Kubudirira uye Kukundikana Kurwisa Zvirwere

MUSI waAugust 5, 1942, Dr. Alexander Fleming akaziva kuti mumwe wevarwere vake, shamwari yake, akanga ava kufa. Murume wacho aiva nemakore 52 akanga abatwa nechirwere chemeningitis yomuzongoza, uye pasinei nezvose zvakaitwa naFleming, shamwari yake yakanga yangoti rabada seyakafa.

Makore gumi nemashanu akanga apfuura, zvakangoitikawo kuti Fleming akanga awana zvinhu zvinobudiswa nefungus yebhuruu yakada kuita girini. Akati zvinhu izvi zvainzi penicillin. Akacherechedza kuti zvaiva nesimba rokuuraya mabhakitiriya; asi akanga asingagoni kuita kuti penicillin chaiyo chaiyo ive payo yoga, uye akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona chete. Zvisinei, muna 1938, Howard Florey neboka rake revatsvakurudzi repaOxford University vakatsunga kugadzira mushonga wakawanda waikwana kuti uedzwe pavanhu. Fleming akaridzira Florey runhare, uyo akati aizotumira penicillin yose yaaiva nayo. Wakanga uri mukana wokupedzisira waFleming wokuti aponese shamwari yake.

Kubaya jekiseni repenicillin nomutsandanyama hakuna kushanda zvakakwana, saka Fleming akabaya jekiseni racho zvakananga mumuzongoza weshamwari yake. Penicillin yacho yakauraya utachiona hwacho; uye vhiki imwe chete ichangopera, murwere waFleming akabuda muchipatara anyatsopora. Nguva yokugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakanga yatanga, uye yakanga yava fambiro mberi itsva yokurwisa kwevanhu zvirwere.

Nguva Yokugadzirwa Kwemishonga Inorwisa Mabhakitiriya

Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya payakatanga kuvapo, yairatidzika seinoshamisa. Kusvikira zvino zvirwere zvakanga zvisingarapiki zvaikonzerwa nemabhakitiriya, fungi, kana mamwe majemusi zvakanga zvava kugona kunyatsorapwa. Nemhaka yemishonga mitsva yacho, nzufu dzaikonzerwa nemeningitis, mabayo, uye fivha yakakomba dzakaderera zvikuru. Zvirwere zvaimbouraya zvaitapukira munhu ari muchipatara zvakarapwa mumazuva mashomanana.

Kubvira panguva yaFleming, vatsvakurudzi vakatanga kugadzira mimwezve mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye vari kuramba vachitsvaka mitsva. Mumakore 60 apfuura, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yava chombo chinokosha pakurwisa zvirwere. Dai George Washington anga ari mupenyu nhasi, hapana mubvunzo kuti vanachiremba vaizorapa pahuro paimurwadza nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye pamwe angadai akapora muvhiki imwe chete kana kupfuura. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakatibatsira tose zvedu kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, zvava pachena kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ine zvainovhiringidzawo.

Kurapa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya hakushandi pazvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi, zvakadai seAIDS kana kuti furuwenza. Uyezve, miviri yevamwe vanhu haipindirani nemimwe mishonga  inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Uye mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya akawanda ingaurayawo mamwe anobatsira ari mumiviri yedu. Zvichida chimwe chinetso chikuru chiripo nokushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ndechokuti anogona kushandiswa zvinopfuura mwero kana kuti kusashandiswa zvakakwana.

Kusashandisa zvakakwana kunoitika varwere pavanorega kupedza mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yavanenge vanzi vashandise, zvichida nokuti vanenge vava kunzwa zviri nani kana kuti vanenge vatora nguva refu vachinwa mushonga wacho. Saka, mushonga wacho ungasauraya mabhakitiriya ose anokuvadza, zvichiita kuti mamwe anenge asina kufa arambe achiwedzera. Izvi zvakaitika kakawanda kune vairapwa tibhii.

Vanachiremba nevarimi vave vane mhosva yokushandisa mishonga mitsva iyi zvinopfuura mwero. “MuUnited States vanhu vanowanzopiwa mishonga inouraya mabhakitiriya pazvinenge zvisina kukodzera, uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda inopiwa munhu wose wose,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku rinonzi Man and Microbes. “Yave ichipiwa yakawanda kuzvipfuwo, kwete kuti irape zvirwere asi kuti izvibatsire kukura; ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chinoita kuti mabhakitiriya asingaurayiwi nemishonga awedzere.” Bhuku racho rinonyevera kuti mugumisiro wacho ndewokuti,  “tingadaro tava kupererwa nemishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya.”

Asi kunze kwokunetseka nezvemabhakitiriya asingaurayiwi nemishonga, chikamu chechipiri chezana rokutanga remakore chaiva nguva yokubudirira mune zvokurapa. Vatsvakurudzi vezvokurapa vaiita sokunge kuti vaikwanisa kuwana mishonga yokurwisa chirwere chero chipi zvacho. Uye majekiseni okudzivirira akatoita kuti pave netarisiro yokudzivirirwa pazvirwere.

Kukunda Kwesayenzi Yokurapa

“Kubaya majekiseni anodzivirira zvirwere kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru munhau yevanhu,” wakadaro mushumo weThe World Health Report 1999. Mamiriyoni evanhu akatorarama nemhaka yokushandiswa kwakaitwa majekiseni anodzivirira zvirwere munyika yose. Purogiramu yomunyika yose yokubaya vanhu majekiseni anodzivirira zvirwere yakapedza chibhokisi—chirwere chinouraya chakapedza vanhu vakawanda kupfuura hondo dzose dzomuzana remakore rechi20 dzabatanidzwa—uye purogiramu yakafananawo yakapedza poriyo. (Ona bhokisi rinoti, “Kukunda Chibhokisi uye Poriyo.”) Iye zvino vana vakawanda vanobayiwa majekiseni kuti vadzivirirwe pazvirwere zvakawanda zvinouraya.

Zvimwe zvirwere zvakaderedzwawo nokushandisa nzira dzisina kunyanya kukurumbira. Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemvura inenge iine utachiona, zvakadai sekorera hazviwanzowaniki kunzvimbo dzine mvura yakachena uye dzine zvinhu zvinodiwa kuchengetedza utsanana. Munyika dzakawanda kuwana mikana yokuenda kuna vanachiremba uye kuzvipatara kunorapwa kunoita kuti zvirwere zvizivikanwe uye zvirapwe zvisati zvauraya vanhu. Zvokudya zvakanaka uye kugara pakanaka, pamwe chete nokudzikwa kwemitemo ine chokuita nokubikwa uye kuchengetwa kwezvokudya, zvakabatsirawo kuti utano hwevanhu huite nani.

Pashure pokunge vasayendisiti vaziva chaikonzera zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa, vanoona nezvoutano vaigona kutora matanho anoshanda kuti vamise chirwere chinenge chava kuda kupararira. Funga nezvomuenzaniso uyu. Denda rebubonic muSan Francisco muna 1907 rakauraya vanhu vashomanana nokuti guta racho rakatanga chirongwa chokuuraya makonzo aiva nenhata dzaiparadzira chirwere chacho. Ukuwo, kutanga muna 1896, chirwere chimwe chete ichi chakanga chauraya vanhu mamiriyoni gumi muIndia mumakore 12 nokuti zvakanga zvisati zvazivikanwa kuti chainyatsokonzerwa nei.

Kukundikana Kurwisa Zvirwere

Zviri pachena kuti pane hondo dzinokosha dzakakundwa. Asi zvimwe zvirwere zvakangokurirwa munyika dzakapfuma chete. Zvirwere zvinorapika zvichiri kuuraya mamiriyoni evanhu, nemhaka bedzi yokushayiwa mari. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira vanhu vakawanda havana zvinhu zvinodiwa kuchengetedza utsanana, zvipatara, uye havawani mvura yakachena. Kuita kuti vanhu vawane zvinhu izvi zvinodiwa kwave kwakaoma nemhaka yevanhu vakawanda vanotama vachibva kumaruwa vachienda kumaguta makuru enyika dzichiri kusimukira. Somugumisiro wezvinhu zvakadaro, varombo vomunyika vanotambura nounonzi neWorld Health Organization “mutoro wezvirwere wakakura kupfuura wevapfumi.”

Kutadza kufanoona nemhaka youdyire ndicho chikonzero chikuru chokuti dzimwe nyika dzitambure nezvirwere kupfuura dzimwe. Zvimwe zvezvirwere zvomunyika zvinonyanya kutapuriranwa zvinoita sezvinoitika kure nenyika dzakabudirira,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Man and Microbes. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinongoitika munyika dzine urombo dzinogara dzichinaya mvura uye dziri pedyo nadzo.” Sezvo nyika dzakapfuma dzakabudirira uye makambani anogadzira nokutenga mishonga angasawana purofiti, haadi kupa mishonga yezvirwere izvi.

Kusazvibata kwevanhu ndechimwe chinhu chinoita kuti zvirwere zvipararire. Muenzaniso mukuru wechokwadi ichi chinorwadza chirwere cheAIDS, icho chinopararira kubva pamunhu kuenda kune mumwe nomumvura dzomumuviri. Mumakore mashomanana, denda iri rakapararira munyika yose. (Ona bhokisi rinoti AIDS—Denda Rakapararira Ranhasi.”) “Vanhu ndivo vanoparadzira AIDS,” inobvuma kudaro imwe nyanzvi yokupararira kwezvirwere, Joe McCormick. “Hakusi kunyanyisa munyaya dzetsika, chinongova chokwadi sezvachiri.”

Vanhu vakaparadzira sei chirwere cheAIDS vasingazivi? Bhuku rinonzi The Coming Plague rinotaura zvinhu zvinotevera: Kuchinja kwenzanga—zvikurukuru tsika yokurara nevanhu vakawanda—yakaita kuti zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa pabonde zvitange, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti utachiona huvepo uye kuti munhu anahwo atapurire vamwe vanhu vakawanda. Kushandiswa kwemajekiseni akamboshandiswa, ane utachiona mukurapa munyika  dzichiri kusimukira kana kuti kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwezvinodhaka zvakachiparadzirawo. Vanoita basa rinoda mabhiriyoni akawanda emadhora rokuchengeta ropa munyika yose vakaitawo kuti utachiona hweAIDS hupfuudzwe kubva kune anenge apa ropa huchiendeswa kuvanhu vakawanda.

Sezvambotaurwa, kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvinopfuura mwero kana kuti kusaishandisa zvakakwana kwakaita kuti utachiona husingafi nemishonga inouraya mabhakitiriya huvepo. Chinetso ichi chakakomba uye chiri kungoramba chichikura. Mabhakitiriya anonzi staphylococcus, anowanzoparira zvirwere zvemaronda, aimbourayiwa nyore nyore nezvinhu zvaibviswa papenicillin. Asi iye zvino mishonga iyi inorwisa mabhakitiriya yave ichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba kazhinji haichashandi. Naizvozvo vanachiremba vanofanira kushandisa mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya, inodhura isingakwanisi kutengwa nezvipatara zvomunyika dzichiri kusimukira. Kunyange mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya ingatadza kuuraya humwe utachiona, zvichiita kuti zvirwere zvomuchipatara zviwande uye zvive nengozi zvikuru. Dr Richard Krause, aimbova mukuru mukuru weU.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, anotaura pachena nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aripo zvino se“denda routachiona husingafi nemishonga.”

“Tava Pari Nani Here Nhasi?”

Iye zvino, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, zviri pachena kuti dambudziko rezvirwere harisati rapera. Kupararira nokukurumidza kuri kuita AIDS, kuvapo kwemajemusi asingaurayiwi nemishonga, uye kutangazve kwezvirwere zvakare zvinouraya zvakadai setibhii nemarariya kunoratidza kuti hondo yezvirwere ichiri kupfuurira.

“Tava pari nani here nhasi kupfuura zvataiva zana remakore rakapfuura?” akabvunza kudaro akahwina mubayiro weNobel anonzi Joshua Lederberg. “Zvinhu zvakatoipisisa kudarika zvazvanga zviri,” akadaro. “Takaregerera utachiona, uye tava kuwana mibayiro yokuregerera ikoko.” Zviri kuedza kuitwa navanachiremba uye nyika dzepasi pose zvingakunda here zvipingamupinyi zviripo iye zvino? Zvirwere zvikuru zvinotapukira zvichazobviswa here, sezvakaitwa chibhokisi? Nyaya yedu yokupedzisira ichakurukura mibvunzo iyi.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Kukunda Chibhokisi uye Poriyo

Pakapera October 1977, World Health Organization (WHO) yakawana munhu akanga apedzisira kubatwa nechibhokisi. Ali Maow Maalin, uyo aiva mubiki pachipatara aigara kuSomalia, haana kurwara nacho zvakakomba, uye mumavhiki mashomanana akanga apora. Vanhu vose vaaisangana navo vakabayiwa nhomba.

Kwemakore maviri aiita seakareba kwazvo, vanachiremba vakamirira vachida kuona zvaizoitika. Mubayiro weUS$1 000 (Z$4 205 000) wakanzi waizopiwa munhu aikwanisa kuwana “mumwe munhu anorwara nechibhokisi,” pashure pokuongorora kwavanachiremba. Hapana munhu akabudirira kuwana mubayiro wacho, uye musi waMay 8, 1980, WHO yakazivisa zviri pamutemo kuti “Nyika nevanhu vayo vose havachabatwi nechibhokisi.” Makore gumi izvi zvisati zvaitika, chibhokisi chakanga chava kuuraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni maviri pagore. Kokutanga munhau, chirwere chikuru chinotapukira chakanga chapedzwa. *

Poriyo, chirwere chinopedza vaduku simba chaiita sokuti chaikwanisawo kubviswa. Muna 1955, Jonas Salk akagadzira mushonga unonyatsorapa poriyo uye United States nedzimwe nyika, dzakatanga purogiramu yokudzivirira poriyo. Pava paya mushonga wokunwa wakagadzirwa. Muna 1988, WHO yakatanga purogiramu yomunyika yose yokupedza poriyo.

“Patakatanga kuedza kupedza poriyo muna 1988, poriyo yairemadza vana vanopfuura 1 000 zuva roga roga,” anodaro Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, aimbova mukuru mukuru weWHO. “Muna 2001, vakarwara neporiyo vaiva vashoma zvikuru zvokuti vakanga vasingasviki 1 000 mugore racho rose.” Iye zvino chirwere cheporiyo chava kungowanika munyika shomanana dzisingasviki gumi, kunyange zvazvo pachizodiwa mari yakawanda kubatsira nyika idzi kuti dzizopedza chirwere ichi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo]

Mukomana wokuEthiopia anonwiswa mushonga weporiyo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© WHO/P. Virot

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

AIDS—Denda Rakapararira Ranhasi

AIDS yakatanga kupararira sedambudziko idzva munyika yose. Anenge makore 20 pashure pokunge yazivikanwa, vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 60 vakatobatwa nayo. Uye vanoona nezvoutano vakanyevera kuti denda reAIDS richiri “kutotanga.” Uwandu hwevanhu vari kubatwa naro huri “kuramba huchikwira kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvingaitika,” uye riri kutoparadza zvikuru munyika dzarakadzika midzi.

“Ruzhinji rwevanhu vanorarama neHIV/AIDS munyika yose vanhu vachine simba rokushanda,” unotsanangura kudaro mumwe mushumo weSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose. Somugumisiro, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nyika dzinoverengeka dzokumaodzanyemba kweAfrica dzicharasikirwa nevashandi vadzo vari pakati pe10 ne20 muzana panozosvika gore ra2005. Mushumo wacho unotiwo: “Pari zvino munyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara muAfrica avhareji yenduramo yomunhu inotarisirwa kuva makore 47. Dai pasina AIDS angadai ari makore 62.”

Kusvikira pari zvino zvakaedzwa zvokutsvaka mushonga hazvina kubudirira, uye 4 muzana yemamiriyoni matanhatu evanorwara neAIDS vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira ndiyo inowana mushonga wokuderedza marwadzo. Iye zvino hapana mushonga weAIDS, uye vanachiremba vanotyira kuti vanhu vakawanda vane utachiona vachaguma vava nechirwere chacho.

[Mufananidzo]

Masero machena anonzi T ane utachiona hweHIV

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Godo-Foto

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Mushandi womurabhoritari anoongorora utachiona hwakaoma kurwisa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

CDC/Anthony Sanchez