Doro—Nyaya Yechinwiwa Chakatsvukirira

Nomunyori weMukai! muCzech Republic

CHII chinowanzofungwa nomunhu zvikuru kana afa nenyota? Munyika dzakawanda, angave ari mushandiwo zvake kana kuti muzvinabhizimisi, angafunga nezvegirazi rechinwiwa chake chaanofarira chakatsvukirira. Angafungidzira achiona furo gobvu, jena uye kakuvavira kanonaka. Zvadaro angazoti nechomumwoyo, ‘Ndingabhadhara chero mari inodiwa kuti ndiwane girazi redoro rinotonhorera!’

Doro rinenge rakangotangirana nevanhu. Rave rakakurumbira kwezviuru zvemakore, uye munharaunda dzakawanda rakasvika pakuva chinhu chinokosha mutsika. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti doro razova chinetso kune vanorinwisa, kunyanya mune dzimwe nyika dzomuEurope. Zvisinei, kana rikanwiwa zvine mwero, munakiro waro nokunhuwirira kwarinoita zvinoita kuti vanhu varifarire chaizvo. Ngationgororei nhoroondo yechinwiwa chakakurumbira ichi.

Rakatanga Kubikwa Kare Zvakadini?

Sezvinoratidzwa nemahwendefa ane runyoro rwecuneiform akawanikwa munharaunda yeMesopotamia yevaSumer yekare, doro rakanga ririko ikoko kare kumavambo ezana remakore rechitatu B.C.E. Munguva imwe chete iyi, chinwiwa ichi chaiwanikwawo pamatafura evaBhabhironi nevaIjipiti. MuBhabhironi, umo marudzi edoro 19 aizivikanwa, kuribika kwaitodzorwa nemitemo yaiva muBumbiro remitemo raHammurabi. Somuenzaniso, mitemo iyi yaitaura mitengo yedoro, uye kungoiputsa kwaiva nechirango chorufu. MuIjipiti yekare, kubika doro kwakanga kwakakurumbira, uye rakanga riri chinwiwa chaifarirwa zvikuru. Vakachera matongo eIjipiti vakawana mabikirwo edoro akaita zvokunyorwa.

Unyanzvi hwokubika doro hwakazosvikawo kuEurope. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika kare veRoma mukutanga kweNguva Yavose vakataura kuti vaCelt, vanhu vokuGermany, nemamwe marudzi vakanakirwa nedoro. VaViking vaidavira kuti kunyange muValhalla—maererano nengano dzokuGermany, imba yaienda varwi vakashinga kana vafa—mikombe yevarume vacho yaipfachukira nedoro.

Munguva yokuma500 C.E. kusvika kuma1500 C.E. muEurope, doro rakazotanga kubikwawo mudzimba dzemamongi. Mamongi eEurope akavandudza mabikirwo acho, achishandisa mazambiringa sechinhu chokuchengetedza zvinhu kuti zvisaora. Kutanga kwemaindasitiri muzana remakore rechi19 kwakazoita kuti doro ritange kubikwa nemichina uye kwakanga kuri kufambira mberi kukuru munhoroondo yechinwiwa chakakurumbira ichi. Zvadaro, pane zvimwe zvakawanikwa nesayenzi zvinokosha zvikuru.

Imwe nyanzvi yemakemikari uye yezvinhu zvipenyu zvisingaoneki yokuFrance inonzi Louis Pasteur yakasvika pakuziva  kuti mbiriso yaividza doro yaiva nezvinhu zvipenyu. Zvaakaziva izvozvo zvakaita kuti zvinyatsobvira kudzora kuchinja kweshuga ichiita doro. Imwe nyanzvi yemiti yokuDenmark Emil Christian Hansen akava mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira kwazvo munhoroondo yokubika doro. Upenyu hwake hwose akatsvakurudza nokutumidza mbiriso dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Pane zvaaiita, kutsvakurudza kwake kwakanga kwakanangana zvikuru nokugadzira rudzi rwakanyatsonaka rwembiriso yevabiki vedoro. Nenzira iyi, Hansen akanyatsochinja indasitiri yezvokubika doro.

Asi kuribika kunonetsa zvakanyanya here? Zvingaratidza sezvisinganetsi, asi ndizvo zvazviri. Ngatimboongororai zvishoma mabikirwo edoro iri rinonaka kwazvo.

Risati Rasvika Mugirazi Rako

Mabikirwo edoro akachinja kwazvo mumazana emakore akapfuura uye kunyange nanhasi anosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nevabiki vacho. Asi, kazhinji, munenge mudoro rose mune zvinhu zvikuru zvina zvinoti: bhari, mazambiringa, mvura, uye mbiriso. Basa rose rokubika doro rinogona kuiswa mumatanho mana: kunyika, kugadzira mhanga, kuvirisa, uye kuibvisa.

Kunyika. Padanho iri, bhari inosarudzwa, yoyerwa, yocheneswa. Kana zvadaro, inonyikwa mumvura—zvinokosha kuti bhari imere. Kuti imere zvinotora mazuva ari pakati pemashanu nemanomwe uye tembiricha iri 14°C. Chinoguma chavapo ndiwo mumera, uyo unozoiswa muovheni yakagadzirirwa izvozvo kuti uome. Mvura iri mumumera inopera kusara yangova pakati pe2 ne5 muzana zvichiita kuti mumera uchirega kumera. Pashure pokuomesa, zvinomera zvinobviswa pamumera, wobva wakuyiwa. Zvadaro unenge wagadzirira kuenda padanho rinotevera.

Kugadzira mhanga. Mumera wakuyiwa unoiswa mumvura wogadzira usvusvu, uhwo hunozodziyiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana mumera wadziya, makemikari anotanga kuchinja sitachi kuti ive shuga. Danho iri rinotora nguva inopfuura maawa mana uye panozoguma pave nemhanga, iyo inozomiminwa kuti ibve masese. Chinozotevera ndiro basa rokukwatisa, rinobva ramisa basa remakemikari anogaya zvokudya. Parinenge richikwata, mazambiringa anoiswa mumhanga kuti doro racho rivavire. Pashure pokunge mhanga yakwatiswa kweanenge maawa maviri, inoregwa ichipora kusvika patembiricha inodiwa.

Kuvirisa. Zvimwe iri ndiro danho rinonyanya kukosha pakubika doro. Kana mhanga ikaiswa mbiriso, shuga irimo ndiyo inozochinjwa kuva doro nokututuma ichibudisa mhepo. Rinovira kwenguva isingasviki vhiki, kudziya kwacho kunosiyana zvichienderana norudzi rwedoro racho—rinoviriswa nokukurumidza kana kuti rinoviriswa zvishoma nezvishoma—richizobudiswa. Doro rinenge risati ravira riya rinozoendeswa mumatangi okuchengetera kuti rinyatsovira.

Kunyatsovira. Panguva ino, doro ndipo parinowana munakiro  waro nokunhuwirira; mhepo inobuda ndiyo inoita kuti doro ripupume. Doro rinonyatsovira munguva ingabva pavhiki nhatu kusvika pamwedzi mishomanana, zvichienderana norudzi rwedoro. Pakupedzisira, doro rinenge rapera rinochengeterwa muzvigubhu kana kuti mabhotoro uye rinenge ragadzirira kutumirwa kwarinofanira kuzoenda—zvimwe richizopedzisira rasvika patafura yako! Asi idoro rorudzi rupi raunoda kuedza?

Chinwiwa Chine Marudzi Akawanda

Chokwadi ndechokuti kungava nedoro rakasiyana-siyana. Unganakirwa nedoro rakachenuruka kana kuti rakasvibirira, rinotapira kana kuti rinovavira, pamwe nedoro rinogadzirwa nebhari kana kuti negorosi. Manakire edoro anoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira rudzi rwemvura inoshandiswa, rudzi rwomumera, unyanzvi hwokubika hunoshandiswa, uye mbiriso inoshandiswa pakubika kwacho.

Rimwe doro rakakurumbira zvikuru rinonzi pilsner (kana kuti pils), doro rinoviriswa kwenguva yakareba rakachenuruka. Doro rorudzi urwu rinobikwa nemazana evabiki munyika yose. Zvisinei, doro rinonzi pilsner chairo rinongobikwa mutaundi rePlzeň, kana kuti Pilsen, iri muCzech Republic. Chinoita kuti kubikwa kwaro kubudirire haasiri mabikiro acho chete asiwo zvinoshandiswa pakubika kwacho—mvura isina munyu wakawanda, mumera wakanaka, uye rudzi rwakakodzera rwembiriso yomubiki—Ona bhokisi riri munyaya ino.

Rumwe rudzi rwedoro rakanaka zvikuru iweiss, doro rinoitwa negorosi iro rakanyanya kukurumbira muGermany. Rinonyanya kubikwa kuBritain rinonzi porter uye stout. Porter idoro rakasimba rinoviriswa patembiricha yakakwirira, rinobikwa nomumera wakakangwa, izvo zvinoita kuti chinwiwa ichi chive chakasvibirira.  Porter idoro rakatanga kubikwa muLondon muzana remakore rechi18. Pakutanga, rakanga raitirwa kushandiswa sechinwiwa choku“gutsa” vanoshanda nesimba vakadai sevatakuri venhumbi dzevaenzi. Stout, doro rakasvibirira zvikuru uye rakasimba—mhuri yokwaGuinness ndiyo yakaita kuti rive rakakurumbira zvikuru muIreland nomunyika yose—rumwe rudzi rweporter yepakutanga. Unogona kunzwa kunaka kwestout inotapira yokuEngland, iyo kazhinji inenge ine lactose (shuga yomumukaka), kana kuti stout yokuIreland isingatapiri, iyo inovavira uye inodhaka zvikuru.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha kuvanhu vazhinji vanonwa doro ndechokuti rinonwiwa sei, ringave richiuya riri mubhodhoro kana kuti mugaba kana kuti rinocherwa mudhiramu rematanda. Vanhu vokuAmerica vanowanzoda kunwa doro ravo richinyatsotonhora kuita chando. Vamwe vanorida risinganyanyi kutonhora kana kuti richitonhora zvishoma richicherwa mudhiramu rematanda rinenge rakachengeterwa munotengeswa doro kana kuti mutangi.

Chokwadi, doro chinwiwa chine marudzi akawanda. Kana ukarinwa zvine mwero, rinogona kubatsira utano hwako. Kutaura chokwadi, rine mavhitaminzi akasiyana-siyana anokosha nezvinhu zvakadai seriboflavin, folic acid, chromium, uye zinc. Maererano nezvimwe zviremera, kunwa doro zvine mwero kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira zvirwere zvemwoyo nezveganda. Kana ukasarudza zvakanaka pamarudzi aripo, uye kana uchirinwa zvine mwero, unogona kunakirwa nechinwiwa chinonaka uye chinozorodza ichi. Saka nguva inotevera pauchagara pasi pamberi pako paine girazi rechinwiwa chakatsvukirira chine furo jena pamusoro, yeuka nhoroondo yacho inonakidza!

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Vatambi Vakuru

Munguva dzakapfuura, mabasa ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu akawanda akabatsira mukubikwa kwedoro. Heano mamwe acho.

▪ Mugadziri womumera—mutambi wokutanga mumutambo wokubika doro. Akapiwa basa rokugadzira mumera achishandisa bhari kana kuti gorosi. Aitarisira kunyikwa nokumera kwezviyo zvacho uye kuomesa mumera wacho. Aiva nebasa guru kwazvo, sezvo manakiro edoro rinozobikwa achienderana chaizvo nokuti mumera wacho unenge wakadini.

