Cyril Lucaris—Murume Aikoshesa Bhaibheri

Raiva zuva romuchirimo muna 1638. Varedzi vaiva muGungwa reMarmara pedyo neConstantinople (Istanbul yamazuva ano), guta guru roumambo hweOttoman, vakavhunduka nokuona chitunha chichiyangarika mumvura. Vanyatsoongorora, vakavhunduka kuziva kuti chitunha ichocho chakanga chakadzipwa chaiva chabhishopi weConstantinople, mutungamiriri weChechi yeOrthodox. Uyu ndiwo waiva mugumo unorwadza waCyril Lucaris, mumwe munhu wechitendero aiva nomukurumbira wemuzana ramakore rechi17.

LUCARIS haana kurarama kwenguva yakareba zvokuti aone zvaaida—kubudiswa kweshanduro yeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki muchiGiriki chakajairika—zvichiitika. Zvimwe zvaidiwa naLucaris hazvinawo kuitika—zvokuona Chechi yeOrthodox ichiitazve “kuti evhangeri ive nyore.” Murume uyu aiva ani? Zvibingamupinyi zvipi zvaakava nazvo mukuedza ikoko?

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Nokushaya Dzidzo

Cyril Lucaris akazvarwa muna 1572, muVenice yomuCandia (zvino Iráklion), Crete. Ane mano akanaka, akadzidza paVenice nePadua muItaly uye zvadaro akafamba chaizvo munyika iyoyo nedzimwe. Atsamwiswa nokurwisana kwemapoka kwaiitika muchechi uye akwezvwa nokuvandudzwa kwemasangano kwaiitika muEurope, angave akashanyira Geneva, panguva iyoyo yaidzorwa nechiCalvanism.

Paaishanyira Poland, Lucaris akaona kuti vaOrthodox ikoko, vapristi nevanhuwo zvavo zvakafanana, vaiva mumugariro unosiririsa womudzimu nokuda kwokushaya kwavo dzidzo. Shure kuAlexandria neConstantinople, akatyiswa kuziva kuti zvikuva—zvairavirwa Magwaro—zvakanga zvabviswa mune dzimwe chechi!

Muna 1602, Lucaris akaenda kuAlexandria, kwaakatsiva hama yake, Bhishopi Meletios, pachigaro chake. Akabva atanga kunyorerana tsamba nenyanzvi dzezvitendero dzakasiyana-siyana dzaiva nepfungwa dzokuvandudza muEurope. Mune imwe yetsamba idzodzo, akanyora kuti Chechi yeOrthodox yairamba ine miitiro yakawanda yaiva nezvikanganiso. Mune dzimwe tsamba, akasimbisa kudikanwa kwokuti chechi itsive kudavira mashura ne“evhangeri iri nyore” uye kuvimba nesimba reMagwaro bedzi.

Lucaris akatyiswawo nokuti simba romudzimu ravanaFata veChechi raikosheswa zvakaenzana nemashoko aJesu nevaapostora. “Handichagoni kutsungirira  kunzwa vanhu vachiti zvinotaurwa netsika dzavanhu zvinokosha zvakafanana neMagwaro,” akanyora kudaro. (Mateu 15:6) Akawedzera kuti, mukufunga kwake, kunamata zvifananidzo kwaiva nenjodzi. Kunyengetera ku“vasande” kwaiva kunyomba Murevereri, Jesu, akacherechedza kudaro.—1 Timoti 2:5.

Chigaro chaBhishopi Chiri Kutengeswa

Pfungwa idzodzo, pamwe chete nokunyangadzwa kwake neChechi yeRoma Katurike, zvakaita kuti Lucaris avenge nokutambudza vaJesuit uye vaya vaiva muChechi yeOrthodox vaida kubatana nevaKaturike. Pasinei zvapo nokutambudzwa ikoko, muna 1620, Lucaris akasarudzwa kuva bhishopi weConstantinople. Muzinda wamabhishopi eChechi yeOrthodox panguva iyoyo waidzorwa noUmambo hweOttoman. Hurumende yeOttoman yaibvisa bhishopi ndokupinza mumwe mutsva vachibhadharwa mari pasina chinetso.

Vavengi vaLucaris, zvikurukuru vaJesuit uye Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Ungano yoKuparadzira Kutenda) yavana papa yaiva nesimba uye yaityisa, yakaramba ichimuchera uye ichimurongera zvakashata. “Vachironda chinangwa ichi vaJesuit vakashandisa mitoo yose—unyengeri, nhema, kubata kumeso uye, kupfuura zvose, chioko muhomwe, izvo zvaiva chombo chinonyanya kushanda zvikuru kuti vatsigirwe nevakuru vakuru [Ottoman],” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Kyrillos Loukaris. Somugumisiro, muna 1622, Lucaris akadzingirwa kuchitsuwa cheRhodes, uye Gregory weAmasya akatenga chigaro chacho nemari yesirivha 20 000. Zvisinei, Gregory haana kukwanisa kuunza mari yaakavimbisa, saka Anthimus weAdrianople akatenga chigaro chacho, akazongochisiya pave paya. Zvinotoshamisa kuti Lucaris akadzorerwa pachigaro chabhishopi.

Lucaris akanga akatsunga kushandisa mukana mutsva uyu kudzidzisa vafundisi vechiOthodox uye vanhuwo zvavo nokubudisa shanduro yeBhaibheri uye maturakiti echitendero. Kuti aite izvi, akaronga kuti muchina wokudhinda uunzwe kuConstantinople wakachengetedzwa nenhume yechiNgezi. Zvisinei, muchina wokudhinda pawakasvika muna June 1627, vavengi vaLucaris vakamupomera kuushandisa kuita zvinangwa zvematongerwe enyika, uye pakupedzisira vakaita kuti uparadzwe. Lucaris zvino aifanira kushandisa michina yokudhinda yaiva muGeneva.

Shanduro yeMagwaro echiKristu

Kuremekedza Bhaibheri zvikuru kwaLucaris uye simba raro rokudzidzisa kwakakuchidzira chido chake chokuita kuti mashoko aro awanikwe zvikuru kuvanhuwo zvavo. Akaona kuti mutauro wakashandiswa mumabhuku eBhaibheri echiGiriki akafuridzirwa apakutanga, wakanga usingachanzwisiswi kuvanhuwo zvavo. Saka bhuku rokutanga iro Lucaris akati rishandurwe yaiva shanduro yeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki aiiswa muchiGiriki chezuva rake. Maximus Callipolites, mumwe mumongi akadzidza, akatanga kushanda paari muna March 1629. VaOrthodox vakawanda vaiona kushandurwa kweMagwaro sokunyanyisa, pasinei zvapo nokuti magwaro acho dzimwe nguva aisanzwisiswa zvakadini nevaravi. Kuti avanyaradze, Lucaris akaita kuti rugwaro rwapakuvamba neshanduro yamazuva ake zvidhindwe muzvikamu zvaiva padivi nepadivi, achingowedzera tsinhiro shomanana. Sezvo Callipolites akafa achangobudisa chinyorwa chacho, Lucaris pachake akarava makopi okunzvera acho. Shanduro iyoyo yakadhindwa Lucaris achangofa muna 1638.

Pasinei zvapo nematanho okudzivirira akatorwa naLucaris, shanduro iyoyo yakaita kuti mabhishopi akawanda aishore. Kuda kwaLucaris Shoko raMwari kwaiva pachena zvikuru musumo yeshanduro iyoyo yeBhaibheri. Akanyora kuti Magwaro, akanyorwa mumutauro unotaurwa navanhu, i“shoko rakanaka, ratakapiwa kubva kudenga.” Akarayira vanhu “kuziva uye kurovedzana nezvose zviri mukati [meBhaibheri]” uye akati hapana imwe nzira yokudzidza nayo pamusoro “pezvinhu zvine chokuita nokutenda nomazvo . . . kupa Evhangeri yaMwari uye tsvene.”—VaFiripi 1:9, 10.

Lucaris akashora zvakasimba vaya vairambidza kudzidzwa kweBhaibheri, uyewo vaya vairamba shanduro yorugwaro rwapakuvamba achiti: “Kana tikataura kana kuti kurava tisinganzwisisi, zvakafanana nokukandira mashoko edu mumhepo.” (Enzanisa na1 VaKorinde 14:7-9.) Mukugumisa sumo yacho, akanyora kuti: “Pamunenge muchirava Evhangeri yaMwari iyi tsvene mururimi rwenyu pachenyu, batai zvinobetsera zvinobva  mukuirava, . . . uye Mwari ngaajekese nzira yenyu nguva dzose kune zvakanaka.”—Zvirevo 4:18.

A Confession of Faith (Kureururwa Kwokutenda)

Atanga shanduro iyoyo yeBhaibheri, Lucaris akaitazve rimwe danho rakasimba. Muna 1629 akabudisa A Confession of Faith. Aiva mashoko omunhu oga ezvinodavirwa zvaaifunga kuti zvaizogamuchirwa neChechi yeOrthodox. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi The Orthodox Church, Confession iyoyo “inobvisa dzidziso yeOrthodox yevapristi uye mitemo mitsvene inoreva zvose, ndokuona kunamatwa kwezvidhori uye kunyengetera kuvasande samarudzi okunamata mifananidzo.”

Confession ine nyaya 18. Nyaya yaro yechipiri inozivisa kuti Magwaro akafuridzirwa naMwari uye kuti simba rawo rinopfuura riya rechechi. Rinoti: “Tinodavira kuti Magwaro Matsvene akapiwa naMwari . . . Tinodavira kuti simba reMagwaro Matsvene rinopfuura simba reChechi. Kudzidziswa noMweya Musande ndechimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru nokudzidziswa nomunhu.”—2 Timoti 3:16.

Nyaya yechisere neyechigumi dzinoti Jesu Kristu ndiye oga Murevereri, Mupristi Mukuru, uye Musoro weungano. Lucaris akanyora kuti: “Tinodavira kuti Ishe wedu Jesu Kristu akagara kuruoko rworudyi rwaBaba Vake uye ikoko Anotireverera, achishandisa oga chigaro chomupristi mukuru wechokwadi uye wepamutemo uye murevereri.”—Mateu 23:10.

Nyaya yechi12 inozivisa kuti chechi inogona kutsauka, ichikanganisa kuona zvinhu zvenhema sezvinhu zvechokwadi, asi chiedza chomudzimu mutsvene chingainunura nemabasa evashumiri vakatendeka. Munyaya yechi18, Lucaris anoti purigatori inongova kufungidzira: “Zviri pachena kuti nhema dzePurigatori hadzifaniri kubvumwa.”

Mashoko okuwedzera eConfession ane mibvunzo nemhinduro dzinoverengeka. Imomo Lucaris anotanga kusimbisa kuti Magwaro anofanira kuraviwa nomunhu wose akatendeka uye kuti zvinokuvadza  kuti muKristu akundikane kurava Shoko raMwari. Ipapo anowedzera kuti mabhuku eApokirifa anofanira kudziviswa.—Zvakazarurwa 22:18, 19.

Mubvunzo wechina unoti: “Nei tichifanira kufunga nezveZvidhori?” Lucaris anopindura kuti: “Tinodzidziswa naMwari uye neMagwaro Matsvene, anotaura zvakajeka kuti, ‘Usazviitira chidhori, kana kuti chimwe chinhu chakafanana nechiri kudenga kumusoro, kana kuti chiri panyika pasi; usazviremekedza, kana kuzvinamata; [Eksodho 20:4, 5]’ sezvo tichifanira kunamata, kwete chisikwa, asi Musiki uye Muiti wedenga nepasi bedzi, uye kuremekedza Iye bedzi. . . . Kunamatwa uye basa re[zvidhori], sezvinorambidzwa . . . muMagwaro Matsvene, tinoramba, tinotyira kuti tingakanganwa, uye panzvimbo poMusiki noMuiti, tonamata mavara, nezvigadzirwa, uye zvisikwa.”—Mabasa 17:29.

Kunyange zvazvo Lucaris akanga asingakwanisi kunzwisisa zvakazara nhau dzose dzokukanganisa munguva yerima romudzimu maakararama, * akaedza zvinorumbidzwa kuita kuti Bhaibheri rive simba padzidziso yechechi uye kuti ridzidzise vanhu nezvedzidziso dzaro.

Bhuku iri rinonzi Confession richangobudiswa, kumwe kushorwa kwaLucaris kutsva kwakakasharara kwakatanga. Muna 1633, Cyril Contari, aiva mugari womuguta reBeroea (zvino Aleppo), mumwe muvengi waLucaris uye aitsigirwa nevaJesuit, akaedza kukurukurirana nevaOttoman nezvechigaro chaBhishopi. Zvisinei, zano racho rakakundikana Contari paakatadza kubhadhara mari yacho. Lucaris akadzokerazve pachigaro chacho. Gore rakatevera racho Athanasius wokuTesaronika akabhadhara mari yesirivha 60 000 nokuda kwechigaro chacho. Lucaris akabviswazve. Asi pasina mwedzi akadanwazve ndokudzorerwa. Panguva iyoyo Cyril Contari akanga aunganidza mari yake yesirivha 50 000. Panguva iyi Lucaris akadzingirwa kuRhodhes. Mwedzi mitanhatu yapera, shamwari dzake dzakakwanisa kuita kuti adzorerwezve.

Zvisinei, muna 1638, vaJesuit nevatsigiri vavo vechiOrthodox vakapomera Lucaris mhosva yokuda kupidigura Umambo hweOttoman zviri pachena. Nguva ino mambo wacho akarayira kuti afe. Lucaris akasungwa, uye musi wa27 July, 1638, akatakurwa neigwa duku sokunge aidzingwa munyika. Igwa racho parakanga rava mugungwa, akadzipwa. Chitunha chake chakavigwa pedyo nemahombekombe, ndokuzobudiswa chikakandirwa mugungwa. Chakaonekwa nevaredzi chikazovigwazve neshamwari dzake.

Zvatinodzidza

“Hazvifaniri kurambwa kuti chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru [zvaLucaris] chaiva chokupa nzwisiso nokusimudzira mwero wedzidzo yevafundisi vake nemakwai, izvo zvakanga zvanyura zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechigumi nenhanhatu uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe,” inodaro imwe nyanzvi. Zvibingamupinyi zvakawanda zvakadzivisa Lucaris kuita zvaaivavarira. Akabviswa pachigaro choubhishopi kashanu. Makore makumi matatu nemana afa, dare revafundisi muJerusarema rakashora zvaaidavira sedzidziso dzenhema. Vakazivisa kuti Magwaro “anofanira kuraviwa, kwete nomunhu upi noupi, asi nevaya bedzi vanoongorora zvinhu zvakadzama zvomudzimu pashure pokunge vanzvera zvakakodzera”—ndiko kuti, vafundisi vanonzi ndivo vakadzidza chete.

Boka ravafundisi raitonga rakadzvinyirira zvaiedza kuitwa kuti Shoko raMwari riwanikwe kumakwai aro. Vakanyaradza nechisimba munhu aidudza zvimwe zvezvikanganiso zvezvinhu zvavaidavira zvisiri muBhaibheri. Vairatidzika kuti vaiva pakati pevavengi vakaipisisa vorusununguko rwechitendero nechokwadi. Zvinosiririsa kuti uyu ndiwo muitiro uyo munzira dzakasiyana-siyana unoramba uripo kunyange kusvikira kuzuva redu. Chiyeuchidzo chinopengenutsa chezvinoitika apo unyengeri hunokonzerwa nevafundisi hunorwisana norusununguko rwepfungwa nemashoko.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 29]

Lucaris akaedza zvinorumbidzwa kuita kuti Bhaibheri rive simba padzidziso yechechi uye kuti ridzidzise vanhu nezvedzidziso dzaro

[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

Lucaris neCodex Alexandrinus

Chimwe chezvinokosha zvikuru muBritish Library iCodex Alexandrinus, chinyorwa cheBhaibheri chezana ramakore rechishanu C.E. Pamapeji aro araiva nawo pakutanga angangova 820, 773 akachengetedzwa.

Lucaris paaiva bhishopi weAlexandria, Egypt, aiva nemabhuku akawanda. Paakava bhishopi muConstantinople, akaenda neCodex Alexandrinus. Muna 1624 akaipa nhume yokuBritain muTurkey sechipo chaMambo wechiNgezi, James I. Yakapiwa mutsivi wake, Charles I, makore matatu gare gare.

Muna 1757 Royal Library yaMambo yakapiwa vanhu veBritian, uye kodhekisi iyi yakaisvonaka zvino inoratidzwa muJohn Ritblat Gallery muBritish Library itsva.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Gewerbehalle, Vol. 10

Kubva muCodex Alexandrinus in Reduced Photographic Facsimile, 1909

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève