Mosesi—Munhu Chaiye Here Kana Kuti Wokufungidzira?
Mosesi—Munhu Chaiye Here Kana Kuti Wokufungidzira?
MOSESI akaberekerwa mumumvuri worufu. Vanhu vake vaiva boka remhuri dzaingotama-tama avo vakanga vagara muIjipiti nababa vavo Jakobho, kana kuti Israeri, vachitiza nzara. Kwemakumi emakore vakanga vagarisana norugare nevavakidzani vavo vokuIjipiti. Asi zvinhu zvakabva zvachinja zvinotyisa. Mumwe mushumo wenhau unoremekedzwa unoti: “Zvino pa[Ijipiti] pakamuka mumwe mambo mutsva . . . Iye akati kuvanhu vake: Tarirai, vanhu ava, vana vaIsraeri, vanotipfuura isu pakuwanda nesimba; uyai ngativafungire zano, varege kuwandisa.” Zano racho raiva rei? Kuderedza uwandu hwevaIsraeri noku“vabatisa zvinorema” uye nokurayira vananyamukuta vechiHebheru kuuraya vana vose vechikomana vaiberekwa. (Eksodho 1:8-10, 13, 14) Kunyange zvakadaro, vaIsraeri vakaramba vachiwanda pamusana poushingi hwavananyamukuta vavo vakaramba kuteerera murayiro wacho. Nokudaro, mambo weIjipiti akati: “Vanakomana vose vanozoberekwa, muvakandire murwizi.”—Eksodho 1:22.
Mumwe murume nomudzimai wake, Amrami naJokebhedhi, “havana kutya murayiro wamambo.” (VaHebheru 11:23) Jokebhedhi akabereka mwanakomana uyo aizorondedzerwa achinzi “akanaka zvikuru mukuona kwaMwari.” * (Mabasa 7:20) Pamwe zvichida vakaziva kuti mwana uyu aive awana nyasha dzaMwari. Chero zvazvaive, vakaramba kuti mwana wavo aurayiwe. Vachiisa upenyu hwavo mungozi, vakasarudza kumuvanza.
Pashure pemwedzi mitatu, vabereki vaMosesi vakanga vasingachagoni kumuvanza. Vapererwa, vakaita chiito. Jokebhedhi akaisa mucheche wacho mutswanda yenhokwe ndokumusiya achiyangarara muRwizi rwaNire. Amai vake vaisaziva kuti vakanga vari kutotanga kumugadzirira kuzova munhu akakurumbira!—Eksodho 2:3, 4.
Zvakaitika Zvechokwadi Here?
Nyanzvi dzakawanda nhasi dzinoramba zviitiko izvi dzichiti ndezvokufungidzira. Magazini inonzi Christianity Today inoti, “Chokwadi ndechokuti, hapana kana uchapupu hwezvicherwa zvematongo hwakananga hwakawanikwa hunoratidza [makore] akambogara vana vaIsraeri muIjipiti.” Kunyange zvazvo pangasava nouchapupu hwakananga hwezvinhu zvinooneka, pane humwe uchapupu husina kunanga hunoratidza kuti nhoroondo yeBhaibheri ndeyechokwadi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Israel in Egypt, Egyptologist James K. Hoffmeier anoti: “Mashoko ezvicherwa zvematongo anoratidza pachena kuti Ijipiti yaigaroshanyirwa nevanhu vaibva kunyika dzeLevant [nyika dzakaganhurana nemabvazuva eMediterranean], zvikurukuru zvakonzerwa nezvinetso zvemamiriro okunze ayo aiguma nokusanaya kwemvura . . . Saka, kubva munenge muna 1800 kusvika muna 1540 B.C., Ijipiti yaiva nzvimbo yaifarirwa nevanhu vechiJudha vaibva kumadokero kweAsia zvokuti vaitamirako.”
Uyezve, zvave zvichizivikanwa kwenguva refu kuti rondedzero yeBhaibheri inotaura nezvouranda hwaiitwa muIjipiti yakarurama. Bhuku rinonzi Moses—A Life rinoti: “Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri yokudzvinyirirwa kwevaIsraeri inoita seinopupurirwa nomumwe mufananidzo uri paguva rokuIjipiti yekare unowanzobudiswa unonyatsoratidza kugadzirwa kwezvidhina zvevhu neboka revaranda.”
Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri yetswanda yakashandiswa naJokebhedhi inoratidza kuti ndeyechokwadi. Bhaibheri rinotaura kuti yaiva yakagadzirwa nenhokwe, idzo maererano neCommentary yaCook, “dzaiwanzoshandiswa nevaIjipiti pakugadzira magwa asingaremi uye anomhanya.”
Kunyange zvakadaro, hazvina kuoma here kudavira kuti mutungamiriri wenyika aizorayira kupondwa kwoutsinye kwevacheche? Imwe nyanzvi inonzi George Rawlinson inotiyeuchidza kuti: “Kupondwa kwevacheche . . . kwakaitika munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uye kwaionekwa sokusina basa.” Zvechokwadi, kunyange nhasi kune mienzaniso youtsinye hwakadaro yakawanda yokupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri ingaita seinovhiringidza, asi ndeyechokwadi zvikuru.
Kurerwa Somwana Womuimba yaFarao
Zvakaitika kumwana waJokebhedhi achiri mucheche hazvina kungoitika zvoga. “Akaigadzika [tswanda] pakati petsanga pamhenderekedzo dzorwizi.” Iyi zvichida yaiva nzvimbo yaaiziva kuti tswanda yacho yaizoonekwa. Zvichida iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yaigezera mwanasikana waFarao nguva dzose. *—Eksodho 2:2-4.
Tswanda yacho yakakurumidza kuonekwa. “[Mukunda waFarao] akaizarura, akaona mwana, mwana wechikomana, onei anochema. Akamunzwira ngoni, akati: Ndomumwe wavana vavaHebheru.” Mwanasikana wamambo weIjipiti akabva asarudza kumurera. Chero zita raakanga atanga kutumidzwa nevabereki vake rakakanganikwa. Nhasi anozivikanwa munyika yose nezita raakatumidzwa naamai vake vokurera—Mosesi. *—Eksodho 2:5-10.
Zvisinei, zvinodavirika here kufunga kuti mwanasikana wamambo weIjipiti aizochengeta mwana akadaro? Hungu, nokuti chitendero chevaIjipiti chaidzidzisa kuti mabasa omutsa aidiwa kuti munhu apinde denga. Kana zviri zvokurera mwana aisava wavo, mumwe mucheri wematongo anonzi Joyce Tyldesley anoti: “Vakadzi vechiIjipiti vaiva vakaenzana nevarume vechiIjipiti. Vaiva nekodzero dzomutemo nedzepfuma dzakafanana, pakungotaura, uye . . . vakadzi vaigona kurera vana vakanga vasiri vavo.” Rimwe gwaro renhokwe rekare rinotaura nezvevana vokurera rinototaura nezvomumwe mukadzi wechiIjipiti akarera vana vevaranda vake. Nezvokupinzwa basa kwenguva pfupi kwakaitwa amai vaMosesi kuti vamuyamwise, The Anchor Bible Dictionary rinoti: “Kubhadharwa kwaiitwa amai vakabereka Mosesi kuti vamuyamwise . . . kwakafanana nemiitiro inotaurwa muzvibvumirano zvokutora mwana wokurera zvokuMesopotamia.”
Sezvo akanga ava nomubereki wokurera, Mosesi aizovanzirwa dzinza rake rechiHebheru sechinhu chisingafadzi here? Mamwe mafirimu eHollywood akaita kuti zviratidzike saizvozvo. Magwaro haaratidzi kudaro. Hanzvadzi yake Miriami, nouchenjeri akaronga kuti Mosesi atarisirwe nokuyamwiswa naamai vake chaivo, Jokebhedhi. Hapana mubvunzo kuti mukadzi uyu aitya Mwari aisazovanzira mwanakomana wake chokwadi! Uye sezvo vana munguva dzekare vaiwanzoyamwiswa kwemakore anoverengeka, Jokebhedhi aiva nomukana wakakwana wokudzidzisa Mosesi nezva‘Mwari waAbhrahamu, Isaka, naJakobho.’ (Eksodho 3:6) Mavambo iwayo mune zvokunamata akabatsira Mosesi, nokuti pashure pokunge adzorerwa kumwanasikana waFarao, “Mosesi akadzidziswa muuchenjeri hwose hwevaIjipiti.” Zvakataurwa nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika Josephus zvokuti Mosesi akasvika pakuva mutungamiriri wemauto muhondo yakarwiwa neEtiopiya haana chinoatsigira. Zvisinei, Bhaibheri rinongoti Mosesi “akanga ane simba mumashoko ake nezviito.” *—Mabasa 7:22.
Paakanga ava nemakore 40, Mosesi zvichida akanga agadzirira kuva mutungamiriri akakurumbira weIjipiti. Aigona kuguma ava nesimba noupfumi dai akaramba ari mumhuri yaFarao. Chimwe chinhu chakabva chaitika chakachinja upenyu hwake.
Kupotera kuMidhiani
Rimwe zuva Mosesi “akaona mu[Ijipiti] achirova muHebheru, mumwe wehama dzake.” Kwemakore akawanda, zvinhu zvakanga zvakanakira Mosesi kuvaHebheru uye kuvaIjipiti. Asi achiona mumwe wake wechiIsraeri achirohwa—pamwe kuita seachafa—Mosesi akakurumidza kusarudza zvokuita. (Eksodho 2:11) “Akaramba kunzi mwanakomana womwanasikana waFarao, achisarudza kuitirwa zvakaipa pamwe chete nevanhu vaMwari.”—VaHebheru 11:24, 25.
Mosesi akakurumidza kuita chiito uye chakanga chisingachinjiki: “Akauraya mu[Ijipiti], akamuviga mujecha.” (Eksodho 2:12) Uku kwaisava kungoita kwomunhu “akanga ashatirwa zvikuru,” sokutaura kwakaita mumwe mutsoropodzi. Chingangove chaiva chiito chokutenda chipikirwa chaMwari chokuti aizonunura vaIsraeri kubva kuIjipiti kunyange zvazvo akanga akarasika. (Genesi 15:13, 14) Zvichida Mosesi nokusaziva aifunga kuti zvaakanga aita zvaizokurudzira vanhu vake kuti vamukire. (Mabasa 7:25) Zvisinei, zvichitoita kuti agumbuke, vamwe vake vaIsraeri vakaramba kutungamirirwa naye. Farao paakaziva nezvokuuraya kwacho, Mosesi aitofanira kunopotera kune imwe nyika. Akagara muMidhiani, achibva aroora mukadzi ainzi Zipora, mwanasikana womukuru wedzinza revanhu vaitama-tama ainzi Jetero.
Tariro yake yokuva mununuri zvayakanga yafa, kwemakore 40 airatidzika seakawanda, Mosesi akararama upenyu husingashamisiri somufudzi. Zvisinei, rimwe zuva akaenda nemakwai aJetero kune imwe nzvimbo pedyo neGomo reHorebhi. Ikoko, ngirozi yaJehovha yakazviratidza kuna Mosesi iri mugwenzi raipfuta. Fungidzira zvakaitika: “Budisa vanhu vangu, vana vaIsraeri mu[Ijipiti],” Mwari anorayira kudaro. Asi Mosesi wacho anopindura achizeza uye asina chivimbo. “Ini ndini aniko,” anoteterera kudaro, “kuti ndiende kuna Farao, ndibudise vana vaIsraeri mu[Ijipiti]?” Anotoratidza chimwe chinetso chaanacho icho vamwe vanogadzira mafirimu vasingaratidzi zvakarurama: Zviri pachena kuti ane chinetso chokundandama. Mosesi akasiyana kwazvo nemagamba ari mungano dzekare! Makore ake 40 okufudza akaita kuti murume uyu azvininipise uye ave munyoro. Kunyange zvazvo Mosesi asina chivimbo, Mwari ane chivimbo chokuti akakodzera kutungamiririra!—Eksodho 3:1–4:20.
Kununurwa muIjipiti
Mosesi anobva kuMidhiani uye anoenda pamberi paFarao, achirayira kuti vanhu vaMwari vasunungurwe. Mambo wacho akaoma musoro paanoramba, matambudziko gumi anoparadza anodururwa. Dambudziko rechigumi rinouraya matangwe eIjipiti, uye Farao akundwa anozosunungura vaIsraeri.—Eksodho, zvitsauko 5-13.
Zviitiko izvi zvinozivikanwa kwazvo nevaverengi vakawanda. Asi pane chimwe chazvo chakaitika zvechokwadi here? Vamwe vanoti sezvo Farao wacho asingataurwi nezita, nhoroondo yacho inofanira kunge iri yokufungidzira. * Zvisinei, Hoffmeier, ane mashoko ambotaurwa, anoti vanyori vokuIjipiti vaiwanzosiya nemaune mazita evavengi vaFarao. Anoti: “Chokwadi vanyori venhau dzakaitika havangarambi kuti hondo yaThutmose III paMegidho yakaitika zvechokwadi nokuti mazita emadzimambo eKadheshi neMegidho haana kunyorwa.” Hoffmeier anoti Farao haataurwi nezita pamusana “pezvikonzero zvakanaka zvechitendero.” Chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti nokusataura Farao nezita nhoroondo yacho inoita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvaMwari, kwete Farao.
Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropodzi vanoramba pfungwa yokuti vaJudha vakabuda muIjipiti vakawanda. Imwe nyanzvi inonzi Homer W. Smith inoti kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda kudaro “kungadai kwakazivikanwa chaizvo munhoroondo yeIjipiti kana kuti yeSiria . . . Zvingangodaro kuti ngano yokubuda kwevaIsraeri muIjipiti inhoroondo isina kururama uye yokufungidzira yokutiza kuIjipiti kuenda kuParesitina kwevanhu vashomanana.”
Ichokwadi kuti hapana mashoko akanyorwa muIjipiti anotaura nezvechiitiko ichi akawanikwa. Asi vaIjipiti vakanga vasingamboregi kuchinja nhau kana chokwadi chacho chaivanyadzisa kana kuti chaipesana nezvirongwa zvavo zvematongerwe enyika. Thutmose III paakatanga kutonga, akaedza kuita kuti vanhu vasayeuke mambo waakatsiva, Hatshepsut. Imwe nyanzvi inoziva nezvezvakaitika kare muIjipiti John Ray inoti: “Zvakanyorwa nezvake zvakadzimwa, shongwe dzake dzakatenderedzwa norusvingo, uye mifananidzo yake yakakanganwika. Zita rake harimo munyaya dzezvakaitika kare dzakazonyorwa pave paya.” Kuedza kuchinja kana kuti kuviga chokwadi chinonyadzisa kwakafanana kwakatoitika munguva dzazvino.
Kana kuri kushayikwa kwouchapupu hwokuchera matongo pamusoro pokumbogara murenje, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti vaJudha vaitama-tama. Vaisavaka maguta; vaisarima zvirimwa. Hatingafungidziri kuti pangave nezvizhinji zvavakasiya kunze kwetsoka dzokuratidza kuti vakapfuura napo. Kunyange zvakadaro, uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti vakapfuura nemo hunogona kuwanikwa muBhaibheri pacharo. Nyaya iyi inotaurwa mubhuku dzvene iroro rose. (1 Samueri 4:8; Pisarema 78; Pisarema 95; Pisarema 106; 1 VaKorinde 10:1-5) Sezviri pachena, Jesu Kristu akapupurirawo kuti zviitiko zvomurenje zvakaitika.—Johani 3:14.
Saka, pasina mubvunzo, nhoroondo yeBhaibheri pamusoro paMosesi inodavirika, ndeyechokwadi. Zvisinei, iye akararama kare kare. Mosesi angachinja sei upenyu hwako nhasi?
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
^ ndima 3 Zvinoreva, kuti “akanaka kuna Mwari.” Maererano neThe Expositor’s Bible Commentary, mashoko acho angareva kwete kunaka kwechimiro chokunze asi “zvakaita mwoyo wake.”
^ ndima 11 Kugezera murwizi rwaNire “yaiva tsika yakajairika muIjipiti yekare,” inodaro Commentary yaCook. “Rwizi rwaNire rwainamatwa ruchinzi rwakabva . . . kuna Osiris, uye rwaiva rwakasiyana pakuti rwaiva nemvura dzine simba rokupa upenyu nokuberekesa.”