▪ Mubiki (anoratidzwa pamusoro)—ndiye murume anoita basa rokukwatisa. Kutanga aisanganisa upfu hunenge hwagayiwa hwomumera nemvura, ozoti pakukwata, aiwedzera mazambiringa. Chaaizobudisa kana apedza yaiva mhanga.

▪ Anotarisira matangi—nyanzvi yave noruzivo yaitarisira kuvira kwedoro mumidziyo yematanda uye kuzonyatsovira kwaro mumatangi okuchengetera. Pashure pacho aidururira doro racho rinenge rapera kubikwa mumidziyo miduku.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 30]

Pilsner—Doro Rokutanga Rinowanzotevedzerwa

Zvose zvakatanga muna 1295. Mambo weBohemia Wenceslas II, ndiye akatanga taundi rePlzeň, uye nguva pfupi pashure pacho, akapa vanhu 260 vomuPlzeň mvumo yokubika doro. Pakutanga, vanhu vacho vaibikira doro mudzimba dzavo uye riri shoma bedzi, asi gare gare vakaumba sangano revatengesi ndokuzotanga nzvimbo dzokubikira doro. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, mamiriro ezvinhu zvoupfumi netsika zveBohemia zvakaderera uye izvi zvakakanganisa kubikwa kwedoro. Vasingatevedzeri unyanzvi hwokubika hwakatenderwa, uye vachibika sezvavaida, vabiki vacho kazhinji vaibika doro risinganaki rakanga risingakodzeri kunzi doro.

Panguva iyoyo, marudzi maviri edoro akatanga kubikwa muEurope. Doro raiviriswa patembiricha yakakwirira rainyanya kubikwa muBohemia, ukuwo doro raiviriswa patembiricha yakaderera, rakatonaka zvikuru rakanga rakanyanya kukurumbira muBavaria. Pakanga pane musiyano mukuru pakati pedoro reBavaria nedoro rePlzeň.

Kuchinja kunokosha kwakaitika muna 1839. Vagari vomuPlzeň vanenge 200 vakasarudza kuita chimwe chinhu nemamiriro ezvinhu acho. Vakatanga Burgess Brewery uko doro raiviriswa patembiricha yakaderera kana kuti raibikwa sezvaiita vokuBavaria, raizobikwa. Mubiki wedoro ane mukurumbira anonzi Josef Groll akadanwa kubva kuBavaria. Akabva atanga pakarepo kushandira kubika doro reBavaria chairo. Zvakabudapo zvakanga zvakasiyana zvikuru—asiwo zvaiva nani nokure pane zvaaitarisira. Ruzivo rwokugara nebasa kwaGroll pamwe nezvokushandisa zvakanaka zvaiwanikwa ikoko zvakabatsira kuti pave nedoro rakaomesa mate mukanwa pasi rose. Nemhaka yei? Nemhaka yokunaka kwaro kwakasiyana nerimwe, ruvara, uye kunhuwira kwaro. Zvisinei, mukurumbira wedoro romuPlzeň wakava nezvakaudzorera mumashure. Vabiki vedoro vakawanda, vachida kuwana mari nomukurumbira uyu, vakatanga kuti doro ravo rinonzi pilsner. Saka pilsner haina kuzongokurumbira bedzi asiwo yakava chinwiwa chinowanzotevedzerwa kupfuura zvimwe zvose zvakatsvukirira.

[Mifananidzo]

Josef Groll

Shongwe yemvura yePlzeň brewery

[Kwazvakatorwa]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

[Mepu iri papeji 28]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Plzeň

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28, 29]

Mutambi wokuEgipita achiratidzira kugadzirwa kwechingwa uye doro

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali - Museo Egizio - Torino

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 31]

Mazambiringa, mumera, uye imba yokubikira doro