Baibulo Lakumana ndi Zambiri

Baibulo lakumana ndi mavuto ambiri koma n’zodabwitsa kuti silinawonongedwe kapena kusinthidwa. Linamalizidwa kulembedwa zaka zoposa 1,900 zapitazo. Ndipo linalembedwa pa zinthu zosachedwa kuwonongeka monga zikopa ndi mapepala a gumbwa. Linalembedwa m’zinenero zimene masiku ano anthu ochepa okha angawerenge. Komanso, anthu amphamvu, kuyambira mafumu mpaka atsogoleri a zipembedzo, achita chilichonse chomwe akanatha kuti Baibulo lisapezekenso.

KODI buku lapaderali ladutsa bwanji mavuto onsewa n’kukhala buku lotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse? Tiyeni tione zinthu ziwiri zomwe zachititsa kuti Baibulo likhalepobe.

Kukopera Baibulo Kwaliteteza

Aisiraeli, omwe ankasunga mipukutu yoyambirira ya Baibulo, ankateteza kwambiri mipukutuyo ndipo ankaikoperakopera. Mwachitsanzo, mafumu a Isiraeli anauzidwa kuti azilemba “chofanana cha chilamulo ichi m’buku, achitenge pa ichi chili pamaso pa ansembe Alevi.”—Deuteronomo 17:18.

Aisiraeli ambiri ankakonda kuwerenga Malemba chifukwa ankawaona kuti ndi Mawu a Mulungu. Choncho, alembi ophunzira bwino ndi amene ankagwira ntchito yokopera Malemba, ndipo ankaichita mosamala kwambiri. Baibulo limati, munthu wina woopa Mulungu, dzina lake Ezara, anali “mlembi waluntha m’chilamulo cha Mose, chimene Yehova Mulungu wa Isiraeli adachipereka.” (Ezara 7:6) Amasorete amene ankakopera Malemba Achiheberi, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chakale,” m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka 900 C.E. ankachita kuwerenga zilembo kuti asalakwitse chilichonse. Kukopera mosamala kotere kunathandiza kuti nkhani za m’Baibulo zikopedwe molondola ndiponso kuti Baibulo likhalepobe ngakhale kuti anthu odana nalo akhala akuyesetsa kuliwononga.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 168 B.C.E., wolamulira wa ku Suriya, Antiochus Wachinayi, anawononga mabuku onse a Malemba Achiheberi, omwe anapeza ku Palestina. Mbiri yakale ya Ayuda imati: “Mpukutu uliwonse wa chilamulo womwe anaupeza anaung’amba n’kuuwotcha.” Buku lina limati: “Asilikali amene analamulidwa kuchita zimenezi, anali anthu ouma mtima. . . . Munthu aliyense wopezeka ndi buku loyera . . . ankamupha.” (The Jewish Encyclopedia) Koma analephera kuwononga Mabaibulo onse moti Ayuda a ku Palestina ndi a ku mayiko ena ankapezekabe nawo.

Olemba Baibulo atangomaliza kulemba Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chatsopano,” makalata awo, nkhani zawo za ulosi, ndi nkhani zawo za mbiri yakale zinakopedwa kwambiri ndi kufalitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Yohane analemba uthenga wake wabwino ali ku Efeso kapena chapafupi ndi kumeneko. Koma, kachigawo kena ka uthenga wakewo, komwe akatswiri amati kanakopedwa patatha zaka pafupifupi 50 atalemba buku lake, kanapezedwa ku Iguputo, makilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera ku Efeso. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Akhristu akutali anali ndi mipukutu yokopedwa ya nkhani zouziridwa, zongolembedwa kumene.

Kufalitsidwa kwambiri kwa Mawu a Mulungu kunathandiza kuti akhalepobe ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri Khristu atafa. Mwachitsanzo, akuti kunja kutayamba kucha pa February 23, chaka cha 303 C.E., Mfumu ya Roma Diocletian anaonerera asilikali ake akumenyetsa zitseko za m’tchalitchi ndi kuwotcha mabuku a Malemba ochita kukopedwa. Diocletian ankaganiza kuti angathetse Chikhristu mwa kuwononga mabuku ake opatulika. Tsiku lotsatira, analamula kuti Mabaibulo onse amene anawapeza mu ufumu wa Roma awotchedwe poyera. Koma sanathe kuwononga Mabaibulo onse ndipo otsalawo anakopedwanso. Ndipotu, zigawo zazikulu za Mabaibulo awiri olembedwa m’Chigiriki, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zinakopedwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa chizunzo cha Diocletian, zilipobe mpaka lero. Chigawo chimodzi chili ku mzinda wa Rome, ndipo chinacho chili mu nyumba yaikulu yosungira mabuku mumzinda wa London, ku England.

Ngakhale kuti palibe mipukutu yoyambirira ya Baibulo imene yapezeka, mipukutu yambiri yochita kukopedwa ya Baibulo lathunthu kapena zigawo zake ilipobe mpaka pano. Ina ya mipukutuyo ndi yakale kwambiri. Koma kodi uthenga wa m’mipukutu yoyambirira unasinthidwa pokopera? Ponena za Malemba Achiheberi, katswiri wa maphunziro W. H. Green anati: “Tinganene mosakayikira kuti palibe buku lina lililonse lakale kwambiri limene lakopedwa molondola kuposa [Malemba Achiheberi] amenewa.” Ponena za Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, katswiri wotchuka wa Mabaibulo oyambirira, Sir Frederic Kenyon, analemba kuti: “Nthawi yomwe inadutsa pakati pa kulembedwa kwa Baibulo ndi kukopedwa kwa mipukutu imene ilipobe, inali yochepa kwambiri moti kukayikira kulikonse komwe kunalipo kuti Malemba sanakopedwe mmene analili kwatha. Tsopano, tinganene motsimikiza kuti mabuku a Chipangano Chatsopano ndi olondola ndiponso odalirika.” Ananenanso kuti: “Sitikukayikira kuti Baibulo silinasinthidwe. . . . Sitinganene zimenezi ndi buku lina lililonse lakale.”

Ntchito Yomasulira Baibulo

Chinthu china chimene chathandiza kwambiri kuti Baibulo likhale lotchuka padziko lonse n’choti limapezeka m’zinenero zambiri. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi cholinga cha Mulungu choti anthu a mitundu ndi zinenero zonse am’dziwe ndi kum’lambira mu “mzimu ndi choonadi.”—Yohane 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Baibulo loyambirira kumasulira Malemba Achiheberi linali la Septuagint, lomwe linali m’Chigiriki. Analimasulirira Ayuda olankhula Chigiriki amene ankakhala kunja kwa Palestina, ndipo linamalizidwa patatsala zaka pafupifupi 200 kuti Yesu ayambe utumiki wake padziko lapansi. Baibulo lonse, ngakhale Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, linamasuliridwa m’zinenero zambiri patangodutsa zaka mazana ochepa litamalizidwa. Koma mafumu ngakhale ansembe, amene anayenera kuchita zonse zimene akanatha kuti anthu onse akhale ndi Baibulo, anachita zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimenezi. Ansembe anayesetsa kuti nkhosa zawo zikhale mu mdima wauzimu mwa kuletsa kumasulira Mawu a Mulungu m’zinenero zimene anthu ambiri ankamva.

Kuti amasulire Baibulo m’zinenero zimene anthu ambiri ankamva, amuna ena olimba mtima anaphwanya malamulo a tchalitchi ndi boma, ndipo zimenezi zinaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1530, William Tyndale wa ku England, yemwe anaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Oxford, anamasulira mabuku asanu oyambirira a Malemba Achiheberi. Ngakhale kuti anatsutsidwa kwambiri, iye anali munthu woyamba kumasulira Baibulo kuchokera m’Chiheberi kupita m’Chingelezi. Tyndale anali womasulira woyamba wa ku England amene anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti Yehova. Pamene katswiri wina wa maphunziro a Baibulo, Casiodoro de Reina, ankamasulira Baibulo kupita m’Chisipanya, anthu achikatolika anafuna kumupha ndipo nthawi zonse moyo wake unali pangozi. Pamene ankamasulira Baibulo lakelo, iye anapita ku England, Germany, France, Holland, ndi Switzerland. *

Masiku ano, Baibulo likupitirizabe kumasuliridwa m’zinenero zina zambiri ndipo Mabaibulo ambiri akufalitsidwa. Kudutsa mavuto ambiri kwa Baibulo mpaka kukhala buku lotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse, kumasonyeza kuti zimene mtumwi Petulo ananena n’zoona. Iye anati: “Udzuwo umafota ndipo duwalo limathothoka, koma mawu a Yehova amakhala kosatha.”—1 Petulo 1:24, 25.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 14]

Ndiziwerenga Baibulo Liti?

Zinenero zambiri zili ndi Mabaibulo ambiri omasuliridwa mosiyanasiyana. Mabaibulo ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawu achikale ndi ovuta kumva. Mabaibulo ena, omasulira ake sanatsatire kwambiri Malemba oyambirira chifukwa chofuna kulemba zinthu zosavuta kumva m’malo moti alembe zinthu zolondola kwambiri. Enanso, anawamasulira motsatira kwambiri mawu a Malemba oyambirira.

Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la m’Chingelezi [New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures] lofalitsidwa ndi Mboni za Yehova linamasuliridwa kuchokera ku zinenero zoyambirira za Baibulo ndi gulu limene silinatchule mayina awo. Baibulo la Chingelezi limeneli lagwiritsidwa ntchito pomasulira Mabaibulo enanso mu zinenero pafupifupi 60. Koma omasulira m’zinenero zimenezi, anayerekezera kwambiri Mabaibulo awo ndi Malemba a m’zinenero zoyambirira kuti aone ngati akufanana. Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano limayesetsa kutsatira kwambiri Malemba a zinenero zoyambirira pokhapokha ngati sizingamveke. Omasulira Baibulo limeneli amayesetsa kulimasulira kuti lizimveka bwino monga mmene Baibulo loyambirira linkamvekera kalelo.

Akatswiri ena a zinenero afufuza kwambiri Mabaibulo a makono, ngakhalenso Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la Chingelezi, kuti apeze zinthu zolakwika kapena zinthu zimene zinasinthidwa kuti zikomere chikhulupiriro china chilichonse. Katswiri wina yemwe anachita kafukufuku ameneyu ndi Jason David BeDuhn, mphunzitsi wa zachipembedzo ku yunivesite ya Northern Arizona ku United States. Mu 2003, anafalitsa buku la masamba 200 lonena za Mabaibulo 8 omwe “ndi ofala kwambiri m’mayiko olankhula Chingelezi.” * Anafufuza malemba angapo amene ndi ovuta kuwamasulira chifukwa ndi malemba amene omasulira “akhoza kuwamasulira mokomera zikhulupiriro zawo.” Pamalemba onse amene anafufuza, anayerekezera Baibulo la Chigiriki ndi Mabaibulo a Chingeleziwo kuti aone ngati omasulira ake anayesa kusintha tanthauzo kuti zikomere zikhulupiriro zawo. Kodi anapeza zotani?

BeDuhn ananena kuti anthu ambiri ngakhale akatswiri a Baibulo, amaganiza kuti Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano limasiyana ndi Mabaibulo ena chifukwa chakuti amene analilemba anafuna likomere chikhulupiriro chawo. Koma iye anapeza kuti: “Baibulo la NW [Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano] nthawi zambiri limasiyana ndi Mabaibulo ena chifukwa chakuti, monga Baibulo lomasuliridwa motsatira kwambiri mawu a Malemba oyambirira, ndi lolondola kwambiri kuposa Mabaibulo enawo.” Ngakhale kuti mu Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano muli zinthu zina zimene BeDuhn sagwirizana nazo, iye ananena kuti Baibulo limeneli “ndi lolondola kuposa Mabaibulo onse amene anawayerekezera.” Ananena kuti Baibuloli “linamasuliridwa bwino kwambiri.”

Ponena za Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano, katswiri wina wa chinenero cha Chiheberi wa ku Israel, Dr. Benjamin Kedar, ananena zofanana ndi zimenezi. Mu 1989, iye anati: “Baibulo limeneli limasonyeza kuti olemba ake anayesetsa kwambiri kumvetsa ndi kumasulira molondola Malemba oyambirira. . . . Mu Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano, sindinapezemo zinthu zimene anazisintha n’cholinga choti zikomere chikhulupiriro chawo.”

Dzifunseni kuti: ‘Kodi ndikufuna kuwerenga Baibulo lotani? Kodi ndikufuna kuwerenga Baibulo losavuta kumva koma losalondola kwenikweni? Kapena kodi ndikufuna kuwerenga Baibulo limene limatsatira kwambiri Malemba ouziridwa oyambirira?’ (2 Petulo 1:20, 21) Mungasankhe Baibulo loti muwerenge mogwirizana ndi cholinga chanu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi]

“Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano” lili m’zinenero zambiri

[Chithunzi pamasamba 12, 13]

Mipukutu ya Amasorete

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Kachigawo ka mpukutu kokhala ndi mawu a pa Luka 12:7, akuti, “. . . musachite mantha; ndinu ofunika kwambiri kuposa mpheta zambiri”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin