A5
Dzina la Mulungu MʼMalemba a Chigiriki
Akatswiri amaphunziro a Baibulo amavomereza kuti dzina la Mulungu, lolembedwa ndi zilembo 4 za Chiheberi (יהוה) limapezeka nthawi zokwana 7,000 mʼmipukutu yoyambirira ya Malemba a Chiheberi. Komabe ena amaona kuti dzinali silinkapezeka mʼmipukutu yoyambirira ya Malemba a Chigiriki. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, omasulira Mabaibulo a Chingelezi ambiri masiku ano, saikamo dzina lakuti Yehova akamamasulira Malemba amene amati ndi Chipangano Chatsopano. Ngakhale akamagwira mawu amene akuchokera mʼMalemba a Chiheberi omwe ali ndi zilembo 4 zoimira dzina la Mulungu, omasulira ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “Ambuye” mʼmalo mwa dzina lenileni la Mulungu.
Koma omasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la Malemba Opatulika, sanachite zimenezi. MʼBaibuloli, anabwezeretsa dzina lakuti Yehova ndipo limapezeka nthawi zokwana 237 mʼMalemba a Chigiriki. Pochita zimenezi, omasulira Baibuloli anaganizira mfundo ziwiri zofunika izi: (1) Mipukutu ya Chigiriki yomwe tili nayo masiku ano si mipukutu yoyambirira. Pa mipukutu masauzande ambiri yomwe ilipo masiku ano, yambiri inalembedwa patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 200 pambuyo pa mipukutu yoyambirira. (2) Pa nthawi imeneyi, anthu amene ankakopera mipukutu anachotsa dzina la Mulungu limene linkalembedwa ndi zilembo 4 za Chiheberi nʼkuikamo mawu a Chigiriki akuti Kyʹri·os, amene amatanthauza “Ambuye,” kapena ankakopera kuchokera mʼmipukutu yomwe dzinali linali litachotsedwamo kale.
Komiti Yomasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano inali ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti dzina la Mulungu limene linkalembedwa ndi zilembo 4 za Chiheberi linkapezekadi mʼmipukutu yoyambirira ya Chigiriki. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mfundo zotsatirazi:
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Mʼmipukutu ya Malemba a Chiheberi yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi ya Yesu ndi atumwi, munkapezeka dzina la Mulungu limene linkalembedwa ndi zilembo 4 za Chiheberi. Mʼmbuyomu, anthu ena ankatsutsa zimenezi. Koma popeza anthu apeza mipukutu ya Malemba a Chiheberi mʼdera la Qumran, yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi ya atumwi, panopa palibenso amene akukayikira zimenezi.
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Mu nthawi ya Yesu ndi atumwi ake, dzina la Mulungu limene linkalembedwa ndi zilembo 4 za Chiheberi linkapezekanso mʼmipukutu ya Chigiriki yomasulira Malemba a Chiheberi. Kwa zaka zambiri akatswiri a Baibulo ankaganiza kuti mʼBaibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint, lomasulira Malemba a Chiheberi, simunkapezeka dzina la Mulungu lakuti
Yehova. Kenako chapakati pa zaka za mʼma 1900, akatswiriwa anapeza zidutswa zakale za Baibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint lomwe linkagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi ya Yesu. Zidutswazi zinali ndi dzina la Mulungu limene analilemba ndi zilembo za Chiheberi. Choncho mu nthawi ya Yesu dzina la Mulungu linkapezekadi mʼmipukutu ya Chigiriki. Komabe pofika mʼzaka za mʼma 300 C.E., mipukutu yodziwika bwino ya Baibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint, monga la Codex Vaticanus ndi Codex Sinaiticus, simunkapezeka dzina la Mulungu kuyambira mʼbuku la Genesis mpaka Malaki (mʼmalo omwe linkapezeka mʼmipukutu yoyambirira). Choncho nʼzosadabwitsa kuti mipukutu imene inasungidwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mulibemo dzina la Mulungu mʼMalemba amene amati ndi Chipangano Chatsopano kapena Malemba a Chigiriki a mʼBaibulo.Yesu ananena momveka bwino kuti: “Ine ndabwera mʼdzina la Atate wanga.” Anatsindikanso kuti zonse zomwe ankachita, ankazichita “mʼdzina la Atate” wake
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Malemba a Chigiriki omwewo amafotokoza momveka bwino kuti nthawi zambiri Yesu ankatchula dzina la Mulungu ndiponso ankadziwitsa anthu ena za dzinali. (Yohane 17:6, 11, 12, 26) Yesu ananena momveka bwino kuti: “Ine ndabwera mʼdzina la Atate wanga.” Anatsindikanso kuti zonse zomwe ankachita, ankazichita “mʼdzina la Atate” wake.—Yohane 5:43; 10:25.
