Uko batahuye ubutunzi bwo muri Bibiliya

MU BINYEJANA bishize, ibikoresho byo kwandikaho ntibyakundaga kuboneka nk’uko bimeze ubu. Ibice by’impu hamwe n’ibindi bintu bandikagaho, babyandikagaho incuro nyinshi. Iyo bashakaga kongera kubyandikaho, barabikubaga, bagasiba ibyabaga byanditseho batagikeneye, cyangwa bakabyoza, maze bakabihanaguraho wino. Hari n’igihe bahanaguraga imyandiko ya Bibiliya yabaga yanditse ku bice by’impu nziza cyane, kugira ngo bandikeho ibindi bintu.

Kodegisi ya Bibiliya y’ingenzi basibyeho ibyari byanditseho, ni iyitwa Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, iryo jambo rya nyuma (rescriptus) rikaba risobanura ikintu “bongeye kwandikaho.” Iyo kodegisi ifite akamaro cyane, kubera ko ari imwe mu nyandiko za kera zikiriho, zanditseho ibice bimwe na bimwe by’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki. Ibyo bituma iba imwe mu nyandiko ziringirwa kurusha izindi umuntu ashobora gushingiraho yemeza ko ibyo bice by’Ijambo ry’Imana ari ukuri.

Umwandiko w’Ibyanditswe wabanje kwandikwa kuri iyo kodegisi yo mu kinyejana cya gatanu, wasibwe mu kinyejana cya 12, maze bandikaho disikuru 38 zihinduwe mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki z’umuhanga w’Umunyasiriya witwa Ephraem. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 17, ni bwo intiti zabonye bwa mbere ko hari umwandiko wa Bibiliya utagaragara neza wari wanditse kuri iyo kodegisi. Mu gihe cy’imyaka runaka yakurikiyeho, bagiye bakora uko bashoboye kugira ngo bamenye uwo mwandiko wabanje kwandikwa kuri iyo kodegisi, kandi hari icyo bagezeho. Icyakora, kumenya ibyari byanditseho byose ntibyari byoroshye na gato, kubera ko wino bari barandikishije yari yarasibamye, bigatuma itagaragara neza. Nanone, amapaji y’iyo kodegisi yari yarangiritse. Uretse n’ibyo kandi, imyandiko yombi yari yanditseho yari yarivanze. Bafashe imiti bayishyira kuri iyo kodegisi, kugira ngo barebe ko uwo mwandiko wa Bibiliya wagaragara neza kandi barebe ko wasomeka, ariko ntibagira ikintu kigaragara bageraho. Bityo rero, intiti nyinshi zageze ku mwanzuro w’uko gutahura ibintu byose bari barasibye kuri iyo kodegisi, bitashobokaga.

Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1840, umuhanga mu  by’indimi w’Umudage witwaga Konstantin von Tischendorf, yiyemeje kwiga iyo kodegisi kugira ngo amenye ibyari byanditseho. Byamutwaye imyaka ibiri kugira ngo ashobore gutahura ibyari biri kuri iyo nyandiko. None se ni iki cyatumye Tischendorf ashobora ibyo abandi bari barananiwe?

Tischendorf yari azi neza Ikigiriki cyandikwa mu nyuguti nini z’icyapa. * Kubera ko yari afite amaso mazima, yashoboraga gushyira iyo kodegisi ku rumuri, bigatuma ashobora gusoma neza umwandiko wasibamye wari wanditseho. No muri iki gihe, abahanga bakoresha ibintu bibafasha kureba neza (infrarouge, ultraviolet, lumière polarisée), kugira ngo bashobore gusoma inyandiko nk’izo.

Tischendorf yashyize ahabona ibyo yakuye muri ya kodegisi (Codex Ephraemi) mu mwaka wa 1843 no mu mwaka wa 1845. Ibyo byatumye aba umuhanga uzwi cyane mu gusoma inyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki zo mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki.

Iyo kodegisi (Codex Ephraemi), ifite santimetero 31 kuri santimetero 23, kandi ni yo nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ya kera kurusha izindi, yanditse ku mapaji adakasemo inkingi. Mu mapaji 209 yashoboye kurokoka, agera ku 145 yanditseho ibitabo byose byo mu Byanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki, uretse urwandiko rwa kabiri rw’Abatesalonike n’urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Yohana. Andi mapaji yanditseho ibice bimwe na bimwe by’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo bihinduye mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki.

Muri iki gihe, iyo kodegisi ibitswe mu nzu y’ibitabo yo mu Bufaransa (Bibliothèque Nationale) iri i Paris. Aho iyo nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki yaturutse ntihazwi, ariko Tischendorf yakekaga ko yaturutse mu Misiri. Intiti zivuga ko iyo kodegisi (Codex Ephraemi) ari imwe mu nyandiko enye z’ingenzi za Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki zanditse mu nyuguti nini z’icyapa, izindi zisigaye akaba ari inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki yitiriwe umusozi wa Sinayi (Sinaitic), iyitiriwe umugi wa Alegizandiriya (Alexandrine) n’iyitiriwe umugi wa Vatikani (Vatican 1209), zose zikaba ari izo mu kinyejana cya kane n’icya gatanu.

Ubutumwa bukubiye mu Byanditswe Byera bwagiye burindwa mu buryo butangaje kandi bunyuranye, hakubiyemo n’ubwari buri ku mizingo yandikwagaho incuro zirenze imwe. Icyakora nubwo kuri iyo mizingo abantu badaha ibintu agaciro bagerageje gusibaho umwandiko wa Bibiliya, ubutumwa bwayo bwararokotse. Ibyo bituma turushaho kwibonera ko ibyo intumwa Petero yavuze ari ukuri, igihe yagiraga ati ‘ijambo rya Yehova rihoraho iteka ryose.’—1 Petero 1:25.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Imbonerahamwe/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 16]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, inyandiko y’ingenzi yanditsweho kenshi ariko ibyabanje kwandikaho bikaza gutahurwa na Tischendorf (1815-1874)

UMWANDIKO W’IBYANDITSWE WABANJE KWANDIKWAHO

DISIKURU ZO MU RURIMI RW’IKIGIRIKI ZANDITSWEHO NYUMA

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

© Bibliothèque nationale de France

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 17]

Codex Sinaiticus, yavumbuwe mu Nzu y’abihaye Imana ya St. Catherine

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 17]

Tischendorf