Vechitendero chevaWaldenses—Vanosiya Chitendero Chavo Ndokuchinjira kuchiPurotesitendi

Raiva gore ra1545 muLubéron ruwa rwakaisvonaka rweProvence, kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. Uto rakanga raungana kuti rironge hondo inotyisa zvichikonzerwa nokusada kubvumira chimwe chitendero. Vhiki yakatevera pakava nokuteurwa kweropa.

MISHA yakaparadzwa, vagari vemo vakasungwa kana kuurayiwa. Mauto ane utsinye akauraya vanhu vakawanda noutsinye zvakasiya vanhu vose vomuEurope vachidedera. Varume vanenge 2 700 vakafa, uye 600 vakaendeswa kunoshanda mumagwa ehondo, tisingatauri kutambura kwevakadzi nevana. Mukuru weuto akateura ropa kudai akarumbidzwa namambo wokuFrance uye napapa.

Kutanga kwechiPurotesitendi kwakanga kwatokamura Germany apo Mambo wechiKaturike Francis I wokuFrance, achityira nezvokupararira kwechiPurotesitendi, akaongorora kuchinja kwechitendero kwainzi kwakanga kwoitika muumambo hwake. Pane kuwana vanhu vashomanana vainzi vaiva nezvitendero zvavo, zviremera zvomuProvence zvakawana misha yose ine zvitendero zvayo. Mutemo wokuparadza zvitendero zvose izvi wakadzikwa, uri iwo wakazokonzera kuuraya kukuru kwomuna 1545.

Vaiva nezvitendero zvavo vaimbova vanaani? Uye nei vakatambudzirwa zvitendero zvavo?

Kubva Muupfumi Kuenda Muurombo

Vaya vakaurayiwa mukuuraya kukuru vaiva verimwe sangano rechitendero chakavamba muzana remakore rechi12 uye chaiva chakapararira munzvimbo yakakura yeEurope. Nzira yachakapararira nayo uye yakaita kuti chirambe chiripo kwemazana emakore akawanda inoita kuti chive chakasiyana nezvimwe. Vezvenhau vakawanda vanobvuma kuti sangano racho rakatanga munenge mugore ra1170. Muguta reFrance reLyons, mushambadzi akapfuma ainzi Vaudès akada chaizvo kudzidza mafadzire aangaita Mwari. Zviri pachena kuti akurudzirwa nezano raKristu rokuti mumwe murume mupfumi akatengesa zvaaiva nazvo ndokupa varombo, Vaudès akaita kuti mhuri yake ive nemari yakakwana ndokushandisa imwe mari yake kuparidza Evhangeri. (Mateu  19:16-22) Nenguva isipi akava nevateveri vakazozivikanwa sevaWaldenses. *

Urombo, kuparidza, uye Bhaibheri ndizvo zvaiva pamwoyo muupenyu hwaVaudès. Kupokana uye kupfuma kwevakuru vechitendero hakuna kutanga iye zvino. Kwenguva yakati, vafundisi vaiva nezvavowo zvavaidavira vakanga vashora miitiro yechechi youori uye kusashandisa zvakanaka chiremera chayo. Asi Vaudès akanga asiri muboka revafundisi ava kungofanana nevateveri vake vakawanda. Saka hazvishamisi kuti nei akaona zvakakodzera kuva neBhaibheri mumutauro worurimi rwake, mutauro wevanhu vakawanda. Sezvo shanduro yeBhaibheri yechiLatin yaingowanikwa kumufundisi chete, Vaudès akatanga kushandura mabhuku eEvhangeri nemamwe eBhaibheri muchiFranco-Provençal, mutauro wainzwisiswa nevanhuwo zvavo vokumabvazuva kwakadziva pakati peFrance. * Vachiita maererano nomurayiro waJesu wokuparidza, Varombo veLyons vaiparidza pachena mumigwagwa. (Mateu 28:19, 20) Wezvenhau Gabriel Audisio anotsanangura kuti kuomerera kwavo pakuparidza pachena yakatova nyaya inokosha pakuona kwaiita chechi vaWaldenses.

Kubva muchiKaturike Ndokutanga Chimwe Chitendero

Mumazuva iwayo, kuparidza kwaingofanira kuitwa nomufundisi chete, uye chechi ndiyo yaipa mvumo yokuparidza. Vafundisi vaiona vaWaldenses sevasingazivi uye sevasina kudzidza, asi muna 1179, Vaudès akatsvaka mvumo yepamutemo kuna Pope Alexander III yokuti aparidze. Akapiwa mvumo yacho—asi zvichitsamira pakuti zvatenderwa here nevapristi vomunzvimbo iyoyo. Wezvenhau anonzi Malcolm Lambert anoti “izvi zvaiva pedyo chaizvo nokuramba zvachose.” Zvechokwadi, zvinonzi Archbishop Jean Bellesmains weLyons akarambidza kuparidza kunoitwa nevasiri vafundisi. Vaudès akapindura achishandisa Mabasa 5:29 inoti: “Tinofanira kuteerera Mwari somutongi panzvimbo pevanhu.” Nokuti haana kurega kuita zvaakanga arambidzwa, Vaudès akadzingwa muchechi muna 1184.

Kunyange zvazvo vaWaldenses vakadzingwa mumaruwa oufundisi eLyons uye muguta, zvinoratidzika sokuti havana kunyanya kumanikidzwa pamutongo wokutanga uyu. Vanhuwo zvavo vakawanda vaiyemura vaWaldenses nemhaka yokuvimbika kwavo nemararamiro avo uye kunyange mabhishopu airamba achitaura navo.

Maererano nowezvenhau Euan Cameron, zvinoratidzika sokuti vaparidzi vevaWaldenses vakanga vasinga“pokani Chechi yeRoma pasina.” Chaizvoizvo ivo “vaida kuparidza nokudzidzisa.” Vezvenhau vanoti sangano racho rakabva ranzi rapanduka richingopiwa mitongo yakaita kuti pakupedzisira rirambe risinganyanyi kupesvedzera uye riderere. Kupomera mhosva kweChechi kwakaguma kwaita kuti Fourth Lateran Council irambidze vaWaldenses muna 1215. Izvi zvine zvazvakaita here pabasa ravo rokuparidza?

Vanoita Basa Ravo Vasingaonekwi

Vaudès akafa mugore ra1217, uye vateveri vake vakatambudzwa vakapararira mumapani eAlps  okuFrance, kuGermany, kuchamhembe kweItaly, uye Pakati noKumabvazuva kweEurope. Kutambudzwa kwakaita kuti vaWaldenses vagarewo kumamisha, uye izvi zvakakanganisa basa ravo rokuparidza munzira dzakawanda.

Muna 1229 Chechi yeKaturike yakapedza Hondo yayo yokurwisa vaCathari, kana kuti vaAlbigenses, kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. * VaWaldenses ndivo vakazotevera pakurwiswa kukuru ikoku. Kuongorora uku kwaizoitwa zvisina tsitsi pavavengi vose vechechi. Kutya kwakaita kuti vaWaldenses vaite basa ravo vasingaonekwi. Muna 1230 vakanga vasingachaparidzi pachena. Audisio anotsanangura kuti: “Pane kuti vaende kunotsvaka makwai matsva . . . , vakazvipa nomwoyo wose kuti vatarisire vatendeuki, vachisimbisa kutenda kwavo pasinei nokudzvinyirirwa uye kutambudzwa kwavaiitwa nevokunze.” Anowedzera kuti “kuparidza kwakaramba kuri chinhu chinokosha asi kwakanga kwachinja zvachose.”

Zvavaitenda Nemiitiro Yavo

Pane kuti varume vose nevakadzi vaite mabasa okuparidza, pakazosvika zana remakore rechi14, vaWaldenses vakanga votosiyanisa vaparidzi nevatendi. Varume vakanyatsorovedzwa ndivo chete vaiita basa rokuparidza. Vashumiri ava vaifamba nzvimbo nenzvimbo vakasvika pakuzivikanwa savanabarbes (madzibaba).

Madzibaba aishanyira misha yemhuri dzevaWaldenses, aishanda kuti sangano racho rirambe riripo pane kuti ripararire. Madzibaba ose aigona kuverenga nokunyora, uye kurovedza kwaitora makore matanhatu, zvinhu zvakavakirwa paBhaibheri. Kushandisa Bhaibheri mururimi rwavo kwakavabatsira kuritsanangurira makwai avo. Kunyange vaivapokana vakabvuma kuti vaWaldenses, kusanganisira vana vavo, vaiva netsika dzakasimba dzakavakirwa muBhaibheri uye vaigona kuyeuka mashoko akawanda ezvikamu zveMagwaro.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvakarambwa nevaWaldenses vepakutanga zvaiti, kunyepa, purigatori, Misa inoitirwa vakafa, kukanganwira kwavanapapa uye unzenza, nokunamata Mariya uye “vasande.” Vaichengetawo chirangaridzo chegore negore choKudya kwaShe Kwemanheru, kana kuti Kudya Kwokupedzisira. Maererano naLambert, manamatiro avo “chaizvoizvo, akanga ari echitendero chevanhuwo zvavo vaisava muzvitendero zvevafundisi.”

“Upenyu Huviri”

Mhuri dzevaWaldenses dzaiva dzakabatana chaizvo. Vanhu vacho vairoora kana kuroorwa musangano racho, uye kwemazana emakore izvi zvakaita kuti pave nemazita emhuri dzevaWaldenses. Zvisinei, vachirwira kuti chitendero chavo chirambe chiripo, vaWaldenses vakaedza kuvanza maziviro avo nhau. Kuvanza zvaitendwa muchitendero chavo uye miitiro yavo kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuvashori kuvapomera zvenhema, somuenzaniso nokuvati vainamata Dhiyabhorosi. *

Imwe nzira iyo vaWaldenses vakabata nayo kupomera ikoku yaiva kubvuma uye kuita izvo wezvenhau anonzi Cameron akati “kumbobvuma zvishomanana” kunamata kwechiKaturike. VaWaldenses vakawanda vaireurura kuvapristi vechiKaturike, vaipinda Misa, vaishandisa mvura tsvene, uye kunyange kuenda kunzvimbo tsvene. Lambert anoti: “Muzvinhu zvakawanda vaingoita sezvaingoitwawo nevavakidzani vavo vechiKaturike.” Audisio akabva ataura kuti nokufamba kwenguva, vaWaldenses “vakararama upenyu huviri.” Anowedzera kuti: “Kune rumwe rutivi, vaiita sevaKaturike zvechipameso chete kuitira kuti vachengetedze rugare rwakati kuti; ukuwo, vaichengeta tsika dzinoverengeka nemiitiro yavo kuitira kuti boka ravo rirambe riripo.”

Kusiya Chitendero Chavo Ndokuchinjira kuchiPurotesitendi

Muzana remakore rechi16, kurambwa nokuumbwa kwezvimwe zvitendero zvitsva kwakachinja nenguva isipi nyaya yezvitendero muEurope. Vaya vairambidzwa vaigona kutsvaka kuzivikanwa kwepamutemo munyika yavo pachavo kana kubuda munyika yacho kunotsvaka kuri nani.  Pfungwa yokuchinja chitendero yakanga isingachanyanyi kukosheswa, sezvo vanhu vakawanda vakatanga kusava nechokwadi nechitendero chainzi ndechepamutemo.

Kare kuma 1523, mutungamiriri aizivikanwa kwazvo wezvokuumbwa kwezvitendero zvitsva Martin Luther akataura nezvevaWaldenses. Muna 1526 mumwe baba wevaWaldenses akasvitsa kuAlps mashoko ezvakanga zvichiitika mune zvezvitendero kuEurope. Izvi zvakateverwa nenguva apo nzanga dzechiPurotesitendi dzaigoverana dzidziso dzadzo nevaWaldenses. VaPurotesitendi vakakurudzira vaWaldenses kuti vatsigire nemari shanduro yeBhaibheri yokutanga kubva mumutauro wayo wepakutanga kuishandurira muchiFrench. Radhindwa muna 1535, rakazozivikanwa seBhaibheri raOlivétan. Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, vaWaldenses vakawanda vakanga vasinganzwisisi chiFrench.

Chitambudzo chaiitwa neChechi yeKaturike zvachakapfuurira, nhamba huru yevaWaldenses yakagara kuruwa rwakachengeteka rweProvence kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, zviri izvowo zvakaitwa nevaPurotesitendi vakanga vabva kune dzimwe nyika. Zviremera zvakaudzwa nokukurumidza nezvekutama uku. Pasinei nemishumo yakanaka maererano nemararamiro uye tsika dzevaWaldenses, vamwe vanhu vakangoramba vasina chokwadi nezvokuvimbika kwavo ndokuvapomera kuti vanokanganisa kuvapo kworugare. Mutemo weMérindol wakadzikwa, ndokukonzera kudeurwa kweropa kunotyisa kwataurwa kwatangira nyaya ino.

Ukama pakati pevaKaturike nevaWaldenses hwakaramba huchiderera. Pakurwiswa kwavakaitwa, vaWaldenses vakatodzorerawo vachishandisa uto rine zvombo kuti vazvidzivirire. Kurwisana uku kwakabva kwavaita kuti vachinjire kuchipurotesitendi. Saka vaWaldenses vakabatana nechiPurotesitendi chakanga chokurumbira.

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, machechi evaWaldenses akavapo munyika dziri kure kwazvo kubvira kuFrance kusvika kuUruguay uye United States. Zvisinei, vezvenhau vakawanda vanobvumirana naAudisio, uyo akati “Dzidziso dzevaWaldenses dzakaguma pakatanga kurambwa nokuumbwa kwezvimwe zvitendero zvitsva,” padzaka“medzwa” nechiPurotesitendi. Zvechokwadi, sangano revaWaldenses rakanga risingachashingairi sezvaraiita kare mumazana emakore arakatanga. Izvozvo zvakaitika apo nhengo dzaro dzakatya ndokusiya basa rinotsigirwa neBhaibheri rokuparidza nokudzidzisa.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nzvimbo dzaiva nevaWaldenses

FRANCE

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Rome

Berlin

Prague

Vienna

[Mufananidzo]

VaWaldenses vakatsigira nemari shanduro yeBhaibheri raOlivétan muna 1535

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bhaibheri: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Kupiswa kwevakadzi vaviri vechikuru vechiWaldenses

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mapeji 20 ne21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe