiri mu ruhande rw’iburengerazuba rw’ubwo bunigo, ni ko bimeze.
Icyambu cya Léchée cyari mu ruhande rw’iburengerazuba
Hari umuhanda wari ushashemo amabuye witwaga Umuhanda wa Léchée, waturukaga ku isoko ry’i Korinto ukagera ku cyambu cyari ku birometero 2. Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bacukuye ku mwaro bashaka kuhubaka icyambu, kandi baharunda ibisigazwa kugira ngo imiyaga ikaze yaturukaga muri icyo kigobe itangiza amato yabaga aziritse aho ngaho. Hari igihe icyo cyambu cyarutaga ibindi byambu byose byari kuri Mediterane. Abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bataburuye ibisigazwa by’umunara wariho itara ryayoboraga amato. Uwo munara wari ishusho y’imana yitwaga Poseyido ifashe ifumba yaka umuriro.
Iruhande rw’Umuhanda wa Léchée hari inkuta ebyiri, hakaba n’utuyira tw’abanyamaguru, amazu y’ubutegetsi, insengero, inkingi ziri ku murongo, hamwe n’amaduka. Aho ni ho Pawulo ashobora kuba yarasanze abaguzi benshi, abantu birirwa bavuga gusa, abacuruzi boroheje, abacakara, abacuruzi bakomeye n’abandi. Abo bantu bose Pawulo yashoboraga kubabwiriza.
Icyambu cya Léchée nticyari icyambu cy’ubucuruzi gusa, hari n’ikigo cy’amato y’intambara. Hari abantu bavuga ko ku cyambu cya Léchée ari ho hakorewe bumwe mu bwato bw’intambara bwari bukomeye cyane, bwari bufite ingashya eshatu kuri buri
ruhande. Ubwo bwato bwakozwe n’umuhanga mu byo gukora amato w’i Korinto witwaga Ameinocles, ahagana mu mwaka wa 700 Mbere ya Yesu. Abanyatene bakoresheje ayo mato igihe batsindaga bidasubirwaho ingabo z’Abaperesi zarwaniraga mu mazi. Urwo rugamba rwabereye i Salamisi mu mwaka wa 480 Mbere ya Yesu.Muri iki gihe, aho hantu hahoze icyambu cyakorerwagamo imirimo myinshi, hari “ibizenga by’amazi yirabura byamezemo ibyatsi.” Nta kintu na kimwe kigaragaza ko mu binyejana byahise, aho hantu hari kimwe mu byambu binini kuruta ibindi byose byari kuri Mediterane.
Abakristo b’i Korinto bahuye n’ibibazo
Ibyambu by’i Korinto ntibyakorerwagamo imirimo y’ubucuruzi gusa, ahubwo byanatumye abaturage b’ahandi bagira ingaruka zikomeye ku baturage bo muri uwo mugi. Ku ruhande rumwe, ibyo byambu byatumye ubucuruzi butera imbere, abantu bagira ubutunzi bwinshi. Umugi wa Korinto wari ukize cyane kubera ko winjizaga amafaranga menshi aturutse ku misoro ihanitse yakwaga ku byambu, ndetse n’amahoro yaturukaga mu mirimo yo gutwara ibintu n’amato byanyuraga mu nzira y’ubutaka. Nanone uwo mugi winjizaga amafaranga aturutse ku mahoro yakwaga ku ngendo zakorwaga mu gihugu. Leta yari yarinjije amafaranga menshi aturutse ku bikorwa byakorerwaga mu masoko yo mu mugi ndetse no ku byambu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya karindwi Mbere ya Yesu, leta yakuriyeho abaturage umusoro w’umubiri.
Umugi wa Korinto wabonaga amafaranga y’inyongera yatangwaga n’abacuruzi babaga bahacumbitse. Abenshi muri bo birundumuriraga mu bintu by’iraha no mu bikorwa by’ubwiyandarike. Nanone abasare bazaga muri uwo mugi ari benshi, barawukijije. Nk’uko Strabo abivuga, wasangaga basesagura amafaranga cyane. Abatuye uwo mugi bakoraga imirimo myinshi, harimo no gusana amato.
Mu gihe cya Pawulo, Korinto yari ifite abaturage bagera ku 400.000. Imigi yarushaga Korinto abaturage ni Roma, Alegizandiriya na Antiyokiya y’i Siriya. Mu mugi wa Korinto habaga Abagiriki, Abaroma, Abasiriya, Abanyegiputa, n’Abayahudi. Ku byambu byaho hahoraga urujya n’uruza rw’abagenzi, abazaga kureba imikino ngororamubiri, abanyabugeni, abahanga mu bya filozofiya, abacuruzi bakomeye n’abandi. Abo bashyitsi bajyanaga amaturo mu nsengero kandi bagatura ibitambo imana zaho. Ibyo byose byatumye Korinto iba umugi ukomeye kandi uhinda, ariko na yo byayigizeho ingaruka mbi.
Cya gitabo cyagize kiti “kuba Korinto yari hagati y’ibyo byambu byombi byatumye ihurirwamo n’abantu bo mu bihugu bitandukanye, maze yigana ingeso mbi z’ubwiyandarike zazanywe n’abanyamahanga babaga bafite amato muri ibyo byambu” (In the Steps of St. Paul). Abantu bo muri Aziya no mu Burayi barazaga bagahurira i Korinto, maze bagahuriza hamwe ingeso mbi zabo. Nguko uko abaturage b’i Korinto bataye umuco bakishora mu bikorwa by’urukozasoni, ku buryo uwo mugi ari wo warushaga ubwiyandarike indi migi yose yo mu Bugiriki bwa kera. Abantu bavugaga ko kubaho nk’Abakorinto cyangwa kuba Umukorinto byasobanuraga kwiyandarika.
Kuba Abakristo b’i Korinto bari bakikijwe n’abantu bari bafite ingeso yo gukunda ubutunzi n’ubwiyandarike, byagize ingaruka mbi ku mishyikirano bari bafitanye n’Imana. Abigishwa ba Yesu bo mu mugi wa Korinto bari bakeneye guhabwa umuburo wo gukomeza kuba abantu bemerwa n’Imana. Byari bikwiriye rero ko mu mabaruwa Pawulo yabandikiye yamaganira kure umururumba, ubwambuzi n’ibikorwa by’ubwiyandarike. Nusoma ayo mabaruwa yahumetswe, uzibonera ingeso mbi abo Bakristo bagombaga guhangana na zo.—1 Abakorinto 5:9, 10; 6:9-11, 18; 2 Abakorinto 7:1.
Icyakora, kuba Korinto yari ihuriro ry’abantu bo mu bihugu bitandukanye, byari bifite akamaro. Buri gihe muri uwo mugi habaga hadutse ibitekerezo bishya. Abawutuye babaga bajijutse kurusha abo mu yindi migi Pawulo yajyagamo. Hari umuntu utanga ibisobanuro kuri Bibiliya wagize ati “abantu bo mu Burasirazuba n’abo mu Burengerazuba bahuriraga muri uwo mugi wa kera wari wubatse ku byambu byo ku nyanja, maze bakageza ku bantu bo muri uwo mugi ibitekerezo bishya, za filozofiya ndetse n’imyizerere biturutse hirya no hino ku isi.” Ibyo rero byatumye abantu bihanganira ko habaho amadini menshi, kandi birumvikana ko ibyo ari byo byatumye Pawulo ahabwiriza bitamugoye.
Ibyambu bya Korinto byombi, ari byo Kenkireya na Léchée, byagize uruhare mu gutuma uwo mugi ukungahara kandi uramamara. Ibyo byambu ni na byo byatumye kuba i Korinto bigora Abakristo. No muri iki gihe ni ko bimeze. Ingeso mbi, urugero nko gukunda ubutunzi no kwiyandarika bishobora kwangiza imishyikirano umuntu afitanye na Yehova. Ni yo mpamvu natwe dukwiriye kwita ku nama zahumetswe Pawulo yagiriye Abakristo b’i Korinto.
[Agasanduku/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]
DIOLKOS: UBURYO BWO GUTWARA IBINTU MU NZIRA Y’UBUTAKA
Ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya karindwi Mbere ya Yesu, igihe imishinga yo gukora umuyoboro yari imaze kunanirana, Periander wayoboraga umugi wa Korinto yahimbye uburyo buhambaye bwo gutwara ibintu, babicishije mu nzira yambukiranyaga ubunigo bw’i Korinto. * Diolkos bisobanura “kwambutsa ukurura.” Diolkos wari umuhanda wanyuzwagamo ibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa byazaga mu bwato, byagera ku cyambu cya mbere bakabipakurura, bakabishyira mu bintu bimeze nk’ibisanduku bifite amapine, hanyuma abacakara bakagenda babikurura muri wa muhanda, bakabigeza ku kindi cyambu. Hari n’igihe bafataga amato mato arimo imizigo, na yo bakayakurura bakayambutsa bayanyujije muri uwo muhanda.
[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]
^ par. 29 Niba ushaka kumenya uko muri iki gihe i Korinto hakozwe umuyoboro, reba inkuru ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Umuyoboro w’i Korinto n’amateka yawo,” muri Réveillez-vous! yo ku itariki ya 22 Werurwe 1985 ku ipaji ya 25-27.
[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 25]
(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)
U BUGIRIKI
Ikigobe cya Korinto
Icyambu cya Léchée
Korinto ya kera
Kenkireya
Ubunigo bwa Korinto
Saronike
Peloponeze
INYANJA YA IONIE
Umwigimbakirwa wa Maleya
INYANJA YA EGÉE
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 25]
Amato atwaye ibicuruzwa aca mu Muyoboro wa Korinto muri iki gihe
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]
Icyambu cya Léchée
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]
Icyambu cya Kenkireya
[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 25 yavuye]
Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com