Cyril naMethodius—Vashanduri veBhaibheri Vakatanga Bumbiro Remabhii

“Rudzi rwedu rwunobhabhatidzwa asi hatina mudzidzisi. Hatinzwisisi chiGiriki kana chiLatin. . . . Hatinzwisisi mabhii akanyorwa kana zvaanoreva; naizvozvo titumirei vadzidzisi vanogona kuita kuti tizive mashoko eMagwaro uye zvaanoreva.”—Rostislav, mambo weMoravia, 862 C.E.

NHASI, vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 435 vanotaura mitauro yechiSlavic vanogona kuverenga shanduro yeBhaibheri iri mururimi rwavo. * Pane ivava, mamiriyoni 360 anoshandisa bumbiro remabhii [alphabet] rechiCyrillic. Asi, mazana 12 emakore apfuura pakanga pasina mutauro unonyorwa kana bumbiro remabhii mundimi dzemadzitateguru avo. Varume vakabatsira kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya vainzi Cyril naMethodius, mukoma nomunin’ina pakuzvarwa. Vanhu vanoda Shoko raMwari vachawana kuti mabasa okusatya akatangwa nomukoma nomunin’ina ava anoumba pfungwa itsva munhau yokuchengetedzwa nokusimudzirwa kweBhaibheri. Varume ivava vaiva vanaani, uye zvipingamupinyi zvipi zvavakatarisana nazvo?

“Muzivi” naGavhuna

Cyril (827-869 C.E., ainzi Constantine pakutanga) naMethodius (825-885 C.E.) vakazvarirwa mumhuri youmambo muTesaronika, kuGirisi. Panguva iyoyo Tesaronika raiva guta raishandisa mitauro miviri; vagari varo vaitaura chiGiriki norumwe rudzi rwechiSlavic. Kuvapo kwevaSlav vakawanda uye kukurukurirana zvakanyanya kwevagari vayo nenzanga dzevaSlav dzakanga dzakapoteredza zvingave zvakapa Cyril naMethodius mukana wokunyatsoziva mutauro wechiSlav chokumaodzanyemba. Uye munyori wenhoroondo dzoupenyu waMethodius akatoti amai vavo vakanga vari chizvarwa chechiSlavic.

Baba vake vafa, Cyril akatamira kuConstantinople, guta guru roUmambo hweByzantium. Ikoko akadzidza payunivhesiti youmambo uye akadzidziswa nenyanzvi dzevadzidzisi. Akava mutarisiri weraibhurari yeHagia Sophia, chivako chechechi chakakurumbira kupfuura zvose kuMabvazuva, uye gare gare akava purofesa wouzivi. Kutaura zvazviri, nemhaka yokubudirira kwake mune zvedzidzo, Cyril akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Muzivi.

Panguva iyoyi, Methodius akatsvaka kuita basa rakafanana nerakaitwa nababa vake—rokutarisira zvematongerwe enyika. Akasvika chinzvimbo chokuva mejastriti mukuru (gavhuna) kumuganhu kworuwa rweByzantium kwaigara vaSlav vakawanda.  Asi, akava muimba yemamongi muBhitiniya, kuAsia Minor. Cyril akabatana naye ikoko muna 855 C.E.

Muna 860 C.E., imba yedzinza rekwaConstantinople yakatumira mukoma nomunin’ina ava kunoita basa rechechi kune imwe nyika. Vakaendeswa kuvaKhazar, vanhu vaigara kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweGungwa Dema, vakanga vachiri kushaya kuti vosarudzei pakati pechiIslam, chiJudha, nechiKristu. Ari munzira kuenda ikoko, Cyril akasara kwenguva yakati paChersonese, muCrimea. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti ipapo akadzidza chiHebheru nechiSamariya uye akashandurira girama yechiHebheru mumutauro wevaKhazar.