^ ndima 12 Zvinoreva zita iri mumutauro warakabva inhau ichiri kuitiranwa nharo nenyanzvi. MuchiHebheru, Mosesi zvinoreva kuti “Kunyururwa; Kununurwa Mumvura.” Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Flavius Josephus akati zita rokuti Mosesi rakabva pamashoko maviri echiIjipiti anoreva “mvura” uye “kununurwa.” Nhasi, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavirawo kuti zita rokuti Mosesi nderechiIjipiti asi dzinofunga kuti pamwe rinoreva “Mwanakomana.” Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi, inobva pamataurirwo akafanana anoitwa shoko rokuti “Mosesi” nemamwe mazita echiIjipiti. Sezvo pasina munhu anonyatsoziva mataurirwo aiitwa chiHebheru kana chiIjipiti chekare, dzidziso dzakadaro ndedzokufungidzira.
^ ndima 14 Bhuku rinonzi Israel in Egypt rinoti: “Pfungwa yose yokuti Mosesi akarerwa mumuzinda wamambo weIjipiti inenge ngano. Asi kunyatsoongorora muzinda wamambo munguva inenge ya1550 kusvika muna 1070 B.C.E. kunoratidza zvakasiyana. Thutmose III . . . akatanga muitiro wokuunza kuIjipiti vanakomana vemadzimambo ainge akundwa okumadokero kweAsia kuti vadzidziswe tsika dzechiIjipiti . . . Saka, vanakomana nevanasikana vemadzimambo edzimwe nyika vaiwanika zvikuru mumuzinda wamambo weIjipiti.”
^ ndima 22 Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti Farao wepanguva yoKubuda kwevaIsraeri muIjipiti aiva Thutmose III. Vamwe vanoti aiva Amenhotep II, Ramses II, zvichingodaro. Pamusana pokuverenga nguva kwevaIjipiti kunovhiringidza, hazvibviri kuziva kuti Farao uyu aiva ani chaizvo.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]
Kununurwa kwaMosesi—Ingano Yechihedheni Here?
Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nyaya yokununurwa kwaMosesi muRwizi rwaNire yakafanana nengano yekare yaMambo Sagoni weAkadhi zvokuti munhu anganyumwa—nyaya inonzi nevamwe yakaitika kare kare yaMosesi isati yaitika. Inotaurawo nezvorusvava rwaiva mutswanda rwakanunurwa murwizi.
Zvisinei, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaitika kare zvakangofanana. Zvinobvira kuti kuisa rusvava murwizi kwakanga kuri chinhu chakajairika kusiyana nokuratidzika kwazvingaita. Magazini inonzi Biblical Archaeology Review inoti: “Tinofanira kuziva kuti vaBhabhironi nevaIjipiti vanogara pedyo nenzizi uye kuisa mucheche mutswanda isingapindi mvura kungava nzira iri nani yokurasa nayo rusvava pane kururasira pamurwi wemarara, izvo zvaiwanzoitwa. . . . Nyaya yorusvava rwakanhongwa, rukazova munhu akakurumbira ingadaro ichidzokororwa mungano, asi izvozvo zvakadaro nokuti inyaya inoitika kakawanda muupenyu chaihwo.”
Mubhuku rake rinonzi Exploring Exodus, Nahum M. Sarna anotaura kuti kunyange zvazvo dzakafanana mune zvimwe, nyaya yokuberekwa kwaMosesi yakasiyana ne“Ngano yaSagoni” mu“zvinhu zvikuru zvakawanda.” Saka kutaura kuti nhoroondo yeBhaibheri yakabva mungano yechihedheni hakudaviriki.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 24, 25]
Ndiani Akanyora “Mabhuku aMosesi”?
Kubvira kare, zvinonzi Mosesi ndiye akanyora mabhuku mashanu eBhaibheri okutanga. Mosesi angave akawana mamwe emashoko ake kubva kumabhuku enhoroondo dzakaitika kare. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vakawanda vanodavira kuti Mosesi haana kumbobvira anyora mabhuku mashanu eBhaibheri okutanga. “Saka zvakajeka chaizvo kudarika zuva rakacheka nyika kuti mabhuku mashanu eBhaibheri okutanga haana kunyorwa naMosesi,” akadaro mumwe muzivi womuzana remakore rechi17 anonzi Spinoza. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, imwe nyanzvi yokuGermany inonzi Julius Wellhausen yakasimudzira dzidziso ye“mabhuku akawanda”—kuti mabhuku aMosesi mubatanidzwa wemabhuku evanyori vanoverengeka kana kuti zvikwata zvevanyori.
Wellhausen akataura kuti mumwe munyori ndiye akashandisa zita raMwari chairo nguva dzose, rokuti Jehovha, uye nokudaro anonzi J. Uye mumwe anonzi E, aitaura Mwari achiti “Elohim.” Mumwe anonzi P, zvinofungidzirwa kuti akanyora bumbiro remitemo yevapristi riri muna Revhitiko, uye mumwezve, anonzi D, anofungidzirwa kuti akanyora Dheuteronomio. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzakabvuma dzidziso iyi kwemakumi akawanda emakore, bhuku rinonzi The Pentateuch, rakanyorwa naJoseph Blenkinsopp, rinoti dzidziso yokufungidzira yaWellhausen idzidziso “iri pangwavaira.”
Bhuku rinonzi Introduction to the Bible, rakanyorwa naJohn Laux, rinotsanangura kuti: “Dzidziso yeMabhuku Akawanda inobva mumashoko okufungidzira ayo angave epfungwa dzomunhu kana kuti enhema chaidzo. . . . Dai Dzidziso yeMabhuku Akawanda yokunyanyisa iyi yaiva yechokwadi, zvaizoreva kuti vaIsraeri vakanyengerwa zvakakomba pavakabvuma kurarama pasi pomutoro unorema woMutemo wavakapiwa. Hwaizodai hwakava unyengeri ukuru pane hwose hwati hwamboitwa panyika.”
Zvimwe zvinotaurwa ndezvokuti kusiyana kwemanyorerwe emabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri uchapupu hwokuti akanyorwa nevanyori vakawanda. Zvisinei, K. A. Kitchen mubhuku rake rinonzi Ancient Orient and Old Testament anoti: “Kusiyana kwemanyorero hakuna zvakunoreva, uye kunoratidza kusiyana kwenhau inenge ichitaurwa.” Kusiyanisa kwemanyorero kwakadaro kunogonawo kuwanikwa “mumagwaro ekare ayo anonyatsozivikanwa kuti akanyorwa nomunyori mumwe.”
Kutaura kuti kushandisa mazita akasiyana-siyana okuremekedza kureva Mwari uchapupu hwevanyori vakawanda hachisi chikonzero chinonzwika. Mune chimwe chikamu chiduku chebhuku raGenesi, Mwari anonzi “Mwari Wokudenga-denga,” “Muridzi wokudenga napasi,” “Ishe Jehovha,” “Mwari unoona,” “Mwari Wamasimbaose,” “Mwari,” ‘Mwari wechokwadi,’ uye “Mutongi wenyika yose.” (Genesi 14:18, 19; 15:2; 16:13; 17:1, 3, 18; 18:25) Ndima idzi dzeBhaibheri dzakanyorwa nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana here? Kana kuti zvakadini nepana Genesi 28:13, apo mashoko okuti “Elohim” (Mwari) uye “Jehovha” anoshandiswa pamwe chete? Vanyori vaviri vakabatana kuti vanyore ndima imwe chete iyoyo here?
Kushandisa pfungwa iyi pamabhuku emazuva ano ndiko kunonyatsoratidza kuti ichi hachisi chikonzero chinonzwika. Mune rimwe bhuku rakabudiswa munguva ichangopfuura iyi richitaura nezveHondo Yenyika II, mutungamiriri weGermany anonzi Führer,” “Adolf Hitler,” uye mumapeji mashomanana anotevera anongonzi “Hitler.” Pane munhu angati uhwu uchapupu hwevanyori vatatu here?
Kunyange zvakadaro, marudzi akasiyana-siyana edzidziso dzaWellhausen ari kuramba achiwedzera. Pakati padzo pane imwe dzidziso yakamutswa nenyanzvi mbiri nezvomunyori anonzi J. Havangorambi kuti aiva Mosesi chete asi vanotiwo “J aiva mukadzi.”
[Mufananidzo]
Nokuzvininipisa Mosesi akanyora kutadza kwaakaita kupa mbiri kuna Mwari
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Mufananidzo uri paguva rokuIjipiti unoratidza varanda vachikanya zvidhina
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY