Zvisinganzwisisiki nezvaTertullian

‘PANE kufanana kupi pakati pomuKristu nomuzivi? pakati pouyo anoshatisa chokwadi, nouyo anochidzorera nokuchidzidzisa? Pane kubvumirana kupi pakati pechikoro chaPlato neChechi?’ Mibvunzo yakadaro youshingi yakabvunzwa naTertullian, munyori womuzana remakore rechipiri nerechitatu C.E. Akasvika pakuzivikanwa so“mumwe wevaigona kuwanisa mashoko akawandisa kupfuura vamwe pamusoro penhoroondo yeChechi uye pezvaidzidziswa panguva yaakararama.” Chaaisiya kunyora nezvacho panyaya dzechitendero hameno kuti chakanga chakaita seiwo.

Zvichida Tertullian ainyanya kuzivikanwa nemashoko ake aisanyatsonzwisisika kana kuti aiita seanozvipokanidza oga, akadai sokuti: “Saka zvikurukuru Mwari anova mukuru, paanenge Ari muduku.” “[Rufu rwoMwanakomana waMwari] runofanira kudavirwa zvakakwana, nokuti haruna musoro.” “[Jesu] akavigwa, akazomukazve; chokwadi chacho chakajeka, nokuti hazvibviri.”

Pane zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisiki nezvaTertullian kupfuura mashoko ake chete. Kunyange zvazvo aida kuti zvinhu zvaainyora zvitsigire chokwadi nokusimudzira kuvimbika kwechechi nedzidziso dzayo, akatozoshatisa dzidziso dzechokwadi. Zvaakanyanya kutsigira nazvo chiKristudhomu zvakazova zvinoshandiswa nevanyori vepashure pake pakuumba dzidziso yoUtatu. Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kuti izvi zvakaitika sei, ngatimboongororai iye Tertullian pachake.

“Haatombonyori Chinhu Chisinganakidzi”

Zvishomanana zvinozivikanwa nezvoupenyu hwaTertullian. Vadzidzi vazhinji vanobvumirana kuti akaberekwa munenge muna 160 C.E. muCarthage, kuNorth Africa. Zvinoratidza kuti akanga akadzidza uye aiziva zvikuru zvaidzidziswa nevazivi vomumazuva ake. Kunenge kuti chakaita kuti akwezvwe nechiKristu kugadzirira kufira chitendero chavo kwakanga kwakaita vaizviti vaKristu. Nezvokufira kutenda kwechiKristu, akabvunza kuti: “Ndiani angafungisisa nezvokufira kutenda akasafadzwa zvokuda kubvunza zvakawanda nezvakwo? ndiani, pashure pokubvunza, asingagamuchiri dzidziso dzedu?”

Pashure pokutendeukira kuchiKristu chezita, Tertullian akava munyori anofunga nyaya dzake oga aine chipo chokunyora mashoko mapfupi anosekesa. “Aiva nemano asingawanzowaniki pakati pevafundisi,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Fathers of the Church. “Haatombonyori chinhu chisinganakidzi.” Mumwe mudzidzi weBhaibheri akati: “Tertullian [aiva] nechipo chemashoko kwete chezvirevo, uye zviri nyore zvikuru kunzwisisa madimikira ake kupfuura kunzwisisa zvaanenge achiedza kutaura. Zvichida ndokusaka zvaakanyora zvichishandiswa kakawanda uye zvisingashandiswi muzvikamu zvakakura.”

Kutsigira chiKristu

Bhuku raTertullian rakanyanya kukurumbira rinonzi Apology, rinonzi ndiro rimwe remabhuku anotsigira chiKristu chezita zvakasimba kupfuura mamwe ose. Rakanyorwa munguva yaiwanzotambudzwa vaKristu nemhomho dzevanhu vaidavira mashura. Tertullian akatsigira vaKristu ava akaramba kubatwa kwavaiitwa zvisina musoro. Akati: “[Vapikisi] vanofunga kuti vaKristu ndivo vanokonzera zvakaipa zvose  nerombo rakaipa revanhu. . . . Kana Nile rukasafashukira zvokudiridza muminda, kana kunze kusina kuchinja, kana kukava nokudengenyeka kwenyika, nzara, mukondombera—mhere inobva yanzwikwa pakarepo: ‘Kandirai vaKristu vadyiwe neshumba!’”

Kunyange zvazvo vaKristu vaiwanzopomerwa kuti havateereri Hurumende, Tertullian akaedza kuratidza kuti ndivo vaitova vagari vomunyika vanovimbika kupfuura vamwe vose munharaunda. Pashure pokunyora nezvokuedza kupidigura hurumende kunoverengeka kwakanga kwaitwa, akayeuchidza vaimupikisa kuti nhunzvatunzva idzodzo dzaiva vakuru vechihedheni, kwete vaKristu. Tertullian akataura kuti vaKristu pavaiurayiwa, yairasikirwa zvikuru iHurumende.

Mamwe mabhuku aTertullian aitaura nezvemararamiro echiKristu. Somuenzaniso mubhuku rake retsanangudzo rinonzi On the Shows, Tertullian akashora kuva panzvimbo dzokuvarairwa, pamitambo yechihedheni, uye pamitambo yomunhandare. Kunenge kuti paiva nevakanga vachangotendeuka vaisaona kuti kusangana vachiwana mirayiridzo yomuBhaibheri vozoenda kumitambo yechihedheni zvakanga zvisingapindirani. Achiedza kuvakurudzira kufunga, Tertullian akanyora kuti: “Hazvina kutombofanira kubva kuchechi yaMwari kuenda kune yadhiyabhorosi—kubva kune zvokunamata kuenda kuzvinhu zvoumhuka.” Akati: “Zvamunoramba nezviito, hamungazvigamuchiri mumashoko.”

Anokanganisa Chokwadi Paanenge Achichitsigira

Tertullian akatanga kunyora nyaya yake yaiva nomusoro unoti Against Praxeas achiti: “Dhiyabhorosi ave achipikisana uye achidzivisa chokwadi munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Dzimwe nguva chinangwa chake chave chiri chokuparadza chokwadi kuburikidza nokuchitsigira.” Murume ainzi Praxeas ari munyaya iyi haanyatsozivikanwi kuti ndiani, asi Tertullian aisawirirana nedzidziso dzake pamusoro paMwari naKristu. Aiona Praxeas sechishandiso chaSatani chaiedza kushatisa chiKristu norweseri.

Nhau yainetsa panguva iyoyo pakati pevaizviti vaKristu yaiva youkama huri pakati paMwari naKristu. Vamwe pakati pavo, zvikurukuru vechiGiriki, vaizviona zvakaoma kubatanidza kudavira Mwari mumwe chete nebasa raJesu soMuponesi noMudzikunuri. Praxeas akaedza kugadzirisa kusanzwisisa ikoko kuburikidza nokudzidzisa kuti Jesu aingova kuratidzwa kwakasiyana kwaBaba mumwe cheteyo uye kuti pakanga pasina musiyano pakati paBaba noMwanakomana. Iyi pfungwa yaireva kuti Mwari akazviratidza “saBaba muKusika uye mukupa Mutemo, soMwanakomana muna Jesu Kristu, uye soMudzimu Mutsvene pashure pokuenda kudenga kwaKristu.”

Tertullian akaratidza kuti Magwaro aisiyanisa zvakajeka Baba noMwanakomana. Atora mashoko ari pana 1 VaKorinde 15:27, 28, akati: “Uyo akaisa (zvinhu zvose), noUyo wazvakaiswa pasi pake—vanotongofanira kuva Vanhu vakasiyana.” Tertullian akataura nezvemashoko aJesu  pachake okuti: “Baba vakuru kwandiri.” (Johani 14:28) Achishandisa zvimwe zvikamu zveMagwaro echiHebheru, akadai saPisarema 8:5, akaratidza matsananguriro anoita Bhaibheri “uduku” hwoMwanakomana. “Saka Baba vakasiyana noMwanakomana, vari vakuru kuMwanakomana,” akapedzisa achidaro Tertullian. “Sezvo Uyo anobereka ari mumwe munhu, uye Uyo anoberekwa ari mumwewo; Iyewo anotuma ndomumwe munhu, uye Uyo anotumwa ndomumwewo; uye Uyo zvakare anogadzira ndomumwe munhu, uye Uyo chinhu chinogadzirwa kuburikidza naye ndomumwewo.”

Tertullian aiona Mwanakomana seari pasi paBaba. Zvisinei, mukuedza kwake kurwisana nedzidziso yokuti Mwari akachinja-chinja, akazo“pfuura zvinhu zvakanyorwa.” (1 VaKorinde 4:6) Sezvo Tertullian airasika achiedza kutsvaka kuva Mwari kwaJesu achishandisa imwe tsanangudzo, akaumba mashoko okuti “chinhu chimwe chete muvanhu vatatu.” Achishandisa pfungwa iyi, akaedza kuratidza kuti Mwari, Mwanakomana wake, uye mudzimu mutsvene vaiva vanhu vatatu vakasiyana vachigara muchinhu chimwe chete chiri Mwari. Saka Tertullian akava wokutanga kushandisa shoko rechiLatin rinoreva kuti “utatu” achireva Baba, Mwanakomana, nomudzimu mutsvene.

Ngwarira Uzivi Hwenyika

Tertullian akakwanisa sei kuumba mashoko okuti “chinhu chimwe chete muvanhu vatatu”? Mhinduro yacho iri pachimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisiki nezvomurume wacho—maonero aaiita uzivi. Tertullian aidana uzivi kuti “‘dzidziso’ dzevanhu uye ‘dzemadhimoni.’” Aishoropodza zviri pachena muitiro wokushandisa uzivi kutsigira chokwadi chechiKristu. “Kuedza kuva nechiKristu chakashatiswa nomusanganiswa wechiStoic, chiPlatonic, uye uzivi, kunofanira kudziviswa” akadaro. Asi, Tertullian pachake akashandisa uzivi hwenyika pamadiro pahwaipindirana nepfungwa dzake pachake.—VaKorose 2:8.

Rimwe bhuku rinoti: “Dzidziso youtatu yakabatsirwa nepfungwa dzechiGiriki chepashure paAlexander Mukuru kuti itange uye inzwisiswe.” Uye bhuku rinonzi The Theology of Tertullian rinoti: “Kuzivisisa kwaiita Tertullian zvemitemo uye pfungwa nemashoko zvouzivi ndizvo zvakamuita kuti aumbe dzidziso youtatu iyo, pasinei nokuperevedza kwayo uye kusajeka, yakazopa hwaro hwokuratidzwa kwayakazoitwa muDare reNicaea.” Saka pfungwa yaTertullian—vanhu vatatu muchinhu chimwe chete—yakabatsira zvikuru kuparadzirwa kwechitendero chakakanganisika muchiKristudhomu chose.

Tertullian akapomera vamwe kuparadza chokwadi pavaiedza kuchitsigira. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvipindirani nezvaakazoita sezvo kuburikidza nokusanganisa chokwadi chakafuridzirwa naMwari chomuBhaibheri nouzivi hwevanhu, iye akazowira mumusungo mumwe chetewo. Saka ngatifungei nezvenyevero yomuMagwaro yokusa“teerera kutaura kwakafuridzirwa kunotsausa nedzidziso dzemadhimoni.”—1 Timoti 4:1.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 29, 30]

Tertullian akatsoropodza uzivi asi akahushandisa kutsigira pfungwa dzake pachake

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mapeji 29 ne30: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]

VaKristu vechokwadi havasanganisi chokwadi cheBhaibheri nouzivi hwevanhu