Ijambo ry’Imana ni rizima no mu rurimi rwapfuye

MU BINYEJANA bike bishize, nibura kimwe cya kabiri cy’indimi zivugwa ku isi zarapfuye. Bavuga ko ururimi rwapfuye iyo rutakivugwa na ba nyirarwo. Ni muri ubwo buryo Ikilatini gikunze kwitwa “ururimi rwapfuye,” nubwo kicyigwa n’abantu benshi kandi kikaba kigikoreshwa muri leta ya Vatikani.

Nanone kandi, zimwe muri Bibiliya za mbere zahinduwe mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini. Ese izo Bibiliya zahinduwe mu ndimi zitakivugwa zishobora kugira icyo zimarira abasomyi ba Bibiliya muri iki gihe? Amateka ashishikaje y’izo Bibiliya adufasha gusubiza icyo kibazo.

Bibiliya za kera kurusha izindi zahinduwe mu Kilatini

Ikilatini ni rwo rurimi rwa mbere rwavugwaga i Roma. Ariko igihe intumwa Pawulo yandikiraga Abakristo bo muri uwo mugi, yabandikiye mu Kigiriki. * Ibyo nta cyo byari bitwaye kubera ko abaturage baho bari basanzwe bavuga izo ndimi zombi. Kubera ko bamwe mu bantu bari batuye i Roma bakomokaga mu gice cya Aziya Ntoya cyakoreshaga ururimi rw’Ikigiriki, bavugaga ko uwo mugi wagendaga uhinduka nk’uw’Abagiriki. Indimi zavugwaga mu Bwami bwa Roma zari zitandukanye bitewe n’uturere zavugwagamo, ariko uko ubwo bwami bwagendaga bwaguka, ni ko Ikilatini cyagendaga kirushaho kuvugwa n’abantu benshi. Ibyo byatumye Ibyanditswe Byera bivanwa mu Kigiriki bihindurwa mu Kilatini. Uwo murimo ushobora kuba waratangiriye mu Majyaruguru ya Afurika, mu kinyejana cya kabiri.

Imyandiko itandukanye yakozwe ni yo yitwa Bibiliya y’Ikilatini cya Kera. Muri iki gihe ntiwabona inyandiko ya kera yandikishijwe intoki, irimo ubuhinduzi bwuzuye bw’Ibyanditswe mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini. Ibice bishobora kuboneka hamwe n’ibyasubiwemo n’abanditsi ba kera, bisa n’aho bigaragaza ko Bibiliya y’Ikilatini cya Kera itari umubumbe umwe. Ahubwo, ishobora kuba yarahinduwe n’abantu benshi, bakoreraga ahantu hatandukanye no mu bihe bitandukanye. Bityo rero, iyo Bibiliya ntigizwe n’umwandiko umwe, ahubwo biragaragara neza ko igizwe n’imyandiko itandukanye yahinduwe ivanywe mu Kigiriki igahurizwa hamwe.

Abantu bagiye bafata iya mbere bagahindura ibice bya Bibiliya mu Kilatini, bateye abantu urujijo. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kane, Augustin yatekerezaga ko “umuntu wese wabonye inyandiko y’Ikigiriki yandikishijwe intoki, akaba yumva afite ubumenyi kuri izo ndimi zombi, niyo bwaba buke, yageragezaga kuzihindura” mu Kilatini. Augustin n’abandi bantu batekerezaga ko mu gihe cyabo hariho Bibiliya nyinshi cyane zari zarahinduwe nabi.

Bibiliya ya Jerome

Jerome wajyaga akora akazi ko kuba umunyamabanga wa musenyeri w’i Roma witwaga Damase, mu mwaka wa 382, ni we wagerageje gukuraho urwo rujijo rwaterwaga n’ubuhinduzi bunyuranye. Uwo musenyeri yamusabye gusubiramo Amavanjiri yari mu Kilatini. Uwo murimo Jerome yawurangije mu gihe cy’imyaka mike cyane, hanyuma atangira gusubiramo ibindi bitabo bya Bibiliya byari byarahinduwe mu Kilatini.

