Kodi Zamoyo Zimatiphunzitsa Chiyani?

“Tafunsira tsono kwa nyamazo, zidzakulangiza, ndi mbalame za m’mlengalenga, zidzakuuza; kapena ulankhule ndi dziko lapansi, lidzakulangiza; ndi nsomba za kunyanja, zidzakufotokozera.”—YOBU 12:7, 8.

M’ZAKA zaposachedwapa, asayansi ndi mainjiniya alola kuti zomera ndi zinyama ziwaphunzitse. Pakali pano, akuphunzira ndi kutsanzira kapangidwe ka zamoyo kuti athe kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi kukonzanso makina amene alipo kale kuti azigwira ntchito bwino. Mukamawerenga zitsanzo zotsatirazi, dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi ndani kwenikweni amene akufunika kulandira ulemu chifukwa chopanga zinthu zimenezi?’

Kuphunzira Kuchokera ku Zipsepse za Namgumi

Kodi anthu opanga ndege angaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku namgumi wa linunda pamsana? Zikuoneka kuti angaphunzire zambiri. Namgumi wamkulu wa linunda amalemera pafupifupi matani 30, chimodzimodzi ndi lole yodzadza katundu, ndipo ali ndi thupi lolimba ndithu lokhala ndi zipsepse zikuluzikulu zangati mapiko. Nyama yotalika mamita 12 imeneyi imayenda mwamsanga kwambiri m’madzi. Mwachitsanzo, namgumiyu akafuna kudya, akhoza kusambira mozungulirazungulira n’kumakwera m’mwamba ali pansi pa nkhanu kapena nsomba zomwe akufuna kuzidya, ndipo nthawi yonseyi amakhala akuuzira mpweya panja n’kumapanga thovu. Thovuli, limene limakhala ngati ukonde ndipo limakuta malo aang’ono ngati mita imodzi ndi theka, limakankhira nsomba kapena nkhanuzo pamwamba pa madzi. Kenaka namgumiyo amameza msangamsanga zakudya zakezi, zimene zimakhala zitayalidwa bwinobwino.

Zimene zinachititsa chidwi ochita kafukufuku zinali momwe nyama ya thupi lolimba ngati imeneyi imatembenukira itadzipinda kwambiri. Anatulukira kuti kapangidwe ka zipsepse za namgumiyo n’kamene kamamuchititsa zimenezi. Mphepete mwa zipsepsezo si mosalala, ngati mwa mapiko a ndege, koma ndi mwa manomano, mokhala ndi mzere wa timabamputimabampu.

Namgumiyo akamayenda mofulumira m’madzi, timabamputi timamuthandiza kukwera m’mwamba ndipo timachepetsa mphamvu ya madzi yomukokera m’mbuyo. Kodi zimenezi zimatheka bwanji? Magazini ya Natural History inafotokoza kuti timabamputi timachititsa madzi kuyenda mofulumira pamwamba pa chipsepsecho, mozungulirazungulira komanso mwadongosolo, ngakhale namgumiyo azikwera m’mwamba atapendekeka, thupi lake litachita kutsala pang’ono kuimirira. Chipsepsecho chikanakhala ndi m’mphepete mosalala, namgumiyo sakanatha kutembenuka atadzipinda choncho uku akukwera m’mwamba. Zikanakhala zosatheka chifukwa madziwo bwenzi akumangozungulira malo amodzi kumbuyo kwa chipsepsecho ndipo sibwenzi akumamukankhira namgumiyo m’mwamba.

Kodi zimene atulukirazi angazigwiritse ntchito yanji? Mapiko a ndege opangidwa motsanzira zimenezi angafunike zitsulo zochepa zothandizira kuti mphepo iziyenda bwino mozungulira mapikowo. Mapiko oterowo angakhale otetezeka bwino ndiponso osavuta kusamalira. Katswiri wina wodziwa bwino sayansi yopanga zinthu potsanzira zinthu zamoyo, dzina lake John Long, akukhulupirira kuti posachedwapa “tikhoza kudzaona kuti ndege zonse zili ndi mapiko a timabampu ngati ta zipsepse za namgumi wa linunda.”

Kutsanzira Mapiko a Mbalame

Timadziwa kale kuti mapiko a ndege amawapanga motsanzira mapiko a mbalame. Komano posachedwapa, mainjiniya ayamba kupeza njira zatsopano zotsanzira mapiko a mbalame. Magazini ya New Scientist inati “ochita kafukufuku pa yunivesite ya Florida, apanga ndege yatsopano yotha kuuluka popanda woiyendetsa, imene imatha kuuluka pamalo amodzi, kutsika mozondoka, ndi kukwera msangamsanga ngati mmene zimachitira mbalame [zinazake za kunyanja zokhala ngati akakowa].”

Mbalamezi zimauluka mochititsa kaso chonchi mwa kupinda mapiko awo pa chigongono ndi paphewa. Magaziniyi inati, potsanzira kapangidwe ka mapiko otha kupindika kameneka, “ndege yotalika masentimita 61 imeneyi ili ndi injini yaing’ono imene imakankha zitsulo zingapo zimene zimayenda ngati mapiko.” Mapiko opangidwa mwalusowa amachititsa ndege yaing’onoyo kuuluka pamalo amodzimodzi ndi kutsika pakati pa nyumba zitalizitali. Asilikali a ku United States akufunitsitsa kupanga ndege yotha kuuluka malo osiyanasiyana yoteroyo kuti aziigwiritsa ntchito pofufuzira zida zamankhwala za adani m’mizinda ikuluikulu.

Kutsanzira Mapazi a Nalimata

Palinso zinthu zambiri zimene anthu angaphunzire kuchokera ku nyama zapamtunda. Mwachitsanzo, buluzi wamng’ono wotchedwa nalimata amatha kukwera makoma ndi kumata kudenga chafufumimba. Kodi chinsinsi cha luso la nalimata lotha kumatirira zinthu osagwa, lagona pati?

Luso la nalimata lotha kumata ngakhale pa zinthu zosalala kwambiri ngati galasi, limabwera chifukwa choti ali ndi tinthu ting’onoting’ono tangati tsitsi kumapazi kwake. Mapazi akewo satulutsa zinthu zilizonse zomata ngati ulimbo. M’malo mwake, mphamvu yomatayi imabwera yokha mapazi ake akangogundana ndi chinthu china. Zinthu ziwiri zikagundana zimatulutsa mphamvu inayake yapadera imene imachititsa kuti zimatane. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi imakhala yamphamvu kuposa mphamvu yapaderayi. N’chifukwa chake simungathe kukwera khoma mwakungogunditsa manja anu pakhomapo. Komabe, tinthu ting’onoting’ono tangati tsitsi timene timakhala ku phazi kwa nalimata timachititsa kuti mphamvu imene imakhalapo mapaziwo akagundana ndi khoma ikhale yaikulu. Mphamvuyi, imene imakhala yaikulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tinthu tangati tsitsi tokhala kuphazi kwa nalimatayo, imakhala yaikulu kuposa kulemera kwa nalimatayo moti amatha kumata khomalo osagwa.

Kodi zimene atulukirazi angazigwiritse ntchito yanji? Zinthu zimene angapange zofanana ndi mapazi a nalimata angazigwiritse ntchito m’malo mwa zipi yamtundu winawake yomata, yomwenso anaipanga potsanzira zamoyo. * Magazini ya The Economist inalemba mawu amene ananena munthu wina wochita kafukufuku, amene anati zinthu zopangidwa ndi “tepi yomata ngati nalimata” zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri “ku chipatala, akakhala kuti sangathe kumata ndi zinthu zina zochita kupanga ku fakitale.”

Ndani Ayenera Kupatsidwa Ulemu?

Panopa bungwe lina lomwe limapanga zombo zopita ku mwezi lotchedwa National Aeronautics and Space Administration likupanga makina okhala ndi miyendo yambiri amene amayenda ngati chinkhanira, ndipo ku Finland mainjiniya apanga kale thalakitala ya miyendo sikisi imene imatha kukwera zinthu ngati mmene tizilombo tingachitire. Ochita kafukufuku ena apanga nsalu yokhala ndi tinthu tangati mamba, imene imatsanzira mmene zibalobalo za mtengo wa paini zimatsegukira ndi kutsekekera. Kampani ina yopanga magalimoto ikupanga galimoto imene imatsanzira thupi losalala la nsomba inayake yokhala ngati bokosi. Ndipo ochita kafukufuku ena akuyesa kumvetsa kapangidwe ka ziganamba za mtundu winawake wa nkhono zomwe zimatha kuteteza nkhonozo ku mabampu. Akuyesa kumvetsa zimenezi n’cholinga chopanga zida zopepuka koma zolimba zimene munthu amavala kuti ateteze thupi lake.

Pali luso lambirimbiri limene anthu anatsanzira zamoyo moti ochita kafukufuku analemba kale zitsanzo zokwana masauzande ambiri za zamoyo zimene iwo angatsanzire. Magazini ya The Economist inati asayansi akhoza kukawerenga za zitsanzo zimenezi kuti apeze “njira zotsanzira zamoyo zowathandiza kupanga zinthu zovuta.” Zitsanzo zimenezi akuzitcha “eni luso.” Nthawi zambiri, mwini luso amakhala munthu kapena kampani imene inalembetsa mwalamulo luso latsopano kapena makina atsopano. Pofotokoza zitsanzo zomwe tingatengereko luso zimenezi, magazini ya The Economist inati: “Potchula zitsanzo zimenezi kuti ndizo ‘eni luso,’ ochita kafukufukuwo akungogogomezera mfundo yoti nthawi zambiri luso limayambira ku zinthu zamoyo.”

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukira bwanji luso lonseli? Ochita kafukufuku ambiri anganene kuti zamoyo n’zopangidwa mwaluso chifukwa choti zakhala zikusinthika kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma ochita kafukufuku ena savomereza zimenezi. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zamoyo dzina lake Michael Behe analemba mu nyuzipepala ya The New York Times m’chaka cha 2005 kuti: “Kuchuluka kwa luso lochititsa kaso lopangira zinthu kumene timakuona [m’zamoyo] kumatifikitsa pa mfundo imodzi yosatsutsika: ngati chinthu chikuoneka, kuyenda, ndi kulira ngati bakha, ndiye kuti chinthucho ndi bakha, ngati palibe umboni wina wotsutsa zimenezo.” Kodi iye anamaliza bwanji? Anati: “Ngati mfundo yakuti zinthu zinapangidwa mwaluso n’njowonekeratu, palibe chifukwa chilichonse choitsutsira.”

Ndithudi injiniya amene wapanga mapiko a ndege otetezeka ndiponso ouluka bwino kwambiri angafunikire kulandira ulemu chifukwa cha luso lake. Chimodzimodzinso munthu amene angapange bandeji yotha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kapena nsalu yofewa bwino kwambiri, kapena galimoto yoyenda bwino kwambiri, angafunike kulandira ulemu chifukwa cha zinthu zimene wapangazo. Ndipotu, munthu wopanga zinthu amene wabera luso la munthu wina koma osapereka ulemu kwa mwini lusoyo amaonedwa kuti ndi wakuba.

Ochita kafukufuku ophunzira kwambiri amatha kupanga zinthu zovuta kwambiri potsanzira zamoyo, ngakhale kuti zinthu zomwe amapangazo zimakhala zotsikirapo poyerekezera ndi zamoyozo. Choncho kodi m’pomveka kwa inu kuti ochita kafukufukuwa azinena kuti zinthu zamoyozo, zomwe iwo anaberako luso, zinangosinthika mwangozi? Ngati chinthu chochita kukopera chimafuna munthu wanzeru woti achipange, kuli bwanji chinthu choyambiriracho? Ndipotu, kodi ndani amayenera kulandira ulemu wochuluka, mphunzitsi waluso kapena mwana wasukulu amene amatsanzira luso la mphunzitsiyo?

Mfundo Yoonekeratu

Ataona umboni wosonyeza kuti zamoyo zinapangidwa mwaluso, anthu ambiri oganiza amagwirizana ndi zimene ananena wamasalmo, yemwe analemba kuti: “Ntchito zanu zichulukadi, Yehova! Munazichita zonse mwanzeru; dziko lapansi lidzala nacho chuma chanu.” (Salmo 104:24) Wolemba Baibulo wina, Paulo, nayenso anafika pa mfundo yomweyo. Analemba kuti: “Pakuti chilengedwere dziko lapansi zaoneka bwino zosaoneka za [Mulungu] ndizo mphamvu yake yosatha ndi umulungu wake; popeza zazindikirika ndi zinthu zolengedwa.”—Aroma 1:19, 20.

Komabe, anthu ambiri oona mtima amene amalemekeza Baibulo ndipo amakhulupirira Mulungu anganene kuti Mulungu mwina anagwiritsa ntchito chisinthiko kuti alenge zinthu zamoyo zodabwitsa kwambiri. Koma kodi Baibulo limaphunzitsa chiyani pankhani imeneyi?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukira bwanji luso lonseli?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Kodi mwini luso limene lili m’zinthu zamoyo ndani?

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Ngati chinthu chochita kukopera chimafuna munthu wanzeru woti achipange, kuli bwanji chinthu choyambiriracho?

Ndege yotha kuuluka paliponse imeneyi imatsanzira mapiko a mbalame ina yakunyanja

Mapazi a buluzi wotchedwa nalimata sada, sasiya tizidindo, amamata paliponse kupatulapo pa zinthu zopangidwa mwapadera, ndipo amamata ndi kumatuka mosavuta. Ochita kafukufuku akuyesera kuwatsanzira

Kusalala ndi kulimba kwa nsomba yokhala ngati bokosiyi kunachititsa anthu kupanga galimoto yofanana nayo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/​University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 8]

ZAMOYO ZOYENDA MWANZERU

Zamoyo zambiri ndi “zanzeru” chifukwa zimatha kudziwa njira yoti zilowere zikamayenda pa dziko lapansi. (Miyambo 30:24, 25). Taganizirani zitsanzo ziwiri.

◼ Nyerere Zimayenda Mwadongosolo Kodi nyerere zikapita kofuna zakudya zimadziwa bwanji njira yoti zidzere pobwerera ku mauna awo? Ochita kafukufuku ku United Kingdom anatulukira kuti kuwonjezera pa kusiya fungo lawo, nyerere zina zimagwiritsa ntchito masamu kuti zithe kupanga njira zosavuta kutsatira pobwerera. Mwachitsanzo, magazini ya New Scientist inati mtundu wina wa nyerere “umapanga njira zimene potuluka ku unawo zimakumana ndi njira zina pa makona a madigiri 50 mpaka 60.” N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zochititsa chidwi? Nyerere ikamabwerera ku unako n’kufika pa kona, iyo mwachibadwa imatenga njira imene ikukhota pang’ono, osati imene ikukhota kwambiri, ndipo njira imeneyi ndi imene imakafikadi ku unako. Nkhaniyo inati: “Masamu amene nyerere zimatsatira popanga njira zamakona zotulukira ku una, amachititsa kuti nyerere zambiri zizitha kuyenda bwinobwino m’tinjira tawo, makamaka nyererezo zikamalowera mbali ziwiri zosiyana, ndipo zimachititsa kuti nyerere iliyonse isamawononge mphamvu zake chifukwa chosochera.”

◼ Mmene Mbalame Zimalondolera Njira Zawo Mbalame zambiri zimalondola njira zawo osasochera ngakhale pang’ono pa maulendo ataliatali mu nyengo zonse. Zimatha bwanji kuchita zimenezi? Ochita kafukufuku atulukira kuti mbalame zimatha kumva mphamvu ya dziko imene imasonyeza kuti kumpoto ndi kuti. Komabe, magazini yotchedwa Science inati, “mphamvu ya dziko yosonyeza kuti kumpoto ndi kuti imasinthasintha pa malo osiyanasiyana ndipo si nthawi zonse pamene imalozadi kumpoto kwenikweni.” Kodi n’chiyani chimathandiza mbalame kuti zisasochere zikakhala pa ulendo? Akuti mbalame mwina zimachuna matupi awo madzulo alionse dzuwa likamalowa kuti zidziwe kumpoto kwenikweni. Popeza malo amene dzuwa limalowera amasintha malinga ndi dera ndi nyengo, ochita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti mbalamezi zimatha kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku chifukwa “mwachibadwa, zili ndi nzeru zotha kudziwa nyengo imene zili,” inatero magazini ya Science.

Kodi ndani anaphunzitsa nyerere masamu? Ndani anapatsa mbalame nzeru zotha kudziwa kuti kumpoto ndi kuti, ndiponso kuti zili nyengo yanji, ndi ubongo wotha kuzindikira zinthu zimenezi bwinobwino? Kodi ndi chisinthiko chomwe chinangochitika mwangozi? Kapena ndi Mlengi wanzeru?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004