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Popeza kuti Malemba a Chigiriki ndi ouziridwa ngati mmene alili Malemba a Chiheberi, dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova linafunika lizipezekanso mʼMalemba a Chigirikiwo. Chapakati pa zaka za mʼma 100 C.E., wophunzira Yakobo anauza akulu a ku Yerusalemu kuti: “Sumiyoni wafotokoza bwino mmene Mulungu anacheukira anthu a mitundu ina kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuti pakati pawo atengepo anthu odziwika ndi dzina lake.” (Machitidwe 15:14) Ndiye zikanakhala zosamveka kuti Yakobo anene mawu amenewa, ngati pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe aliyense amene ankadziwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu.
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MʼMalemba a Chigiriki mulinso chidule cha dzina la Mulungu. Pa Chivumbulutso 19:1, 3, 4, 6, pali chidule cha dzina la Mulungu chomwe chikupezeka mʼmawu akuti “Aleluya.” Mawuwa akuchokera ku mawu a Chiheberi omwe amatanthauza kuti “Tamandani Ya.” Mawu akuti “Ya” ndi chidule cha dzina lakuti Yehova. Mayina ambiri a mʼMalemba a Chigiriki ndi ochokera pa dzina la Mulungu. Ndipotu mabuku ambiri amasonyezanso kuti dzina la Yesu, limatanthauza kuti “Yehova ndi Chipulumutso.”
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Mabuku oyambirira a Ayuda amasonyeza kuti Akhristu a Chiyuda ankagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu. Buku lina la malamulo a Ayuda lomwe anamaliza kulilemba cha mʼma 300 C.E., lotchedwa
Tosefta, limanena mawu otsatirawa pofotokoza za mabuku a Akhristu omwe ankawotchedwa pa tsiku la Sabata ndi anthu otsutsa Chikhristu: “Mabuku a anthu olengeza Uthenga Wabwino ndiponso mabuku a anthu otchedwa a minimu [anthu ena amaganiza kuti anthu amenewa anali Akhristu a Chiyuda] ankawotchedwa ndi moto. Ankapsera pamalo amene awapezerapo ndipo ankawasiya mpaka anyekere pompo moti mabuku onsewo pamodzi ndi masamba onse otchula Dzina la Mulungu ankapsera limodzi.” Buku lomweli limagwiranso mawu a Rabi Yosé wa ku Galileya, amene anakhalako chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za mʼma 100 C.E. Limati Rabiyo ananena kuti ngati tsiku limenelo si la Sabata, “tinkangochotsako masamba [a malemba a Chikhristu] amene ali ndi dzina la Mulungu ndipo ena onsewo ankawotchedwa.” -
Akatswiri ena a Baibulo amavomereza kuti nʼzomveka kunena kuti dzina la Mulungu linkapezeka mʼMalemba a Chigiriki omwe mawu ake akuchokera mʼMalemba a Chiheberi. Nʼzochititsa chidwi kuti pakamutu kakuti “Zilembo 4 Zoimira Dzina la Mulungu mu Chipangano Chatsopano,” buku lina lomasulira mawu limanena kuti: “Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti olemba mabuku a Chipangano Chatsopano, ankalemba zilembo 4 zoimira dzina la Mulungu, lakuti Yahweh, mʼmalemba onse a mʼChipangano Chatsopano amene mawu ake akuchokera mu Chipangano Chakale.” (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) Ndipo katswiri
wina wamaphunziro a Baibulo, dzina lake George Howard, anati: “Mʼpomveka kunena kuti olemba Chipangano Chatsopano, sankachotsa zilembo 4 zoimira dzina la Mulungu mʼMalemba amene akuchokera mu Chipangano Chakale. Tikutero chifukwa choti pa nthawiyo zilembo zimenezi zinkapezekabe mʼMabaibulo a Chigiriki [a Septuagint] omwe Akhristu ankagwiritsa ntchito.” -
Omasulira Baibulo odziwika bwino anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu mʼMalemba a Chigiriki. Ena mwa omasulira amenewa anachita zimenezi Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano lisanatuluke. Ena mwa Mabaibulo amene dzinali likupezekamo ndi awa: A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, la Herman Heinfetter (1863); The Emphatic Diaglott, la Benjamin Wilson (1864); The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, la George Barker Stevens (1898); St. Paulʼs Epistle to the Romans, la W. G. Rutherford (1900); ndi The New Testament Letters, la J.W.C. Wand, Bishopu wa ku London (1946). Kuwonjezera pamenepa, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za mʼma 1900, Pablo Besson anamasulira Baibulo mʼChisipanishi. MʼBaibuloli muli dzina lakuti “Yehova” pa Luka 2:15 ndi pa Yuda 14, ndiponso mawu amʼmunsi mʼmalo pafupifupi 100 osonyeza kuti palembalo pangaikidwenso dzina la Mulungu. Koma Mabaibulo amenewa asanamasuliridwe, Malemba a Chigiriki amene anawamasulira mʼChiheberi ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira mʼzaka za mʼma 1500 C.E, ankakhala ndi dzina la Mulungu mʼmalo ambiri. Mʼchilankhulo cha Chijeremani chokha, pafupifupi Mabaibulo 11 osiyanasiyana anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “Yehova” (kapena mawu a Chiheberi akuti “Yahweh”) mʼMalemba a Chigiriki. Koma omasulira ena 4 ankawonjezera dzinalo mʼmabulaketi akapeza dzina lakuti “Ambuye.” Mabaibulo oposa 70 omasuliridwa mʼChijeremani anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu mʼmawu amʼmunsi kapena mʼmawu ofotokozera.
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MʼMabaibulo a mʼzilankhulo zoposa 100 mumapezeka dzina la Mulungu mʼMalemba a Chigiriki. Zilankhulo zambiri za ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe ndi Pacific-islands zimagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu mʼMabaibulo awo. (Onani zina mwa zilankhulozi patsamba 2190 ndi 2191.) Omasulira ambiri anachita zimenezi pa zifukwa zimene zatchulidwa kale munkhani ino. Ena mwa Mabaibulo omasulira Malemba a Chigirikiwa ayamba kupezeka chaposachedwapa monga Baibulo la Chirotumani (1999), lomwe anagwiritsa ntchito dzina loti “Jihova” nthawi zokwana 51 mʼmavesi 48. Baibulo lina ndi la Chibataki (Chitoba) (1989) la ku Indonesia, lomwe anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “Jahowa” nthawi zokwana 110.
Choncho nʼzoonekeratu kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zobwezeretsera dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova mʼMalemba a Chigiriki. Izi nʼzimene omasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano anachita. Omasulirawo amalemekeza kwambiri dzina la Mulungu ndipo sanafune kuchotsa kalikonse pamawu omwe anali mʼmipukutu yoyambirira.—Chivumbulutso 22:18, 19.