Bibiliya yahinduwe na Jerome, ari na yo yaje kwitwa Vulgate, yari igizwe n’imyandiko yaturutse ahantu hatandukanye. Igihe Jerome yahinduraga igitabo cya Zaburi, yashingiye ubuhinduzi bwe kuri Bibiliya ya Septante. Septante ni Bibiliya  y’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikigiriki bw’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo bwarangiye mu kinyejana cya kabiri Mbere ya Yesu. Jerome yasubiyemo Amavanjiri, anahindura igice kinini cy’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo byari mu rurimi rw’Igiheburayo. Igice gisigaye cy’Ibyanditswe gishobora kuba cyarasubiwemo n’abandi bantu. Amaherezo, ibindi bice bya Bibiliya y’Ikilatini cya Kera byaje guhurizwa muri Vulgate yahinduwe na Jerome.

Mu mizo ya mbere, Bibiliya yahinduwe na Jerome ntiyakiriwe neza. Yemwe na Augustin yarayinenze. Ariko buhoro buhoro yaje guhabwa agaciro, ihinduka Bibiliya y’icyitegererezo muri Bibiliya zari zigizwe n’umubumbe umwe. Mu kinyejana cya munani n’icya cyenda, abantu b’intiti, urugero nka Alcuin na Theodulf batangiye gukosora amakosa y’imyandikire yari muri Bibiliya yahinduwe na Jerome kubera ko yari yarandukuwe kenshi. Abandi bagabanyije uwo mwandiko mo ibice, bituma gushaka imirongo y’Ibyanditswe birushaho koroha. Igihe bavumburaga uburyo bwo gucapa ibitabo bakoresheje inyuguti zikozwe mu twuma batondekaga, Bibiliya ya Jerome ni yo ya mbere yacapwe.

Mu Nama y’i Trente yabaye mu mwaka wa 1546, ni bwo Kiliziya Gatolika yahaye Bibiliya ya Jerome izina rya Vulgate. Muri iyo nama ni bwo batangaje ko iyo Bibiliya “yemewe,” bityo iba ibaye umwandiko Kiliziya Gatolika yashingiraho inyigisho zayo. Icyo gihe ni na bwo iyo nama yasabye ko iyo Bibiliya yasubirwamo. Uwo murimo wagombaga kugenzurwa na komite zihariye, ariko kubera ko Papa Sixte wa V yananiwe kwihangana ngo irangire, kandi akaba yari yifitemo akantu ko kwiyemera yumva ko  afite ubushobozi, yafashe umwanzuro wo kuyirangiriza. Papa Sixte wa V yapfuye mu mwaka wa 1590, ari bwo bagitangira kuyicapa. Bidatinze abakaridinari bahise bayamagana bavuga ko yuzuye amakosa, ndetse bareka kuyisohora.

Amaherezo mu mwaka wa 1592, igihe Kiliziya Gatolika yayoborwaga na Papa Clément wa VIII, hasohotse Bibiliya nshya yitiriwe Sixte na Clément. Iyo Bibiliya yamaze igihe ari yo yemewe muri Kiliziya Gatolika. Iyo Vulgate yitiriwe Sixte na Clément ni na yo abahinduzi baheragaho bahindura Bibiliya z’Abagatolika mu ndimi zitandukanye, urugero nka Bibiliya ya Antonio Martini yahinduwe mu Gitaliyani, ikarangira mu mwaka wa 1781.

Bibiliya y’Ikilatini yo muri iki gihe

Umurimo wo kujora imyandiko ya Bibiliya yandikishijwe intoki wakozwe mu kinyejana cya 20 wagaragaje ko Bibiliya ya Vulgate yari ikeneye gusubirwamo, kimwe n’izindi Bibiliya. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, mu mwaka wa 1965 Kiliziya Gatolika yashyizeho Komisiyo ya Vulgate Nshya kandi iyiha inshingano yo gusubiramo Bibiliya y’Ikilatini hakurikijwe ubumenyi bwari bugezweho. Iyo Bibiliya nshya ni yo yagombaga kujya ikoreshwa mu misa z’Abagatolika zisomwa mu Kilatini.

Igice cya mbere cy’ubwo buhinduzi bushya cyasohotse mu mwaka wa 1969, hanyuma mu mwaka 1979 Papa Yohana Pawulo wa II yemera Bibiliya yiswe Nova Vulgata. Iyabanje gusohoka yarimo izina ry’Imana, ari ryo Iahveh, ryabonekaga mu mirongo myinshi, urugero nko mu Kuva 3:15 no mu gice cya 6:3. Hanyuma nk’uko umwe mu bari bagize iyo komite yabivuze, abahinduzi ba Bibiliya yasohotse ubwa kabiri mu mwaka wa 1986, ‘bababajwe n’uko batinze gukuramo izina Iahveh ngo barisimbuze Dominus [‘Umwami’].’

Nk’uko mu binyejana byabanje abantu banenze Vulgate, Nova Vulgata na yo yaranenzwe, ndetse inengwa n’intiti z’Abagatolika. Nubwo abantu babanje kuvuga ko ari Bibiliya ihuriweho n’amadini menshi yiyita aya gikristo, hari abantu benshi babonaga ko  ishobora gushyamiranya ayo madini, cyane cyane kubera ko papa yari yaravuze ko ari yo abahinduzi bagomba gushingiraho bahindura Bibiliya mu ndimi zivugwa muri iki gihe, aho gushingira ku myandiko y’umwimerere. Mu Budage Nova Vulgata yateje amakimbirane hagati y’Abaporotesitanti n’Abagatolika igihe bashakaga guhindura Bibiliya bahuriyeho. Abaporotesitanti bashinjaga Abagatolika ko batsimbararaga ku gitekerezo cy’uko iyo Bibiliya nshya yagombaga kuba ihuje na Nova Vulgata.

Nubwo Ikilatini kitakivugwa cyane, Bibiliya y’Ikilatini yagiriye akamaro abasomyi babarirwa muri za miriyoni, byaba mu buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye. Yatumye amagambo akoreshwa mu madini anonosorwa mu ndimi nyinshi. Icyakora, Ijambo ry’Imana rikomeza kugira imbaraga, ururimi ryaba ryanditsemo rwose. Rihindura imibereho y’abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bagerageza gukora ibihuje n’inyigisho z’ingirakamaro zirikubiyemo.—Abaheburayo 4:12.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II yemeye Bibiliya yiswe Nova Vulgata. Iyabanje gusohoka yari irimo izina ry’Imana, ari ryo Iahveh

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 21]

BIBILIYA YAGIZE AKAMARO

Bibiliya y’Ikilatini cya Kera, yahinduwe ivanywe mu Kigiriki yari irimo amagambo menshi yagize akamaro. Rimwe muri yo ni ijambo ry’Ikigiriki di·a·theʹke ryahinduwemo Testamentum, bisobanura “isezerano” (2 Abakorinto 3:14). Kuba iryo jambo ryarahinduwe rityo, bituma n’ubu abantu benshi bakivuga ko Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo ari Isezerano rya Kera, naho Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bikaba Isezerano Rishya.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 23]

INYIGISHO YAGIWEHO IMPAKA

Mu mwaka wa 2001, Akanama ka Vatikani Gashinzwe Iyobokamana n’Itangwa ry’Amasakaramentu kasohoye amabwiriza arebana n’imihango yemewe ya Kiliziya Gatolika (Liturgiam authenticam). Ayo mabwiriza yari amaze imyaka ine yigwaho. Intiti nyinshi z’Abagatolika zamaganye ayo mabwiriza.

Ayo mabwiriza yavugaga ko Bibiliya yiswe Nova Vulgata ari yo abahinduzi bose bagombye guheraho bahindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi, kubera ko ari yo yemewe na Kiliziya, nubwo hari aho yagoretse ibivugwa mu myandiko ya kera y’umwimerere. Kugira ngo Bibiliya yemerwe n’abayobozi ba Kiliziya Gatolika, igomba kuba yarakurikije ayo mabwiriza. Ayo mabwiriza avuga ko muri Bibiliya zahinduwe n’Abagatolika, “izina ry’Imana ishoborabyose rigizwe n’inyuguti enye z’Igiheburayo zitwa tetaragaramu (YHWH),” ryagombye guhindurwa mu “rurimi urwo ari rwo rwose, rigasimbuzwa irindi zina rihuje ibisobanuro” na Dominus cyangwa “Umwami,” nk’uko ya Bibiliya yitwa Nova Vulgata yasohotse ubwa kabiri yabigenje, nubwo iya mbere yari yarakoresheje izina “Iahveh.” *

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]

Bibiliya y’ikilatini yahinduwe na alcuin, mu mwaka wa 800

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

From Paléographìe latine, by F. Steffens (www.archivi.beniculturali.it)

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]

“Vulgate” yo mu mwaka wa 1592, yitiriwe sixte na clement

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Kuva 3:15, muri bibiliya ya nova vulgata, yo mu wa 1979

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

© 2008 Libreria Editrice Vaticana