Kudanwa Kwaibva Moravia

Muna 862 C.E., Rostislav, mambo wokuMoravia (Czechia yokumabvazuva mazuvano, Slovakia yokumadokero, uye Hungary yokumadokero), akatumira kuna Mambo weByzantium Michael III chikumbiro chinooneka mundima yokutanga—kuti atumire vadzidzisi veMagwaro. Vagari vomuMoravia vanotaura chiSlavic vakanga vatodzidziswa dzidziso dzechechi nevafundisi vaibva kuumambo hweEast Frank (zvino yava Germany uye Austria). Zvisinei, Rostislav ainetseka pamusoro pesimba rezvematongerwe enyika nerechechi remadzinza eGermany. Aitarisira kuti zvisungo zvechitendero naConstantinople zvaizobatsira kuchengeta rudzi rwake ruchizvitonga mune zvematongerwe enyika nezvechitendero.

Mambo wacho akasarudza kutumira Methodius naCyril kuMoravia. Mune zvemabhuku, zvedzidzo, uye zvomutauro, mukoma nomunin’ina ava vakanga vakanyatsoshongedzwa kutungamirira basa rakadaro. Munyori wenhoroondo dzoupenyu womuzana remakore rechipfumbamwe anotiudza kuti mambo wacho, achivakurudzira kuenda kuMoravia, akati: “Mose muri zvizvarwa zvokuTesaronika, uye vaTesaronika vose vanotaura chiSlav chaicho.”

Bumbiro Remabhii Neshanduro yeBhaibheri Zvinoberekwa

Mumwedzi yavaiva vasati vaenda, Cyril akagadzirira basa racho rechechi nokugadzira runyoro rwavaSlav. Zvinonzi ainyatsonzwa madudzirwe emashoko. Saka, achishandisa mabhii echiGiriki uye echiHebheru, akaedza kugadzira bhii nokuda kwezwi reshoko roga roga rechiSlavonic. * Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti akanga atopedza makore nemakore achiumba pokutangira nokuda kwebumbiro remabhii rakadaro. Uye nanhasi hazvisati zvanyatsozivikanwa kuti bumbiro remabhii rakagadzirwa naCyril nderipi.—Ona bhokisi rinoti “ChiCyrillic Here Kana Kuti chiGlagolitic?”

Panguva imwe chete iyi, Cyril akatanga purogiramu  yechimbi-chimbi yokushandura Bhaibheri. Maererano nezvinotaurwa, akatanga nokushandura kubva muchiGiriki kuisa muchiSlavonic, achishandisa bumbiro idzva remabhii rakanga richangobva kutangwa, mashoko okutanga eEvhangeri yaJohani, anoti: “Pakutanga Shoko rakanga riripo . . . ” Cyril akapfuurira kushandura Evhangeri ina, tsamba dzaPauro, uye bhuku reMapisarema.

Akashanda oga here? Pane mukana mukuru wokuti Methodius akabatsira pabasa racho. Uyezve, bhuku rinonzi The Cambridge Medieval History rinoti: “Zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti [Cyril] aiva nevamwe vaimubatsira, avo pakutanga vaifanira kuve vaiva vanhu vechizvarwa chechiSlav vakadzidza chiGiriki. Kana tikaongorora shanduro dzekare kwazvo, . . . tinova nouchapupu hwepfungwa yomutauro wechiSlavonic wakanyatsoitwa, unganzi wakaitwa nevabatsiri vaiva vaSlav pachavo.” Chikamu chose chakanga chasara cheBhaibheri racho chakapedzwa gare gare naMethodius, sezvatichaona.

“Semakunguo ari Kurwisa Gondo”

Muna 863 C.E., Cyril naMethodius vakatanga basa ravo rechechi muMoravia, kwavakagamuchirwa noushamwari. Basa ravo raisanganisira kudzidzisa boka revanhu vomunharaunda iyoyo runyoro rutsva rwechiSlavonic rwakanga ruchangogadzirwa, uyewo kushandura ndima dzeBhaibheri nedzetsika.

Zvisinei, zvose zvaisava nyore. Vafundisi vechiFrank muMoravia vakatsoropodza zvinotyisa kushandiswa kwechiSlavonic. Vaitsigira pfungwa yokutaura mitauro mitatu, vachiti chiLatin, chiGiriki, uye chiHebheru ndiyo mitauro chete yaigamuchirwa kuti ishandiswe mukunamata. Vachitarisira kutsigirwa napapa pamutauro wavo mutsva unonyorwa, mukoma nomunin’ina ava vakaenda kuRoma muna 867 C.E.

Vari munzira, muVenice, Cyril naMethodius vakasanganazve nerimwe boka revafundisi vechiLatin vaitsigira zvokutaura mitauro mitatu. Munyori womuMiddle Ages wenhoroondo dzoupenyu hwaCyril anotiudza kuti mabhishopu omunharaunda iyoyo, vapristi, uye mamongi vakamurwisa “semakunguo ari kurwisa gondo.” Maererano nenhoroondo iyoyo, Cyril akapindura nokutaura mashoko a1 VaKorinde 14:8, 9 anoti: “Nokuti zvechokwadi, kana hwamanda ikabudisa kurira kusina kujeka, ndiani achagadzirira kurwa? Nenzira yakafananawo, kana mukasataura norurimi zvinonzwisiswa zviri nyore, zvichazivikanwa sei kuti chii chiri kutaurwa? Chaizvoizvo, munenge muchitaurira mumhepo.”

Mukoma nomunin’ina ava pakupedzisira pavakasvika kuRoma, Pope Adrian II akavabvumira zvakakwana kuti vashandise chiSlavonic. Kwapera mwedzi inoverengeka, uye vachiri muRoma, Cyril akarwarisa. Pasina kupera mwedzi miviri gare gare, akafa pazera remakore 42.

Pope Adrian II akakurudzira Methodius kuti adzokere kunoshanda muMoravia nekwakapoteredza dhorobha reNitra, mune yava kunzi Slovakia zvino. Achida kusimbisa simba rake munharaunda iyoyo, papa wacho akapa Methodius tsamba dzokutendera kushandiswa kwechiSlavonic uye akamugadza kuva bhishopu mukuru. Zvisinei, muna 870 C.E., bhishopu wevaFrank ainzi Hermanrich, achibatsirwa naMambo Svatopluk wokuNitra, akasunga Methodius. Akaiswa mujeri kwemakore maviri nehafu muimba yemamongi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweGermany. Pakupedzisira, Pope John VIII, akatsiva Adrian II, akarayira kuti Methodius abudiswe, akamugadzazve munharaunda yaaidzora, ndokusimbisa kutsigira kwapapa kuti chiSlavonic chishandiswe mukunamata.

Asi kushora kwaibva kuvafundisi vechiFrank kwakapfuurira. Methodius akabudirira kuzvidzivirira papomero dzokuti aipesana nechechi, uye pakupedzisira akawana tsamba ine chidhindo kubva kuna Pope John VIII yainyatsobvumira kushandiswa kwechiSlavonic muchechi. Sezvakabvumwa napapa aripo iye zvino, John Paul II, upenyu hwaMethodius hwakapedzerwa “munzendo, kuzvinyima, mumatambudziko, kurwiswa uye kutambudzwa, . . . kunyange kusungwa nenzira youtsinye kwenguva yakati.” Nenzira inoshamisa, izvi zvaiitwa nemabhishopu uye madzimambo angangova okuRoma.

Bhaibheri Rose Rinoshandurwa

Pasinei nokushora ikoku kunopfuurira, Methodius, achibatsirwa nevanyori vakawanda vanogona kupfupisa mashoko, akapedza kushandura chikamu cheBhaibheri chakanga chasara muchiSlavonic. Maererano nezvinotaurwa, akapedza basa  guru iri mumwedzi misere chete. Zvisinei, haana kushandura mabhuku eapokirifa avanaMakabhii.

Nhasi, hazvisi nyore kunyatsoona kunaka kweshanduro yakaitwa naCyril naMethodius. Pachine makopi mashomanana chete emanyoro ane misi iri pedyo nenguva yakaitwa shanduro yokutanga. Nokuongorora zvinhu zvepakuvamba zvakadaro zvisingawanzowaniki, nyanzvi dzemitauro dzinoti shanduro yacho yakanga yakanyatsorurama uye yaibudisa rurimi rwacho chairwo. Bhuku rinonzi Our Slavic Bible rinoti mukoma nomunin’ina ava “vaifanira kuumba mashoko nemitsara zvakawanda . . . Uye vakaita izvozvi zvose noururami hunoshamisa [uye] vakaita kuti mutauro wechiSlavic uve nemashoko anotsanangura zvakajeka kwazvo.”

Nhaka Isingaparari

Methodius afa muna 885 C.E., vadzidzi vake vakadzingwa kuMoravia nevaipokana navo vechiFrank. Vakapotera kuBohemia, kumaodzanyemba kwePoland, nokuBulgaria. Saka basa raCyril naMethodius rakapfuudzirwa uye rakatopararira. Mutauro wechiSlavonic, wakaitwa kuti uve nemanyorerwe uye uve wechigarire nomukoma nomunin’ina ava, wakabudirira, wakakura, uye gare gare wakava mundimi dzakasiyana-siyana. Nhasi, vanhu vechiSlavic vanosanganisira mitauro 13 nendimi dzakawanda.

Uyezve, mabasa okusatya okushandura Bhaibheri aCyril naMethodius akabereka zvibereko mushanduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzechiSlavic dzeMagwaro dziripo nhasi. Mamiriyoni anotaura mitauro iyi anobatsirwa nokuva neShoko raMwari mururimi rwavo. Pasinei nokushorwa zvakasimba, mashoko aya ndeechokwadi sei anoti: “Shoko raMwari wedu richagara nokusingaperi.”!—Isaya 40:8.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]

ChiCyrillic Here Kana Kuti chiGlagolitic?

Maumbirwo ebumbiro remabhii rakagadzirwa naCyril akonzera magakava akawanda, sezvo nyanzvi dzemitauro dzisina chokwadi kuti rakanga riri bumbiro remabhii rorudzii. Bumbiro remabhii rinonzi Cyrillic rinoumbwa zvakanyanya kubva pabumbiro remabhii rechiGiriki, riine mamwe mabhii anosvika pagumi nemaviri kana kupfuura akaitwa kumirira madudzirwe emashoko echiSlavonic asingawaniki muchiGiriki. Zvisinei, mamwe manyoro okutanga echiSlavonic anoshandisa runyoro rwakasiyana, runozivikanwa seGlagolitic, uye ndirwo runyoro runodavirwa nevakawanda kuti rwakagadzirwa naCyril. Mabhii mashomanana echiGlagolitic anoita seakabva pamabhii echiGiriki kana kuti echiHebheru anonyorwa akabatana. Mamwe acho angave akabva mundimi dzaitaurwa munguva yomuMiddle Ages, asi akawanda acho ndeokuzvigadzirira uye akaoma kunzwisisa. ChiGlagolitic chinoita sechakasiyana kwazvo uye sechepakutanga. Zvisinei, chiCyrillic ndicho chazopedzisira chava manyoro emazuvano echiRussia, chiUkraine, chiSerbia, chiBulgaria, uye echiMacedonia, pamwe chete nemimwe mitauro 22, mimwe yacho isiri chiSlavonic.

[Artwork—Cyrillic and Glagolitic characters]

[Mepu iri papeji 31]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Baltic Sea

(Poland)

Bohemia (Czechia)

Moravia (E. Czechia, W. Slovakia, W. Hungary)

Nitra

UMAMBO HWOKUMABVAZUVA HWEVAFRANK (Germany & Austria)

ITALY

Venice

Roma

Mediterranean Sea

BULGARIA

GREECE

Tesaronika

(Crimea)

Black Sea

Bithynia

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]

Bhaibheri rechiSlavonic mumanyoro echiCyrillic kubvira muna 1581

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bible: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana