Chii Chavakawana paJezreeri?

KWEMAZANA amakore nzvimbo yaiva neguta rekare reJezreeri yave iri dongo. Pane imwe nguva yaiva nomukurumbira munhau yomuBhaibheri. Zvino, yabvisirwa yaichimbova mbiri yayo uye yafukidzwa nemavhu, yaitwa murwi, kana kuti dutu. Mumakore mashoma apfuura nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dzakatanga kuongorora zvisaririra zveJezreeri. Matongo aya anozivisei nezvenhoroondo dzomuBhaibheri?

Jezreeri muBhaibheri

Riri kudivi rokumabvazuva kwoMupata weJezreeri, Jezreeri raiva mune imwe yenzvimbo dzakanga dzakaorera zvikuru dzenyika yekare yeIsraeri. Mhiri kwomupata wacho nechokuchamhembe kune gomo reMore kwaiva kwakadzikwa misasa nevaMidhiani pavakanga vachigadzirira kurwisa Mutongi Gidheoni nemauto ake. Nechokumabvazuva zvishoma kune tsime raHarodhi, mujinga megomo reGirbhoa. Paiva pano apo Jehovha akaderedza hondo yaGidheoni yezviuru kungova varume 300 kuitira kuti aratidze kukwanisa kwake kununura vanhu vake pasina uto guru rine simba. (Vatongi 7:1-25; Zekaria 4:6) PaGomo reGirbhoa riri pedyo, Sauro, mambo wokutanga weIsraeri, akakundwa nevaFiristia muhondo inoshamisa, makaurayiwa Jonatani nevamwe vaviri vevana vaSauro uye Sauro pachake akazviuraya.—1 Samueri 31:1-5.

Zvinotaura Bhaibheri nezveguta rekare reJezreeri zvinopa misiyano mikuru kwazvo. Zvinotaura nezvokushandiswa zvakashata kwesimba uye kuramba kutenda kwevatongi veIsraeri uyewo nezvokutendeka nokushingaira kwevashumiri vaJehovha. Maiva muJezreeri umo Mambo Ahabhi—mutongi woumambo hwokuchamhembe hwendudzi gumi dzeIsraeri—akaisa imba yake youmambo muhafu yokupedzisira yezana ramakore rechigumi B.C.E., kunyange zvazvo guta guru raizivikanwa zviri pamutemo raiva Samariya. (1 Madzimambo 21:1) Muprofita waJehovha Eriya akatyisidzirwa kuurayiwa kuJezreeri nomukadzi wokumwe waAhabhi Izebheri (Jezebheri). Akanga atsamwiswa nokuti Eriya akanga auraya vaprofita vaBhaari asingatyi, pashure pomuedzo wakanga waitwa naEriya paGomo reKarmeri wokuti Mwari wechokwadi ndiani.—1 Madzimambo 18:36–19:2.

Zvadaro paJezreeri pakaparwa mhaka. Nabhoti muJezreeri akaurayiwa. Mambo Ahabhi akanga achiva munda wemizambiringa waNabhoti. Mambo wacho paakarayira kuti apiwe munda wacho, Nabhoti nokuvimbika akati: “Jehovha ngaandidzivise, ndirege kukupai nhaka yamadzibaba angu.” Iyi mhinduro yaienderana nenheyo haina kufadza Ahabhi zvachose. Achiona kufundumwara kwamambo, Mambokadzi Izebheri akaronga kutonga kwokunyepedzera, achipomera Nabhoti mhaka yokumhura. Nabhoti akanga asina mhaka akawanwa ane mhaka ndokutakwa nemabwe kusvika afa, uye mambo wacho akatora munda wake wemizambiringa.—1 Madzimambo 21:1-16.

Nemhaka yechiito ichi chakaipa, Eriya akaprofita kuti: “Imbwa dzichadya Izebheri parusvingo rweJezreeri.” Muprofita wacho akazivisazve kuti: “Ani nani waAhabhi, anofira muguta, achadyiwa nembwa. . . . Asi hakuna munhu wakafanana naAhabhi,  akazvitengesa kuti aite zvakaipa pamberi paJehovha, achikurudzirwa naIzebheri mukadzi wake.” Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti Ahabhi akazvininipisa Eriya paaizivisa kutonga kwaJehovha, Jehovha akazivisa kuti chirango ichi chakanga chisingazouyi panguva yairarama Ahabhi. (1 Madzimambo 21:23-29) Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri inopfuurira kurondedzera kuti mumazuva omutsivi waEriya, Erisha, Jehu akazodzwa kuva mambo weIsraeri. Sezvaakatasva bhiza achipinda muJezreeri, Jehu akarayira kuti Izebheri akandwe nepahwindo romuzinda wake, uye akatsikwa-tsikwa nemakumbo amabhiza. Pave paya, zvakaonekwa kuti imbwa dzinodya zvitunha dzakanga dzangosiya dehenya rake, tsoka dzake, uye zvanza zvemaoko ake. (2 Madzimambo 9:30-37) Chiitiko chokupedzisira chomuBhaibheri chine chokuita zvakananga neJezreeri chinotevera kuurawa kwevana 70 vaAhabhi. Jehu akaunganidza misoro yavo mumirwi mikuru miviri pamusuo weguta reJezreeri, apedza kudaro akauraya vamwe varume vaitungamirira nevapristi vaibatanidzwa nokutonga kwaAhabhi kwokuramba kutenda.—2 Madzimambo 10:6-11.

Nyanzvi Dzezvinocherwa Mumatongo Dzakawanei?

Muna 1990 chirongwa chomubatanidzwa chokuchera nzvimbo yeJezreeri chakatanga. Vaibatanidzwa vaiva veInstitute of Archaeology yeYunivhesiti yokuTel Aviv (vaimirirwa naDavid Ussishkin) uye British School of Archaeology iri muJerusalem (vaimirirwa naJohn Woodhead). Kwemwaka minomwe (mwaka woga woga uchiita vhiki nhanhatu) mumakore a1990-96, vazvipiri vari pakati pe80 ne100 vakashanda panzvimbo yacho.

Nzira yemazuva ano yesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo kuongorora uchapupu huri panzvimbo hwakazvimirira hwoga pasina kutarira zvagara zvichifungwa nezvazvo uye zvinhu zvokufungidzira. Saka, kune nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dziri kudzidza nezvenyika dzinotaurwa muBhaibheri, nhoroondo iri muMagwaro haisi iyo chokutema nacho panhau yacho. Zvimwe zvinhu zvose uye uchapupu hunooneka zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo ndokunyatsoyerwa. Zvisinei, sokurondedzera kunoita John Woodhead, hapana uchapupu hwekare hwakanyorwa maererano neJezreeri kunze kwezvitsauko zvishomanana zviri muBhaibheri. Saka nhoroondo dzomuBhaibheri nokuverengwa kwenguva zvinofanira kubatanidzwa pakuongorora kupi nokupi. Zvakaitwa nenyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo zvakazivisei?

Sezvo masvingo nezvinhu zvakaumbwa nevhu zvakafukunurwa, zvakava pachena kubvira pakutanga kuti matongo acho aitangira kune inonzi Nguva Yakatanga Kunyatsoshandiswa Simbi Kugadzira Zvokushandisa, zvichinyatsoaisa munguva yeJezreeri romuBhaibheri. Asi kuchera zvakwakapfuurira, kwaiva nezvakawanda zvaishamisa. Chokutanga chaiva kukura kwenzvimbo yacho uye masvingo ayo makuru. Nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dzaitarisira kuona nzvimbo ine masvingo akaenzana neaya eSamariya yekare, guta guru roumambo hweIsraeri. Zvisinei, sezvo kuchera kwakapfuurira, zvakava pachena kuti Jezreeri  rakanga rakakura zvikuru. Nzvimbo yose yakanga iri mukati memasvingo aro yakanga yakareba mamita 300 ne150 tichitevedza madziro aro, uye yaipfuura nekatatu chero yeguta ripi neripi rakawanikwa muIsraeri repanguva iyoyo. Rakanga rakakomberedzwa nomugero wakaoma, waiita kuti pave negomba rakadzika mamita 11 kubva pamasvingo acho. Maererano naPurofesa Ussishkin, mugero uyu wakanga uri chinhu chisina kumboonekwa munguva inotaurwa muBhaibheri. “Hatiwani chimwe chinhu chakaita seichi muIsraeri kusvikira nguva yeVarwi vechiKristu,” akadaro.

Chimwe chinhu chakanga chisingatarisirwi kusavapo kwezvivako zvikuru pakati peguta racho. Ivhu rakawanda rakatsvukuruka rakaunzwa nguva yaivakwa guta racho rakanga rashandiswa kuita nzvimbo yakakwirira yakati sandara—rudzi rwechikuva chakakwirira—nechomukati. Mushumo Wechipiri Wakatanga Kupiwa wokuchera kwaiitwa paTel Jezreel wakati ichi chikuva chine mukurumbira chinogona kuva uchapupu hwokuti Jezreeri raisangova nzvimbo youmambo chete. Wakati: “Tinoda kutaura kuti Jezreeri ringangodaro raiva nzvimbo iri pakati nepakati yeuto rehondo youmambo hweIsraeri panguva yamadzimambo eOmride [Omri nevazukuru vake] . . . kwaichengeterwa ngoro dzoumambo uye vatasvi vemabhiza vachirovedzwa.” Achivakira paukuru hwechikuva ichi chakakwirira, uyewo hwomukati macho chaimo, Woodhead anofungidzira kuti izvi zvinogona kudaro zvaiva rudzi rwenzvimbo yokuforera yokuratidza zvokushamisira simba reuto rengoro dzehondo dzakawanda kudarika dzimwe dzose muMiddle East panguva iyoyo.

Zvisaririra zvomusuo weguta zvakafukunurwa zvinhu zvinofadza zvikuru nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo. Zvinoratidza musuo wemakamuri anenge mana. Zvisinei, sezvo mabwe akawanda aiva panzvimbo yacho akabiwa mumazana amakore ose aya, hapana zvinogona kunyatsotaurwa nezvezvakawanwa zvacho. Woodhead anofunga kuti zvisaririra zvacho zvinoratidza musuo wemakamuri matanhatu akafanana mukukura seaya akawanikwa paMegidho, Hazori, uye Gezeri. *

Zvakawanwa pakuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuvapo kwenguva pfupi kusinganzwisisiki kweguta raiva panzvimbo yakakodzera mune zvehondo uye yakanaka. Woodhead anosimbisa kuti seguta guru rakasimbiswa, Jezreeri rakavapo kwenguva yakati—richishandiswa kwemakumi amakore mashomanana bedzi. Izvi zvinosiyana zvikuru nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinokosha dzinotaurwa muBhaibheri dziri muIsraeri, dzakaita seMegidho, Hazori, uye guta guru reSamariya, dzakanga dzichiramba dzichingovakwa, dzichiwedzerwa, uye dzichigarwa munguva dzakasiyana-siyana. Nei nzvimbo iyi yakanaka yakarega kushanda nokukurumidza kudaro? Woodhead anofungidzira kuti Ahabhi nedzinza rake reimba youmambo vakanga vapotsa vakonzera kuparara kwoupfumi nemhaka yokupambadza kwavo pfuma yerudzi rwacho. Izvi zvaiva pachena mukukura nokusimba kwakanyanya kweJezreeri. Utongi hutsva hwaiva pasi paJehu zvimwe hwaida kusazvibatanidza nokuyeukwa kwaAhabhi naizvozvo hwakasiya guta racho.

Saka uchapupu hwose hwakafukunurwa hunosimbisa zvikuru kuti nzvimbo yeJezreeri yaiva nzvimbo huru yevaIsraeri muNguva Yakatanga Kunyatsoshandiswa Simbi Kugadzira Zvokushandisa. Kukura kwaro nemasvingo aro zvinobvumirana nokutsanangurwa kwaro kuri muBhaibheri senzvimbo yaiva nomukurumbira yaigarwa namambo Ahabhi naIzebheri. Zviratidzo zvaro zvokugarwa kwenguva pfupi munguva iyi zvinobvumirana nenhoroondo dzomuBhaibheri dzeguta racho: Rakakurumidza kuva nomukurumbira nguva yaitonga Ahabhi uye ipapo, pakurayira kwaJehovha, sezviri pachena rakanyadziswa Jehu paa“kauraya vose vakanga vasara veimba yaAhabhi paJezreeri, navanhu vake vakuru vose, neshamwari dzake, navaprista vake, kusvikira asina kumusiyira nomumwe.”—2 Madzimambo 10:11.

 Nguva Yakavakwa Jezreeri

“Zvakaoma zvikuru musayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo kunyatsoona chitemeso chaicho chenguva,” anobvuma kudaro John Woodhead. Saka sezvo nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dzinoongorora zvakabuda pamakore manomwe okuchera, vanozvienzanisa nezvinowanwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine matongo ari kucherwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuongororazve uye kukurukurirana kuitwe. Nei? Nokuti kubva apo nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yokuIsrael Yigael Yadin yakachera paMegidho kuma1960 uye kutanga kwama1970, zvakaoneka sokuti zvakanga zvabvumwa nevakawanda vanoita basa rokuchera matongo kuti akanga awana masvingo nemisuo yeguta yaibvira munguva yaMambo Soromoni. Zvino, masvingo, zvinhu zvakaumbwa nevhu, uye misuo zvakawanikwa paJezreeri zviri kuita kuti vamwe vashaye chokwadi nezvakambotaurwa izvi.

Somuenzaniso, zvinhu zvakaumbwa nevhu zvakawanika paJezreeri zvakafanana nezvorukoko rwepaMegidho urwo Yadin akabatanidza nokutonga kwaSoromoni. Musuo uye kukura kwenzvimbo mbiri dzacho zvakafanana, kana zvisina kutoenzana. Woodhead anoti: “Uchapupu hwose hungadzorera nzvimbo yeJezreeri kunguva yaSoromoni kana kuti hunodzikisa nguva yakaitika zvinhu izvi kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzacho [Megidho neHazori] kusvika kunguva yaAhabhi.” Sezvo Bhaibheri richibatanidza zvakajeka nzvimbo yeJezreeri nenguva yaAhabhi, anozviona zvakakodzera kubvuma kuti rukoko urwu rwunoratidza nguva yokutonga kwaAhabhi. David Ussishkin anobvuma kuti: “Bhaibheri rinoti Soromoni akavaka Megidho—hariti akavaka misuo iyoyo sezvairi.”

Nhau yeJezreeri Ingazivikanwa Here?

Zvakawanwa pakuchera matongo izvi uye kukurukurirana kwakatevera zvinoita kuti nhoroondo yomuBhaibheri yeJezreeri kana kuti yaSoromoni isavimbwe here? Chaizvoizvo, gakava rezvokucherwa kwematongo rine zvishoma zvarinoita panhoroondo yomuBhaibheri. Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inoongorora nhau nemaongororere akasiyana neenhoroondo yomuBhaibheri. Inomutsa mibvunzo yakasiyana uye inosimbisa zvakasiyana. Mumwe angaenzanisa mudzidzi weBhaibheri nenyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo nevafambi vari panzira dziri mhiri nemhiri. Mumwe mufambi ari kutyaira mumugwagwa, mumwe wacho ari kufamba munzira yevetsoka. Zvavanotarisira nezvavanofunga nezvazvo zvakasiyana. Asi, maonero avo kazhinji kacho anotsigirana panzvimbo pokupesana. Kuenzanisa pfungwa dzavafambi vaviri ava kunogona kuita kuti uzive zvimwe zvinhu zvinofadza.

Bhaibheri rine zvakanyorwa pamusoro pezviitiko zvekare uye pamusoro pavanhu vacho; sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inoedza kuwanazve mashoko ezviitiko izvi neevanhu nokuongorora zvisaririra zvipi nezvipi zvazvo zvingawanikwa zvichiri muvhu. Zvisinei, zvisaririra izvi zvinowanzova zvisina kukwana uye zvichidudzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Nezveizvi, mubhuku rake rinonzi Archaeology of the Land of the Bible—10,000−586 B.C.E., Amihai Mazar anotsinhira kuti: “Basa rokuchera matongo . . . kusvika kumwero wakakura unyanzvi uyewo mubatanidzwa wokurovedza nounyanzvi hwebasa. Hapana maitire asingachinji angavimbisa kubudirira, uye kuva anochinjika uye kukwanisa kufunga kwevatungamiriri vebasa zvinhu zvinotofanira kuitwa. Unhu, mano, uye kushandisa pfungwa zvenyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo zvinongokoshawo zvakafanana nokurovedzwa kwake uye zvinhu zvinowanika kwaari.”

Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakasimbisa kuvapo kwenzvimbo huru youmambo uye yeuto paJezreeri, nzvimbo yakavapo kwenguva pfupi isinganzwisisiki munguva yenhau inowirirana nokutonga kwaAhabhi—sezvinorondedzerwa neBhaibheri chaizvo. Mimwe mibvunzo inofadza yakawanda yakamutswa iyo nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dzingadzidza nezvayo kwemakore anouya. Asi, mapeji eShoko raMwari, Bhaibheri, anoramba achitaura zvakajeka, achitipa nyaya yakazara nenzira isingambogoni kuitwa nenyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Zvakacherwa nenyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo muJezreeri

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Chidhori chomuKanani chakawanikwa paJezreeri