Kurwira Kuti Bhaibheri Rive MuchiGiriki Chemazuva ano

Ungashamisika kuziva kuti muGreece, nzvimbo inombonzi musimboti wokufunga kwakasununguka, kushandurwa kweBhaibheri mumutauro wevanhuwo zvavo yave iri hondo yakaoma. Asi ndiani aizoramba kunyorwa kweBhaibheri rechiGiriki rinonzwisisika? Nei mumwe munhu aizoda kuti zvisadaro?

MUMWE munhu angafunga kuti vanhu vanotaura chiGiriki vakakomborerwa, sezvo chikamu chakati cheMagwaro Matsvene chakatanga kunyorwa mumutauro wavo. Zvisinei, chiGiriki chemazuva ano chakanyatsosiyana nechiGiriki cheshanduro yeSeptuagint yeMagwaro echiHebheru uye neyeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Kutaura zvazviri, kwemakore anosvika mazana matanhatu, vanhu vakawanda vanotaura chiGiriki vakawana kuti chiGiriki chomuBhaibheri hachisi nyore kunzwisisa sezvakangoita mutauro wavasingazivi. Mashoko matsva atsiva ekare, uye mashoko omutauro, maumbirwo omutauro, nemaumbirwo omutsetse zvachinja.

Muunganidzwa wemanyoro echiGiriki anotangira muzana remakore rechitatu kusvikira kuzana remakore rechi16 anopupurira zvakaedzwa kuitwa kushandura Septuagint muchiGiriki chakazovapo. Muzana remakore rechitatu, Gregory, bhishopu weNeocaesarea (c. 213-c. 270 C.E.), akashandurira bhuku raMuparidzi muchiGiriki chaiva nyore kubva muSeptuagint. Muzana remakore rechi11, muJudha ainzi Tobias ben Eliezer aigara kuMacedonia akashandurira zvikamu zvePentateuch yeSeptuagint muchiGiriki chaitaurwa zuva nezuva. Akatoshandisa mabhii echiHebheru kuti vaJudha vaigara kuMacedonia vaitaura chiGiriki chete asi vachikwanisa kuverenga chiHebheru vabatsirike. Pentateuch yakakwana yorudzi urwu yakabudiswa muConstantinople muna 1547.

Chiedza Pakati Perima

Pashure pokunge nzvimbo dzaigara vanotaura chiGiriki dzoUmambo hwevaByzantine dzatorwa nevanhu vokuTurkey muzana remakore rechi15, ruzhinji rwevanhu ikoko rwakasara rusina dzidzo. Chechi yeOrthodox, kunyange zvazvo yaiva nezvose muutongi hwoUmambo hwevaTurkey, yakasiya boka rayo richipinda muurombo uye kuva vanhu venhando vasina kudzidza. Munyori wechiGiriki Thomas Spelios akati: “Vavariro inokosha kwazvo yeChechi yeOrthodox negadziriro dzayo dzedzidzo yaiva yokudzivirira nhengo dzayo pakuparadzirwa kwechiIslam nedzidziso dzeRoma Katurike. Saka, dzidzo yechiGiriki yakamboti mirei.” Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro aisava netariro, vanhu vaida Bhaibheri vakaona kudiwa kwokupa vanhu vainge vaodzwa mwoyo rusununguko uye nyaradzo vachishandisa bhuku reBhaibheri raPisarema. Kubvira muna 1543 kusvika muna 1835, mabhuku ePisarema akashandurirwa muchiGiriki chainyanya kutaurwa ka18.

Shanduro yokutanga yechiGiriki yeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akakwana yakashandurwa muna 1630 naMaximus Callipolites, aiva mumongi wechiGiriki wokuCallipolis. Izvi zvakaitwa noutungamiriri netsigiro yaCyril Lucaris, mufundisi mukuru weConstantinople uye aizobatsira kuchinja kweChechi yeOrthodox. Zvisinei, Lucaris aiva nevaimupikisa muchechi yacho,  vaisazobvuma kuchinja kupi nokupi kana kubvuma kuti Bhaibheri rishandurirwe muchiGiriki chainyanya kutaurwa. * Akadzipwa achinzi aiva mutengesi. Kunyange zvakadaro, makopi 1 500 eshanduro yaMaximus akadhindwa muna 1638. Richitaurawo nezveshanduro iyi, makore 34 gare gare, dare revafundisi vanotungamirira reOrthodox raiva muJerusarema rakataura kuti Magwaro “haafaniri kuverengwa nomunhu wose wose, asi nevaya vanotsvakisisa zvinhu zvakadzama zvomudzimu mushure mokunzvera kwakakodzera.” Izvi zvaireva kuti Magwaro aifanira kuverengwa nevafundisi vakadzidza chete.

Muna 1703, Seraphim, mumwe mumongi aiva muGiriki aibva kuchitsuwa cheLesbos, akaedza kubudisa shanduro yakadzokororwa yaMaximus muLondon. Vimbiso dzaibva kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende dzokumubatsira nemari padzakakundikana, akadhinda shanduro yacho achishandisa mari yake. Musumo yake yaibaya mwoyo, Seraphim akasimbisa kudiwa kwokuti “muKristu wose akazvipira kuna Mwari” averenge Bhaibheri, uye akapomera vafundisi vakuru vechechi nezvo“kuda kuvhara kusazvibata kwavo nokuita kuti vanhu varambe vasingazivi.” Sezvaitarisirwa, vamwe vaipikisana naye veOrthodox vakaita kuti asungwe muRussia ndokudzingirwa kuSiberia, kwaakafira muna 1735.

Ichitaura nezvenzara huru mune zvokunamata yaiva nevanhu vanotaura chiGiriki munguva iyoyo, mufundisi wechiGiriki akataura mashoko anotevera maererano neshanduro itsva yakadzokororwa yaMaximus akati: “VaGiriki pamwe chete nevamwe, vakagamuchira Bhaibheri iri Dzvene, noruyemuro uye nechido chikuru. Uye vakariverenga. Uye vakanzwa marwadzo avo anyaradzwa, uye kutenda kwavo muna Mwari . . . kwakawedzera.” Zvisinei, vatungamiriri vavo mune zvokunamata vaityira kuti vanhu vakanzwisisa Bhaibheri, zvaizofumura mabasa evafundisi nezvavaitenda zvisiri mumagwaro. Nokudaro, muna 1823 nomuna 1836 zvekare, vafundisi vakuru veConstantinople vakadzika mutemo wokuti makopi ose eshanduro idzodzo dzeBhaibheri apiswe.

Mushanduri Akashinga

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya aiva okushorwa kunotyisa uye kutsvaka nomwoyo wose zivo yeBhaibheri, mumwe munhu akakurumbira akavapo uyo aizoita basa rinokosha mukushandurirwa kweBhaibheri muchiGiriki chemazuva ano. Murume akashinga uyu aiva Neofitos Vamvas, nyanzvi yemitauro yakakurumbira uye nyanzvi yeBhaibheri yaizivikanwa somumwe we“Vadzidzisi Venyika.”

Vamvas akanyatsoona kuti Chechi yeOrthodox ndiyo yaiva nemhosva pakushayiwa zivo yokunamata kwaiva nevanhu. Ainyatsodavira kuti, kuti vanhu vamuke mukurara kwavo mune zvokunamata, Bhaibheri raifanira kushandurirwa muchiGiriki chaitaurwa nevanhu vose mumazuva iwayo. Muna 1831, achibatsirwa nedzimwe nyanzvi, akatanga kushandurira Bhaibheri muchiGiriki chomumabhuku oruzhinji. Shanduro yake yakakwana yakabudiswa muna 1850. Sezvo akanga asingatsigirwi neChechi yeGreek Orthodox, akabatana neBritish Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) pakubudiswa kweshanduro yake uye kuparadzirwa kwayo. Chechi yakamuti “muPurotesitendi,” uye nenguva isipi akazviwana oonekwa semhandu.

Shanduro yaVamvas yaiva yakada kufanana chaizvo neyeKing James Version uye yakatevedzerawo zvimwe zvainge zvisina kushandurwa zvakanaka pamusana pedzidzo shoma yeBhaibheri uye kuziva mutauro kwaivapo munguva iyoyo. Asi, kwemakore akawanda ndiyo yaiva pedyo-pedyo neBhaibheri rechiGiriki chomunguva iyoyo  yaiwanika kuvanhu. Zvinofadza ndezvokuti, zita raMwari raiwanika kana, richinzi “Ieová.”—Genesi 22:14; Eksodho 6:3; 17:15; Vatongi 6:24.

Vanhu vakaiona sei uye dzimwe shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzaiva nyore kunzwisisa? Vakashaya romuromo! Ari muchikepe oenda kune chimwe chitsuwa cheGreece, mumwe mumiririri weBFBS aitengesa maBhaibheri “akasvikwa nezvikepe zvakawanda chaizvo zvakanga zvakazara nevana vaida ma[Bhaibheri], zvokuti akakumbira . . . mutyairi kufambisa chikepe” achityira kuti maBhaibheri ake ose aizoperera panzvimbo imwe! Asi vashori havana kungomira vasina chokuita.

Vapristi veOrthodox vakayambira vanhu kuti vasawane shanduro dzakadaro. Somuenzaniso muguta reAthens, maBhaibheri akatorwa. Muna 1833, bhishopu weOrthodox wokuCrete akapisa magwaro e“Testamende Itsva” aainge awana pamusha wemamongi. Mumwe mupristi akaviga imwe kopi, uye vanhu vemisha yainge yakapoteredza vakaviga makopi avo kusvikira bhishopu wacho abva pachitsuwa chacho.

Makore akati gare gare pachitsuwa cheCorfu, shanduro yaVamvas yeBhaibheri yakarambidzwa neDare Dzvene Revafundisi veChechi yeGreek Orthodox. Kutengeswa kwayo kwakarambidzwa, uye makopi akanga achiripo akaparadzwa. Pazvitsuwa zveChios, Síros neMykonos, kushora kwevafundisi veimomo kwakaita kuti maBhaibheri apiswe. Asi kumwezve kurambidza kushandurwa kweBhaibheri kwakanga kuchiri mberi.

Mambokadzi Anofarira Bhaibheri

Muma1870, Mambokadzi Olga wokuGreece akacherechedza kuti vanhuwo zvavo vomuGreece vakanga vachingori nezivo shoma yeBhaibheri. Achidavira kuti zivo yeMagwaro yaizonyaradza nokuzorodza nyika yake, akada kuti Bhaibheri rishandurirwe mumutauro uri nyore kudarika waiva mushanduro yaVamvas.

Bhishopu mukuru weAthens nevatungamiriri veDare Dzvene Revafundisi, veProkopios, vakakurudzira zvaisava pamutemo kuti mambokadzi aite basa iri. Zvisinei, paakanyorera kuDare Dzvene Revafundisi kuti atenderwe, akarambirwa. Asi, akaramba achiedza, achitumirazve imwe tsamba, akarambirwa kechipiri muna 1899. Asina basa nokumurambira kwavo, akasarudza kubudisa maBhaibheri mashoma nemari yake. Izvi zvakaitwa muna 1900.

Vashori Vasingaregi Nyore Nyore

Muna 1901, The Acropolis, pepanhau raiva rakakurumbira muAthens, rakabudisa Evhangeri yaMateu muchiGiriki cheDemotic yakashandurwa naAlexander Pallis, mumwe mushanduri aishanda kuLiverpool, kuEngland. Zviri pachena  kuti vavariro yaPallis nevamwe vake yaiva yo‘kudzidzisa vaGiriki’ uye “kubatsira nyika kufambirazve mberi.”

Vadzidzi vechitendero cheOrthodox nemapurofesa avo vakati shanduro iyi yaiva “kushorwa kwezvinhu zvinokosha kwazvo zvenyika zvinofanira kunamatwa,” kusvibiswa kweMagwaro Matsvene. Patriarch Joakim III weConstantinople akabudisa gwaro raitsoropodza shanduro iyi. Gakava racho rakapinda mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye rakashandiswa zvisina kunaka nevezvematongerwe enyika vairwisana.

Vamwe vabudisi vemashoko vaiva nomukurumbira muAthens vakatanga kutsoropodza shanduro yaPallis, vachiti vatsigiri vayo vaiva “vanhu vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari,” “vatengesi,” uye “nhumwa dzemasimba okune dzimwe nyika” vakanga vatsunga kukanganisa nzanga yechiGiriki. Kubvira pana November 5 kusvika ku8, 1901, nokupesvedzera kwevanhu vaida kuomerera paChechi yeGreek Orthodox, vadzidzi vakaita bongozozo muguta. Vakarwisa mahofisi eThe Acropolis, vakafora vakananga kumuzinda wamambo, ndokutora Yunivhesiti yeAthens, uye vakarayira kuti hurumende ibve pachigaro. Bongozozo iri parakanga rakora muto, vanhu vasere vakaurayiwa nemauto. Zuva rakatevera, mambo akarayira kuti Bhishopu mukuru Prokopios arege basa, uye mazuva maviri gare gare Makurukota ose akasiya basa.

Mwedzi mumwe chete gare gare vadzidzi vakaratidzira zvakare ndokupisa kopi yeshanduro yaPallis. Vakataura kuti shanduro iyi isaparadzirwe ndokukumbira kuti kuranga zvakaomarara kuitwe pane kuedza kwose kunenge kwaitwa kuiparadzira munguva yemberi. Izvi zvakapa chikonzero chokurambidza kushandiswa kweshanduro yose yeBhaibheri muchiGiriki chinonzwisisika. Nguva yerima zvechokwadi!

“Shoko raJehovha Rinogara Nokusingaperi”

Mutemo wokurambidza kushandisa Bhaibheri muchiGiriki chemazuva ano wakasendekwa muna 1924. Kubvira ipapo, Chechi yeGreek Orthodox yatambura marwadzo okukundwa zvachose mukuedza kwayo kuti vanhu vasawane Bhaibheri. Panguva ino, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvafambisira mberi dzidzo yeBhaibheri muGreece, sezvazvaita mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Kubvira muna 1905, zvakashandisa shanduro yaVamvas kubatsira zviuru zvevanhu vanotaura chiGiriki kuwana zivo yechokwadi cheBhaibheri.

Kwemakore ose aya, nyanzvi dzakawanda uye mapurofesa vakashanda zvinoyemurika kubudisa Bhaibheri muchiGiriki chemazuva ano. Nhasi, kune shanduro dzinenge 30 dzeBhaibheri, rose zvaro kana kuti chikamu charo, dzinokwaniswa kuverengwa nevanhuwo zvavo vomuGreece. Shanduro inokosha zvechokwadi kwavari ishanduro yechiGiriki yeShanduro yeNyika Itsva yeMagwaro Matsvene, yakabudiswa muna 1997 kubatsira vanhu mamiriyoni 16 vanotaura chiGiriki munyika yose. Shanduro iyi yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, inotaura Shoko raMwari nenzira iri nyore kuverenga, inonzwisisika, yakaomerera nokutendeka kumagwaro epakutanga.

Kurwira kuti Bhaibheri rive muchiGiriki chemazuva ano kunoratidza chokwadi chinokosha. Kunonyatsoratidza kuti pasinei nokuedza kwevanhu kuriparadza, “shoko raJehovha rinogara nokusingaperi.”—1 Petro 1:25.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Cyril Lucaris akatungamirira kushandurwa kwokutanga kweMagwaro echiGiriki akakwana echiKristu muna 1630

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 28]

Dzimwe shanduro muchiGiriki chaitaurwa nevanhu vose: Pisarema rakadhindwa muna: (1) 1828 naIlarion, (2) 1832 naVamvas, (3) 1643 naJulianus. “Old Testament” muna: (4) 1840 naVamvas

Mambokadzi Olga

[Kwazvakatorwa]

MaBhaibheri: National Library of Greece; Mambokadzi Olga: Culver Pictures

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Papyrus: Yakabudiswazve nokutendera nomutsa kweThe Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Papyrus: Yakabudiswazve nokutendera nomutsa kweThe Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin