Bhaibheri Rakabatanidzwa Kuva Bhuku Rimwe Chete

KUTI vagadzire makopi eBhaibheri, vaKristu vepakuvamba ndivo vakatanga kushandisa codex—bhuku, kwete mupumburu. Zvisinei, vaKristu vacho havana kutanga kugadzira bhuku rimwe chete rine mabhuku ose eBhaibheri pakarepo. Danho rinokosha mukugadzira Bhaibheri riri bhuku rimwe chete rakatorwa muzana remakore rechitanhatu naFlavius Cassiodorus.

Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus akaberekwa munenge muna 485-490 C.E. mumhuri yakapfuma muCalabria, kumaodzanyemba kweItaly yemazuva ano. Akararama munguva inotambudza munhau yeItaly apo chitsuwa chacho chakatanga kugarwa nevaGoth uye gare gare nevaByzantine. Paakanga ava nemakore anenge 60 kana kuti 70, Cassiodorus akatanga musha wemamongi neraibhurari zvinonzi Vivarium pedyo nomusha wake muSquillace, kuCalabria.

Mupepeti weBhaibheri Anonyatsongwarira

Pakati pezvinhu izvo Cassiodorus aiva nehanya nazvo kwazvo, paiva nokuparadzirwa kweBhaibheri. “Maererano nemaonero aCassiodorus,” anonyora kudaro Peter Brown nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare, “zvinhu zvose zvechiLatin zvine chokuita nokudzidza zvaifanira kushandiswa pakuparadzira Bhaibheri. Zvose zvakamboshandiswa kare pakudzidza nokukopa magwaro ekare zvaifanira kushandiswa kuitira kunzwisisa Magwaro uye kuakopa noungwaru. Kufanana negadziriro yemapuraneti ichangoumbwa, tsika yose yechiLatin yaifanira kutenderera paShoko raMwari.”

Cassiodorus akaunganidza vashanduri nenyanzvi dzomutauro pamusha wemamongi weVivarium kuti vaenzanise Bhaibheri rose uye akatungamirira basa rokupepeta nokushingaira. Akapa basa racho kuvarume vashomanana chete vakadzidza. Vaifanira kudzivisa kukurumidza kugadzirisa zvaingofungidzirwa sezvikanganiso zvevanyori. Kana paiva nomubvunzo nezvemaumbirwo omutauro, zvinyorwa zvekare zveBhaibheri zvaifanira kuonekwa sechiremera chikuru pane chiLatin chaingoshandiswa nomunhu wose. Cassiodorus akarayiridza kuti: “Maumbirwo omutauro asiri enguva dzose . . . anofanira kuchengetedzwa, sezvo rugwaro runozivikanwa kuti rwakafuridzirwa rusingagoni kunzi rwakakanganiswa. . . . Nzira iyo Bhaibheri rakanyorwa nayo, kutaura kwokufananidzira, uye zvirevo zvaro zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa, kunyange kana zvakasiyana zvikuru nezvinodiwa muchiLatin, sezvinofanirawo kuitwa mazita echiHebheru.”—The Cambridge History of the Bible.

Codex Yakakura

Vaikopa pamusha wemamongi weVivarium vakarayirwa kuti vabudise zvinenge zvinyorwa zvitatu zvakaparadzana zveBhaibheri muchiLatin. Chimwe chaizvozvi, chaiva nemabhuku mapfumbamwe, zvimwe chaiva norugwaro rwechiLatin Chekare, shanduro yakaonekwa mukupera kwezana remakore rechipiri. Chimwe chinyorwa chechipiri chaiva neVulgate yechiLatin, iyo Jerome akapedza panenge pakutanga kwezana remakore rechishanu. Chechitatu, chaiva Codex Grandior, zvinoreva kuti “codex yakakura,” chakatorwa muzvinyorwa zvitatu zveBhaibheri. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvokupedzisira zvakanga zvine mabhuku ose eBhaibheri mubhuku rimwe chete.

 Zvinoratidzika sokuti Cassiodorus ndiye akatanga kubudisa maBhaibheri echiLatin ari bhuku rimwe chete, achiapa zita rokuti pandectae. * Pasina mubvunzo akaona kushanda kunoita kubatanidza mabhuku eBhaibheri ose kuva bhuku rimwe chete, nokudaro achibvisa basa rinodya nguva rokutsvaka mumabhuku anoverengeka.

Kubva Kumaodzanyemba kweItaly Kuenda kuBritish Isles

Nguva pfupi Cassiodorus afa (zvimwe munenge muna 583 C.E.), rwendo rweCodex Grandior rwakatanga. Panguva iyoyo, zvimwe zvezvinhu zvomuraibhurari yeVivarium zvinonzi zvakatamisirwa kuraibhurari yeLateran muRoma. Muna 678 C.E., mukuru mukuru womusha wemamongi wechiAnglo-Saxon ainzi Ceolfrith akauya necodex kuBritish Isles pakudzoka kwake kubva kuRoma. Nokudaro yakaunzwa mumisha miviri yemamongi yeWearmouth neJarrow, yaitungamirirwa naCeolfrith, muyava kunzi Northumbria, kuEngland.

Bhaibheri raCassiodorus rakabatanidzwa kuva bhuku rimwe chete rinofanira kuva rakafadza Ceolfrith nemamongi ake, avo zvichida vakakwezvwa nokushandisika kwaro zviri nyore. Nokudaro, mumakumi emakore mashomanana, vakabudisa mamwe maBhaibheri matatu akabatanidzwa kuva bhuku rimwe. Kopi ichiripo yeiwaya, manyoro makuru anonzi Codex Amiatinus. Ine mapeji 2 060 akagadzirwa neganda remhuru, rimwe nerimwe rakareba anenge masendimita 51 uye rakafara anenge masendimita 33. Ukobvu hwaro masendimita 25 zvichisanganisira mabutiro aro uye rinorema anodarika makirogiramu 34. Ndiro Bhaibheri rechiLatin rekare zvikuru rakabatanidzwa kuva bhuku rimwe chete richiripo. Nyanzvi yeBhaibheri inozivikanwa zvikuru yomuzana remakore rechi19 Fenton J. A. Hort akaona codex muna 1887. Hort akataura kuti, kunyange kumunhu akanga achiona Bhaibheri rechiLatin iri panguva yake aisara asina neromuromo.

Kudzokera kuItaly

Codex Grandior yepakuvamba yakapepetwa naCassiodorus iye zvino yakarasika. Asi yechiAnglo-Saxon yakagadzirwa kubva mairi, Codex Amiatinus, yakatanga rwendo rwokudzokera kuItaly payakanga yangopedzwa. Nguva pfupi asati afa, Ceolfrith akafunga zvokudzokera kuRoma. Akaenda nechimwe chinyorwa chake cheBhaibheri chechiLatin sechipo kuna Papa Gregory II. Ceolfrith akafira munzira, muna 716 C.E., paLangres, kuFrance. Asi Bhaibheri rake rakapfuurira norwendo nevamwe vaaifamba navo. Pakupedzisira codex yacho yakaiswa muraibhurari yomusha wemamongi weMount Amiata, pakati peItaly, nzvimbo yarinotora zita rokuti Codex Amiatinus. Muna 1782 zvinyorwa zvacho zvakatamisirwa kuRaibhurari yeMedicean-Laurentian muFlorence, kuItaly, kwazvaramba zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha muraibhurari yacho.

Codex Grandior yakava nechokuita nesu sei? Kubva munguva yaCassiodorus, vanyori nevanodhinda vakaramba vachitsigira kubudiswa kweBhaibheri rakabatanidzwa kuva bhuku rimwe chete. Kusvikira nanhasi, kuva neBhaibheri rakadai kwaita kuti zviitire vanhu nyore kutsvaka zvavanoda mariri nokudaro vachibatsirwa nesimba raro muupenyu hwavo.—VaHebheru 4:12.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Rwendo rweCodex Grandior

Musha wemamongi weVivarium

Roma

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Rwendo rweCodex Amiatinus

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Mt. Amiata

Florence

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Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

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Pamusoro: Codex Amiatinus Kuruboshwe: Mufananidzo waEzra muCodex Amiatinus

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Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze