Chokwadi Ndechipi nezveMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa?

Anopfuura makore 50 adarika, dombo rakakandwa mubako nomufudzi wemakwai wechiBedouin rakatungamirira kune kwakanzi nevamwe kuwanwa kukuru kwazvo kwezvinhu zvekare kwakaitwa muzana remakore rechi20. MuBedouin wacho akanzwa dombo richipwanya hari yevhu. Aongorora, akawana yokutanga pane yakazozivikanwa seMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa.

VEZVEDZIDZO uye vanobudisa mashoko vave vachiongorora uye kuitirana nharo zvikuru pamusoro pemipumburu iyi. Pakati pevoruzhinji, kuvhiringidzika nokusawana chokwadi chizere kwakakura. Runyerekupe rwakapararira pamusoro pechiito chikuru chokuda kuviga, zvichikonzerwa nokutya kuti mipumburu yacho inobudisa pachena chokwadi chingakanganisa hwaro hwokutenda kwevaKristu pamwe nevaJudha. Asi mipumburu iyoyi inorevei chaizvo? Pashure peanopfuura makore 50, chokwadi chacho chinogona kuzivikanwa here?

Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa Chii?

Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa zvinyorwa zvechiJudha zvekare zvakanyorwa nemaoko, zvakawanda zvacho zvakanyorwa muchiHebheru, zvimwe muchiAramaiki, uye zvimwe zvishoma muchiGiriki. Yakawanda yemipumburu iyi nezvimwe zvidimbu zvave nemakore anopfuura 2 000, zvichiratidza kuti zvakanyorwa Jesu asati aberekwa. Pakati pemipumburu yokutanga yakawanikwa kubva kuvaBedouin paiva neminomwe yakareba yakanga yakasiyana-siyana pakusakara kwayo. Pakatsvakwa mumamwe mapako, mimwe mipumburu nezviuru zvezvidimbu zvemipumburu zvakawanikwa. Pakati pemakore a1947 na1956, mapako anokwana 11 akanga aine mipumburu akawanikwa pedyo neQumran, iri pedyo neGungwa Rakafa.

Apo mipumburu yose nezvidimbu zvacho zvinorongwa,  zvinokwana zvinyorwa zvemaoko 800. Chinenge chidimbu chimwe muzvina, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvemaoko zvinoti pfuurei 200, makopi ezvidimbu zvemagwaro eBhaibheri echiHebheru. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvemaoko zvinomiririra zvakanyorwa kare zvechiJudha zvisiri zvomuBhaibheri, zvose Apokirifa neZvinyorwa Zvisina Kufuridzirwa. *

Mimwe yemipumburu yakanyanyofarirwa nenyanzvi yaiva zvinyorwa zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi. Iyi inosanganisira kududzirwa kwenhau dzine chokuita nomutemo wechiJudha, mirayiro chaiyo yenzanga yeboka rechitendero raigara muQumran, nhetembo dzokupira uye minyengetero, uyewo zvinyorwa zvine chokuita nemazuva okupedzisira zvinoratidza maoenerwe anoitwa kuzadzika kwouprofita hweBhaibheri uye mazuva okupedzisira. Kunewo mabhuku orudzi rwawo oga anotsinhira Bhaibheri, mabhuku ekare-kare akatangira avepo iye zvino anotsanangura ndima nendima dzemagwaro eBhaibheri.

Ndiani Akanyora Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa?

Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuona nadzo pakanyorwa magwaro aya ekare dzinoratidza kuti mipumburu yacho zvichida yakakopwa kana kuti kunyorwa pakati pezana remakore rechitatu B.C.E. nezana remakore rokutanga C.E. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakabudisa pfungwa yokuti mipumburu yacho yakavanzwa mumapako acho nevaJudha vaibva kuJerusarema temberi isati yaparadzwa muna 70 C.E. Zvisinei, dzakawanda dzenyanzvi dziri kuongorora mipumburu yacho dzinoona maonero aya asingabvumirani nezviri mumipumburu yacho pachazvo. Mipumburu yakawanda inoratidza maonero netsika zvaipesana nezviremera zvechitendero muJerusarema. Mipumburu iyi inoratidza nzanga yaitenda kuti Mwari akanga aramba vapristi nokushanda kwetemberi muJerusarema uye kuti iye aiona kunamata kweboka racho murenje sebasa repatemberi rokutsiva. Zvinoratidzika kuti hazvaiita kuti zviremera zvetemberi yomuJerusarema zvivige zvinhu zvakanga zvichisanganisira mipumburu yakadaro.

Kunyange zvazvo pangangova paiva neboka revaiita basa rokukopa paQumran, zvichida yakawanda yemipumburu yacho yakaunganidzwa kumwewo ndokuunzwa ipapo nevatendi vacho. Kumwero wakati, Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa iraibhurari ine zvinhu zvakawanda. Kungofanana neimwe raibhurari, zvirimo zvacho zvingasanganisira pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana, zvisiri zvose hazvo zvinoratidza maonero echitendero evaverengi vazvo. Zvisinei, zviya zvakanyorwa zviri mumakopi akawanda kazhinji zvinoratidza zvinhu zvaifarirwa neboka racho zvakasiyana nezvevamwe uye zvaraitenda.

Vaigara paQumran Vaiva vaEssene Here?

Kana mipumburu iyi yaiva raibhurari yepaQumran, ndivanaani vaigarapo? Purofesa Eleazar Sukenik akawana mipumburu mitatu yokuisa paYunivhesiti yechiHebheru muJerusarema muna 1947, ndiye akatanga kubudisa pfungwa yokuti mipumburu iyi yakanga iri yevanhu venzanga yevaEssene.

VaEssene vakanga vari boka rechiJudha rakadudzwa nevanyori vezana remakore rokutanga Josephus, Philo wokuArekizandriya, naPliny Mukuru. Kwakatangira vaEssene chaiko inhau yokufungidzira, asi vanoita sevakatanga munguva yokusagadzikana kwezvinhu zvichitevera kupandukira kwavanaMakabhii muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. * Josephus akashuma nezvokuvapo kwavo panguva iyoyo sezvaaitsanangura zvakadzama kuti maonero avo ezvechitendero aisiyana sei neaya evaFarisi nevaSadhusi. Pliny akadudza nezvokuvapo kwenzanga yavaEssene pedyo neGungwa Rakafa pakati peJeriko neEni-gedhi.

Purofesa James VanderKam, nyanzvi yeMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, anoti “vaEssene vaigara paQumran vaingova kachikamu kaduku keboka guru revaEssene vaitama,” ako Josephus akati kaingova vanhu vanenge zviuru zvina. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingapindirani zvizere nokutsanangura kwose, zvinobuda muzvinotsanangurwa mumagwaro akawanikwa paQumran zvinoita sezvinopindirana  nevaEssene zviri nani kudarika rimwe boka revaJudha repanguva yacho.

Vamwe vakatotaura kuti chiKristu chakatangira paQumran. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvinooneka zvinogona kucherechedzwa pakati pemaonero echitendero eboka repaQumran nevaKristu vepakutanga. Zvinyorwa zvepaQumran zvinoratidza mitemo yakaoma zvikuru yokuchengeta Sabata uyewo kunetseka norucheno runodiwa netsika kunenge kwakanyanyisa. (Mateu 15:1-20; Ruka 6:1-11) Zvakadarowo zvinogona kutaurwa nezvokuzviparadzanisa nenzanga kwevaEssene, kudavira kwavo jambwa uye kusafa kwomweya, uye kusimbisa kwavo kusaroora uye pfungwa dzemashiripiti dzokunamata pamwe nengirozi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vaipesana nedzidziso dzaJesu nedzevaKristu vepakutanga.—Mateu 5:14-16; Johani 11:23, 24; VaKorose 2:18; 1 Timoti 4:1-3.

Hapana Kuviga Kwakaitwa, Hapana Mipumburu Yakavanzwa

Mumakore akazotevera kuwanwa kweMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, mabhuku akasiyana-siyana akabudiswa, akaita kuti zvakatanga-tanga kuwanikwa zvacho zviwanikwe nyore-nyore kunyanzvi pasi pose. Asi zviuru zvezvidimbu zvakabva mune rimwe remapako acho, rinozivikanwa seBako rechina, zvakanga zvichinetsa kupfuura zvimwe nokure. Izvi zvakanga zviine boka duku renyanzvi dzepasi pose rakaumbwa kuMabvazuva kweJerusarema (rwaiva rutivi rweJodhani) paImba Inochengetwa Zvinhu Zvekare yeParestina. Hapana nyanzvi dzechiJudha kana dzechiIsraeri dzakabatanidzwa muboka iri.

Boka racho rakava nomutemo wokusabvumira kuti mipumburu yacho ionekwe kusvikira parakabudisa mushumo wepamutemo wetsvakurudzo yaro. Nhamba yenyanzvi dzomuboka racho yakanga iine paisingapfuuri. Apo nhengo yeboka racho yaifa, nyanzvi itsva imwe bedzi yaiwedzerwa kuti iitsive. Kuwanda kwebasa racho kwaida boka guru, uye dzimwe nguva, paidiwa unyanzvi hukuru muchiHebheru nechiAramaiki chekare. James VanderKam akazvitaura achiti: “Makumi ezviuru zvezvidimbu akanga akawanda zvokuti nyanzvi dzinopfuura sere hadzaikwanisa kuanzvera, zvisinei nokuti dzine ruzivo rwakaita sei.”

KuMabvazuva kweJerusarema nemipumburu yeko kwakatanga kudzorwa neIsraeri, Hondo Yemazuva Matanhatu yarwiwa muna 1967, asi hapana kuchinjwa kwomutemo weboka rainzvera mipumburu kwakaitwa. Sezvo kunonoka kunyora pamusoro pemipumburu yeBako rechina kwakawedzera kubva pamakore akati kusvika kumakumi emakore, kutsutsumwa kwakanzwiwa kubva kunyanzvi dzakawanda. Muna 1997, Purofesa Geza Vermes weYunivhesiti yeOxford akakuti kunyadzisa kworudzi rwako kwoga mune zvedzidzo kwezana remakore rechi20. Runyerekupe rwakatanga kupararira kuti Chechi yeKaturike yakanga ichiviga mashoko noune kubva mumipumburu yaizova inovhiringidza zvinhu mune zvechiKristu.

Kuma1980, pakupedzisira boka racho rakazowedzerwa kusvika kunyanzvi 20. Uye, muna 1990, richitungamirirwa nomunyori waro mukuru akanga achangogadzwa, Emanuel Tov, weYunivhesiti yechiHebheru muJerusarema, boka racho rakawedzerwa kuva nyanzvi 50. Purogiramu yaifanira kunyatsotevedzerwa yakatangwa kuitira kubudisa mipumburu yose yakanga yasara yenyanzvi dzacho.

Kufambira mberi chaiko kwakavapo zvisingafungidziriki muna 1991. Kutanga, bhuku rinonzi A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls rakabudiswa. Iri rakabatanidzwa pamwe chete pachishandiswa kombiyuta zvichivakirwa pakonikodhenzi yechikwata chacho. Gare gare, Raibhurari yeHuntington iri muSan Marino, California, yakazivisa kuti yaizoita kuti mapikicha azere emipumburu awanikwe kune nyanzvi ipi neipi. Pasina nguva refu, nokubudiswa kwakaitwa bhuku rinonzi A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, mifananidzo yemipumburu yakanga isina kumbobudiswa yakatanga kuwanika zviri nyore.

Saka kwemakore gumi adarika, Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa yose yave iripo kuti iongororwe. Kutsvakurudza kwacho kunoratidza kuti hapana kuviga kwakaitwa; pakanga pasina mipumburu yakavanzwa. Sezvo mabhuku epamutemo emipumburu yacho ari kubudiswa, iye zvino ndipo panogona kutanga kunzvera kuzere. Boka idzva renyanzvi dzemipumburu ravepo. Asi kutsvakurudza uku kunorevei kuvadzidzi veBhaibheri?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Aya ndiwo mamwe emapako ari pedyo neGungwa Rakafa umo mipumburu yekare yakawanikwa

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Chidimbu chomupumburu: Mapeji 3, 4, ne6: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Courtesy of Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem