“Shanduro yeSeptuagint” Yaibatsira Kare uye Inobatsira Iye Zvino

MUMWE murume aiva nesimba wokuEtiopiya akanga ari kubva kuJerusarema achienda kumusha. Sezvaaifamba mune mumwe mugwagwa womurenje ari mungoro yake, akanga achiverenga zvinonzwika mumwe mupumburu wechitendero. Tsanangudzo dzemashoko aaiverenga dzakamubaya mwoyo zvikuru zvokuti upenyu hwake hwakachinja kubva ipapo. (Mabasa 8:26-38) Murume wacho akanga achiverenga Isaya 53:7, 8 mushanduro yokutanga  chaiyo yeBhaibheri—Septuagint yechiGiriki. Shanduro iyi yakaita basa rinokosha kwazvo mukuparadzira shoko reBhaibheri mumazana ose emakore zvokuti yakanzi shanduro yeBhaibheri yakachinja nyika.

Shanduro yeSeptuagint yakanyorwa rini uye mumamiriroi ezvinhu? Nei paidiwa shanduro yakadaro? Yaratidza kuva inobatsira zvakadini kwemazana ose emakore aya? Septuagint ingatidzidzisa chii nhasi, kana chiripo?

Yakagadzirirwa vaJudha Vaitaura chiGiriki

Muna 332 B.C.E. Alexander Mukuru paakapinda muIjipiti pashure pokuparadza guta reFenikiya yeTire, akagamuchirwa somununuri. Ikoko akavaka guta reArekizandriya, nzvimbo yokudzidzira munyika yekare. Alexander akatanga chiGiriki chinozivikanwa navose (Koine) panguva youmambo hwake hwose, achida kuparadzira tsika dzechiGiriki kuvanhu vaigara munyika dzakanga dzakundwa.

Muzana remakore rechitatu B.C.E., Arekizandriya yakasvika pakuva nevanhu vechiJudha vakawanda. Pashure pokuva nhapwa muBhabhironi, vaJudha vakawanda vakanga vachirarama munyika dzakapararira kunze kweParestina vakatamira kuArekizandriya. VaJudha ava vaiziva mutauro wechiHebheru zvakadini? Cyclopedia yaMcClintock naStrong inoti: “Zvinozivikanwa zvikuru kuti vaJudha vadzoka kubva kwavakanga vatapwa kuBhabhironi, pavakanga varasikirwa nechiHebheru chekare chaizivikanwa zvikuru, vaitsanangurirwa zvaiverengwa mumabhuku aMosesi mumasinagogi eParestina mururimi rwechiKardhea . . . Zvimwe vaJudha vokuArekizandriya vaitova noruzivo rushoma rwechiHebheru; mutauro wavakanga vakajaira waiva chiGiriki chokuArekizandriya.” Zviri pachena kuti mamiriro ezvinhu muArekizandriya akanga akanaka kuti Magwaro echiHebheru ashandurirwe muchiGiriki.

Aristobulus, mumwe muJudha akararama muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., akanyora kuti nhoroondo yomutemo wechiHebheru yakashandurirwa muchiGiriki uye yakapedzwa panguva yokutonga kwaPtolemy Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.E.). Vanhu vanofunga zvakasiyana-siyana nezvairehwa naAristobulus nokuti “mutemo.” Vamwe vanofunga kuti aingotaura nezveMabhuku Mashanu Okutanga eBhaibheri, nepo vamwe vachiti angangova aifunga nezveMagwaro echiHebheru ose.

Chero zvazvingava zviri, maererano nenhau dzekare zvinonzi dzinenge nyanzvi 72 dzechiJudha dzakabatanidzwa mushanduro yakanyorwa yokutanga yeMagwaro echiHebheru akashandurirwa muchiGiriki. Gare gare, nhamba yakazara 70 yakatanga kushandiswa. Saka Bhaibheri racho rakanzi Septuagint, kureva “70,” uye inonyorwa kudai LXX, dziri nhamba dzechiRoma dzinomirira 70. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., mabhuku ose eMagwaro echiHebheru aigona kuverengwa muchiGiriki. Saka, zita rokuti Septuagint rakasvika pakureva Magwaro echiHebheru ose akashandurirwa muchiGiriki.

Yaibatsira Muzana Remakore Rokutanga

Shanduro yeSeptuagint yakashandiswa zvikuru nevaGiriki vaitaura chiJudha Jesu Kristu asati auya uye munguva yake nevaapostora vake. VaJudha vakawanda nevatendeuki vakaungana muJerusarema pazuva rePendekosti ya33 C.E. vaibva kuruwa rweAsia, Ijipiti, Ribhiya, Roma, neKirete—nzvimbo dzine vanhu vaitaura chiGiriki. Hapana mubvunzo kuti vaiva netsika yokuverenga Septuagint. (Mabasa 2:9-11) Saka, shanduro iyi yakaratidza kuva nesimba mukuparadzira mashoko akanaka muzana remakore rokutanga.

Somuenzaniso, paaitaura nevarume vokuKurini, Arekizandriya, Kirikiya neAsia, mudzidzi Stefani akati: “Josefa akavatuma kunodana Jakobho baba vake nehama dzake dzose kubva panzvimbo iyoyo [Kenani], vaisvika mweya ine makumi manomwe nemishanu.” (Mabasa 6:8-10; 7:12-14) Rugwaro rwechiHebheru ruri pana Genesi chitsauko 46 runoti nhamba yehama dzaJosefa yaiva makumi manomwe. Asi Septuagint inoshandisa makumi manomwe nevashanu. Zviri pachena kuti Stefani akatora mashoko muSeptuagint.—Genesi 46:20, 26, 27.

 Muapostora Pauro sezvaaifamba muAsia Minor yose uye muGirisi parwendo rwake rwechipiri norwechitatu rwoumishinari, akaparidzira Vemamwe Marudzi vakawanda avo vaitya Mwari uye “vaGiriki vainamata Mwari.” (Mabasa 13:16, 26; 17:4) Vanhu ava vakanga vasvika pakutya Mwari kana kumunamata nemhaka yokuti vakanga vawana zivo yake kubva muSeptuagint. Pakuparidzira vanhu ava vaitaura chiGiriki, Pauro aiwanzodzokorora kana kutaura nemamwe mashoko zvikamu zveshanduro iyoyo.—Genesi 22:18; VaGaratiya 3:8.

Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki ane mashoko 320 akatorwa zvakananga muMagwaro echiHebheru uye mamwewo angangoda kusvika 890 asina kunyatsonanga. Akawanda awo anobva muSeptuagint. Somugumisiro, mashoko akazova chikamu cheMagwaro akafuridzirwa echiKristu echiGiriki akatorwa mushanduro iyoyo kwete mumanyoro echiHebheru. Ichi chaiva chokwadi chinokosha zvikuru! Jesu akanga afanotaura kuti mashoko akanaka oUmambo aizoparidzwa mupasi rose rinogarwa. (Mateu 24:14) Kuti aite izvi, Jehovha akabvumira Shoko rake rakafuridzirwa kuti rishandurirwe mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana inoverengwa nevanhu pasi pose.

Inobatsira Mazuva Ano

Septuagint ichiri kubatsira mazuva ano uye inoshandiswa kubatsira kuona zvakakanganiswa nevakakopa zvingava zvakapinda mumanyoro echiHebheru akakopwa misi yakazotevera. Somuenzaniso, nhoroondo iri pana Genesi 4:8, NW, inoti: “Kaini akazoti kuna Abheri munun’una wake: [‘Handei kusango.’] Naizvozvo pavakanga vari kusango Kaini akarwisa Abheri munun’una wake, akamuuraya.”

Mashoko ari muzvikomberedzo anoti “handei kusango” haawanikwi mumanyoro echiHebheru anovambira muzana remakore rechigumi C.E. Zvisinei, anowanikwa mumanyoro ekare eSeptuagint uye mune zvimwe zvakanyorwa zvekare. MuRugwaro rwechiHebheru rwekare mune shoko rinowanzoshandiswa kutanga kutaura, asi hapana mashoko anoratidza kuti akazotaurwa. Chii chingava chakaitika? Genesi 4:8 ine zvikamu zviviri zvemashoko anotevedzana zvinoguma neshoko rokuti “kusango.” Cyclopedia yaMcClintock naStrong inoti: “Ziso romukopi wechiHebheru zvimwe rakatsauswa neshoko [iroro] . . . achibva agumisa zvikamu zviviri zvose zvemashoko acho.” Saka mukopi wacho angadaro akasiya panotanga kuwanikwa chikamu chemashoko anoguma achiti “handei kusango.” Zviri pachena kuti Septuagint, uyewo mamwe manyoro ekare achiripo, anogona kubatsira kuwana zvakakanganiswa mumakopi akazotevera emagwaro echiHebheru.

Kune rimwe divi, makopi eSeptuagint ane zvakakanganiswawo, uye dzimwe nguva magwaro echiHebheru anoshandiswa kururamisa chiGiriki. Saka, kuenzanisa manyoro echiHebheru neechiGiriki uye nedzimwe shanduro dzemitauro kunoguma nokuwana zvakakanganiswa pakushandura uyewo zvikanganiso zvevakakopa uye zvinotivimbisa kuti Shoko raMwari rakashandurwa zvakarurama.

Makopi akazara eSeptuagint aripo mazuva ano ndeekare omuzana remakore rechina C.E. Manyoro iwayo uye makopi akazovapo haana zita raMwari, Jehovha, rinomirirwa neTetragrammaton (YHWH) muchiHebheru. Pose paiwanikwa Tetragrammaton murugwaro rwechiHebheru, pakatsiviwa nemashoko echiGiriki okuti “Mwari” uye “Ishe.” Zvisinei, zvakawanikwa muParestina makore 50 akapfuura zvinojekesa nhau iyi. Boka raiongorora mapako pedyo nemahombekombe okumadokero kweGungwa Rakafa rakafukunura zvidimbu zvomumwe mupumburu wedehwe wekare wevaprofita 12 (Hosea kusvika kuna Maraki) wakanyorwa muchiGiriki. Zvinyorwa izvi zvaiva zvemisi iri pakati pa50 B.C.E. na50 C.E. Muzvidimbu zvepakutanga izvi, Tetragrammaton yakanga isina kumbotsiviwa nemashoko echiGiriki okuti “Mwari” uye “Ishe.” Saka, kushandiswa kwezita raMwari mushanduro yeMagwaro yeSeptuagint yepakutanga kwakasimbiswa.

Bhuku rezvidimbu zvomupumburu wemanyoro wenhokwe wekare rakabudiswa mugore ra1971 (Fouad 266 papyri). Zvikamu izvi zveSeptuagint, zvine musi wekare womuzana remakore  rechipiri kana rokutanga B.C.E., zvinozivisei? Zita raMwari rakanga rakachengetedzwawo mazviri. Zvidimbu zvepakuvamba izvi zveSeptuagint zvinopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti Jesu nevadzidzi vake vomuzana remakore rokutanga vaiziva uye vaishandisa zita raMwari.

Nhasi, Bhaibheri ndiro bhuku rinoshandurwa zvikuru munhau yevanhu. Mhuri dzevanhu dzinodarika 90 muzana dzinogona kuwana chinenge chikamu charo mumutauro wadzo. Tinofara zvikuru nokuda kweshanduro yakarurama yomutauro wemazuva ano, New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, zvino iri kuwanikwa yose kana kuti chikamu chayo mumitauro inodarika 40. New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References ine mazana emashoko omuzasi anoratidza zviri mushanduro yeSeptuagint uye mamwe manyoro ekare. Chokwadi, shanduro yeSeptuagint inoramba ichifarirwa uye ichibatsira vadzidzi veBhaibheri vomuzuva redu.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Mudzidzi Firipi akatsanangura ndima yakanga yaverengwa mu“Septuagint”

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 29]

Muapostora Pauro aiwanzotora mashoko mushanduro ye“Septuagint”