Alexander VI—Papa Asingakanganwiki neRoma

“MUMAONERO echiKaturike, hapana mashoko akaipa kwazvo anonyatsokodzera kushora nawo Alexander VI.” (Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters [Nhoroondo yeVanapapa Kubvira Pamagumo eMiddle Ages]) “Upenyu hwake pachake hahumborevererwi zvachose . . . Tinofanira kubvuma kuti kuva papa hakupi rukudzo kuChechi. Vanhu vakararama panguva yemhuri yaBorgia, kunyange vakanga vakajaira zviito zvakashata kufanana neizvi, vakashamiswa zvisingatauriki nemhosva dzemhuri iyi, migumisiro yayo ichiri kuonekwa nanhasi, anopfuura makore mazana mana gare gare.”—L’Église et la Renaissance (1449-1517) (Chechi neNguva Yokumutsidzira).

Mabhuku enhoroondo anoremekedzwa anotaura nezveChechi yeRoma Katurike anotaurirei mashoko akaipa zvakadaro nezvapapa nemhuri yake? Vakaitei chakaita kuti vakodzere nokushorwa zvakadaro? Imwe shoo yakaitwa muRoma (October 2002–February 2003), yaiva nomusoro waiti I Borgia—l’arte del potere (VanaBorgia—Unyanzvi Hwesimba), yakapa nguva yokufungisisa nezvemasimba anokambirwa navanapapa, kunyanya mashandisirwo aaiitwa naRodrigo Borgia, kana kuti Alexander VI (aiva papa kubvira muna 1492 kusvikira muna 1503).

Kuwana Kwaakaita Simba

Rodrigo Borgia akazvarwa muna 1431 mumhuri yakanga yakakurumbira kuJátiva, muumambo hweAragon, iye zvino iri kuSpain. Sekuru vake Alfonso de Borgia, vaiva bhishopi weValencia, ndivo vakadzidzisa muzukuru wavo ndokuona kuti achiri mumakore ake okuyaruka, Rodrigo apiwa basa rechechi raaibhadharwa. Ava nemakore 18 achitungamirirwa naAlfonso, uyo zvino akanga ava mufundisi mukuru, Rodrigo akatamira kuItaly, kwaakanodzidza mutemo. Apo Alfonso akava Papa Calixtus III, akaita Rodrigo nomumwe muzukuru vafundisi vakuru. Pere Lluís Borgia akaitwa gavhuna wemaguta akasiyana-siyana. Pasina nguva Rodrigo akagadzwa kuva mutevedzeri womupristi mukuru wechechi, chinzvimbo chaakava nacho ari pasi pavanapapa vakasiyana-siyana, zvikamuita kuti awane mabasa akasiyana-siyana aimupa mazimari, aunganidze pfuma yakawanda kwazvo, ashandise simba rakakura kwazvo, uye ararame upenyu hwoumbozha samambo.

Rodrigo aiva akangwara, ari mukurukuri anonwisa mvura, mutsigiri mukuru wezvigadzirwa, uye achikwanisa kuita zvaainge aronga kuita. Zvisinei, aiva nevakadzi vanoverengeka vaairara navo zvisiri pamutemo, akabereka vana vana nomukadzi waakadanana naye kwenguva refu nevamwezve vaakabereka nevamwe vakadzi. Kunyange zvazvo akatsiurwa naPapa Pius II nokuda  kwake kufara “kwakanyanyisa” uye “mafaro asingadzorwi,” Rodrigo haana kuchinja maitiro ake.

Pakafa Papa Innocent VIII muna 1492, vafundisi vakuru vechechi vakasangana kuti vasarudze aizomutsiva. Hapana anoramba kuti Rodrigo Borgia, nemari yaaipa uye udyire hwaiva pachena, akatenga mavhoti akakwana kubva kune vamwe vafundisi vakuru kuti abude pamusangano iwoyo ava Papa Alexander VI. Akabhadhara sei mavhoti evafundisi vakuru ava? Nokuvapa zvinzvimbo zvokutungamirira chechi, dzimba dzakanaka kwazvo, dzimba dzemabhishopi, maguta, dzimba dzemamongi, uye maruwa anotarisirwa nemabhishopi, zvaiva nomubhadharo mukuru kwazvo. Unogona kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mumwe munyori wenhau dzechechi akadana kutonga kwaAlexander VI kuti “mazuva anonyadzisa uye ouori hweChechi yeRoma.”

Haana Kusiyana Nemadzimambo Enyika

Pamusana pesimba rake rezvechitendero somutungamiriri wechechi, Alexander VI akabatsira kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakanga kuri pakati peSpain nePortugal nezvenzvimbo itsva dzakanga dzichangobva kuwanikwa muAmerica. Masimba ake enyika akamuita mutungamiriri wematunhu avanapapa aine nzvimbo dzaaidzora pakati peItaly, uye akatungamirira umambo hwake sezvinongoita mutongi upi noupi wepanguva yoKumutsidzira. Kutonga kwaAlexander VI, kufanana nokuya kwavanapapa vakamutangira uye vakamutevera, kwakaratidzwa nechiokomuhomwe, chizivano, uye kuponda kunofungidzirwa kunopfuura kumwe.

Vamwe vakakwikwidza kudzora nharaunda dzomuItaly munguva idzi dzakanga dzisina kugadzikana, uye papa wacho haana kungotarira akapeta maoko. Zvirongwa zvake noushamwari hwake hwezvematongerwe enyika, izvo zvaitangwa zvozoparadzwa, zvaiitirwa kuti awedzere simba rake, afambisire mberi mabasa evana vake, uye asimudzire mhuri yavanaBorgia pamusoro pedzimwe dzose. Mwanakomana wake Juan, akaroora mwanasikana wehama yamambo weCastile, akaitwa mutongi weGandía, Spain. Jofré, mumwezve mwanakomana, akaroora muzukuru wamambo wokuNaples.

Papa wacho paakanga ava kuda shamwari inomutsigira kuti asimbise ukama hwake neFrance, akaputsa vimbiso yokuroorana kwomwanasikana wake wemakore 13 ainzi Lucrezia nomumwe mutongi wechiAragon, akamupa kuhama yomutongi weMilan. Kuroorana kwavo pakwakanga kuchisina zvakunobatsira pakufambiswa kwenyaya dzematongerwe enyika, pakatsvakwa kachikonzero kenhando kuti muchato wacho udimburwe, uye Lucrezia akachatiswa nomumwe womumhuri youmambo yaikwikwidza, Alfonso wokuAragon. Panguva iyi, hanzvadzi yaLucrezia yaida chinzvimbo uye yaiva noutsinye, Cesare Borgia, akashamwaridzana naLouis XII wokuFrance, uye kuroorana kwakanga kuchangobva kuita hanzvadzi yake nomuAragon kwakava chinyadzo. Zvakagadziriswa sei? Mumwe munhu akataura kuti Alfonso, murume waLucrezia akanga awirwa nejambwa, “akakuvadzwa nevanhu vana vaida kumuponda pamatanho anokwirwa nawo muChechi yaSt. Peter. Paakanga achipora, akadzipwa nomumwe wevashandi vaCesare.” Papa, achida humwe ushamwari hunoshanda, akaronga kuti Lucrezia, uyo akanga ava nemakore 21, aroorwe kechitatu nomwanakomana womutongi aiva nesimba weFerrara.

Basa raCesare rakarondedzerwa se“nyaya yokushaya tsika, yakatsvukiswa neropa.” Kunyange zvazvo baba vake vakamugadza somufundisi mukuru aine makore 17, akanga akakodzera kuenda kuhondo kwete kuita zvechechi, nokuti akanga akangwara, achida chinzvimbo, uye aine uori kufanana nevamwe vashomanana. Asiya  chinzvimbo chomuchechi, akachata nomwanasikana wamambo wechiFrench, nokudaro akawana chinzvimbo chomutongi weValentinois. Zvadaro, achitsigirwa nemauto eFrance, akatanga kukomba uye kuuraya vanhu zvine chokuita nematongerwe enyika kuti adzore kuchamhembe kweItaly.

Kuti vawane rutsigiro rwemauto eFrance rwaidiwa kuti vafambisire mberi zvinangwa zvaCesare, papa akabvuma kurambana kwaitsvakwa naLouis XII wokuFrance kwakanga kuri nyore asi kusiri pamutemo kwakamubvumira kuroora Anne wokuBrittany ndokuwedzera nzvimbo yaitongwa naAnne paumambo hwake. Rimwe bhuku rinoti, chaizvoizvo papa “akasiya ruremekedzo rweChechi uye tsika dzakaoma zvichiparara kuti awane kubatsirwa kwenhengo dzemhuri yake muzvinhu zvenyika.”

Kushorwa Kwokunyanyisa kwaPapa

Kunyanyisa kwavanaBorgia kwakaita kuti vavengwe uye kwakakonzera kushorwa. Papa haana kumboteerera vaimushora, asi munhu waakatadza kuvhara muromo ndiGirolamo Savonarola. Aiva mumongi wokuDominic, muparidzi akasimba, uye mutungamiriri wezvematongerwe enyika weFlorence. Akashora uipi hwedare rapapa uyewo akashora papa wacho pachake uye kuita kwake zvenyika, achiti abviswe uye chitendero chivandudzwe. Savonarola akapopota kuti: “Vatungamiriri vechechi, . . . usiku munoenda kuvarongo venyu uye mangwanani moenda kunoitisa sakaramende dzenyu.” Akazoti: “[Vatungamiriri ivavo] vane chiso chehure, mukurumbira wavo unokuvadza Chechi. Ndinokuudzai, ivava havadaviri mukutenda kwechiKristu.”

Achiedza kuti amuvhare muromo, papa akati aigona kupa Savonarola chinzvimbo chomufundisi mukuru, iye akachiramba. Hatizivi kuti kutaura kwake kwokushora papa kana kuti kuparidza kwake kwakamuparadzisa here, asi Savonarola akazodzingwa muchechi, akasungwa, akatambudzwa kuti areurure, achibva azourayiwa ndokupiswa.

Mibvunzo Yakaoma

Zviitiko zvekare izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha. Unyengeri nomufambiro wakadaro wapapa ungatsanangurwa sei? Vanyori venhau dzakaitika kare vanozvitsanangura sei? Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuzvitsanangura nadzo dzinoshandiswa.

Vakawanda vanodavira kuti Alexander VI anofanira kuonekwa maererano nenguva yaakararama. Mabasa ake ezvematongerwe enyika neechechi zvinonzi aidzorwa nechido chokudzivirira rugare, kuchengetedza kuwirirana kwaiva pakati pehurumende dzaikwikwidzana, kusimbisa ushamwari nevaimutsigira avo vaidzivirira kuva kwake papa, uye kuchengeta madzimambo echiKristudhomu akabatana mukurwisana nokutyisidzira kweTurkey.

Asi zvakadini nomufambiro wake? “Nguva yoga yoga yeChechi yaona vaKristu vakaipa nevapristi vasina kukodzera,” inodaro imwe nyanzvi. “Kuitira kuti pasave neanovhundutswa neizvi, Kristu akafanotaura nezvazvo; akatofananidza Chechi yake nomunda unomera gorosi rakanaka nemasora, kana kuti mambure ane hove dzakanaka nedzakaipa, sokungoshivirira kwaakaita mumwe Judhasi aiva pakati pevaapostora vake.” *

Nyanzvi iyi inoenderera mberi ichiti: “Kungofanana nechinhu chakaipa chinoiswa dombo rinokosha chisingaderedzi kukosha kwaro, saka kuita zvivi kwomupristi hakugoni kukanganisa chaizvo . . . dzidziso yaanodzidzisa. . . . Ndarama inongoramba iri ndarama, kunyange ichigadzirwa  noruoko rwakachena kana rusina kuchena.” Mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare weKaturike anoti maitiro anofanira kunge akatevedzerwa nevaKaturike vakatendeka panyaya yaAlexander VI izano rakapa Jesu kuvadzidzi vake maererano nevanyori nevaFarisi rokuti: ‘Itai sezvavanotaura, asi kwete sezvavanoita.’ (Mateu 23:2, 3) Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri chaizvo, kutaura kwakadaro kunokugutsa here?

Ichi chiKristu Chechokwadi Here?

Jesu akasiya nhungamiro iri nyore yokuedza nayo uchokwadi hwevanozviti vaKristu: “Muchavaziva nezvibereko zvavo. Vanhu havambotanhi mazambiringa paminzwa kana maonde parukato, vanodaro here? Saizvozvowo muti wose wakanaka unobereka chibereko chakanaka kwazvo, asi muti wose wakaora unobereka chibereko chisingabatsiri; muti wakanaka haugoni kubereka chibereko chisingabatsiri, nomuti wakaora haugoniwo kubereka chibereko chakanaka kwazvo. Saka muchaziva vanhu ivavo nezvibereko zvavo.”—Mateu 7:16-18, 20.

Ruzhinji rwevatungamiriri vezvitendero mumazana emakore ose aya rwakaita sei, uye iye zvino ruri kuita sei nomuenzaniso wechiKristu chechokwadi wakaratidzwa naJesu uye ukaenzanisirwa nevateveri vake vechokwadi? Ngatikurukurei zvinhu zviviri chete—kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika uye mararamiro.

Jesu akanga asiri mambo wenyika. Akararama upenyu husina zvakawanda zvokuti, sezvaakabvuma, akanga asimborina “pokuisa musoro wake.” Umambo hwake hwakanga husiri “rutivi rwenyika ino,” uye vadzidzi vake vaifanira kuva “vasi rutivi rwenyika, [sezvo akanga asiri] rutivi rwenyika.” Saka Jesu akaramba kubatanidzirwa munyaya dzematongerwe enyika dzezuva rake.—Mateu 8:20; Johani 6:15; 17:16; 18:36.

Zvisinei, hachisi chokwadi here kuti kwemazana emakore masangano ezvitendero akaita tsika yokuwirirana nevatongi vezvematongerwe enyika kuti awane simba nezvinhu, kunyange izvi zvakaguma nokutambura kwevanhuwo zvavo? Hachisiwo chokwadi here kuti vakawanda vevafundisi vavo imbozha, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vevanhu vavo vavanofanira kushumira vangava varombo?

Jakobho, munun’una waJesu kuna amai, akataura kuti: “Imi mhombwekadzi, hamuzivi here kuti kushamwaridzana nenyika kuvengana naMwari? Naizvozvo, munhu wose anoda kuva shamwari yenyika anozviita muvengi waMwari.” (Jakobho 4:4) “Muvengi waMwari” pakudini? Johani Wokutanga 5:19 inoti: “Nyika yose iri musimba rewakaipa.”

Achitaura nezvetsika dzaAlexander VI, mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare womuzuva raBorgia akanyora kuti: “Airarama madiro. Akanga asinganyari uye asina kutendeseka, asina kutenda uye asinganamati. Aiva nemakaro asingagutswi, kuda chinzvimbo kusina mwero, utsinye hwakaipa kwazvo, uye chido chakanyanyisa chokuti vana vake vakawanda vasimukire.” Ichokwadi kuti Borgia akanga asiriye oga nhengo yemhuri inotungamirira chitendero yakaita nenzira iyoyo.

Magwaro anoti kudii nezvemaitiro akadaro? “Hamuzivi here kuti vanhu vasina kururama havazogari nhaka yeumambo hwaMwari?” akabvunza kudaro muapostora Pauro. “Musatsauswa. Zvifeve, kana . . . mhombwe, kana . . . vanhu vanokara . . . havazogari nhaka yeumambo hwaMwari.”—1 VaKorinde 6:9, 10.

Chimwe chezvinangwa zvakaziviswa pashoo ichangobva kuitwa muRome maererano navanaBorgia chaiva cho“kunzwisisa vanhu vakakurumbira ava maererano nenguva yavakararama . . . , kunzwisisa asi kwete kuti tiregerere kana kuti tituke.” Vashanyi vaisiyiwa vachizvifungira zvavanoda. Saka iwe unotii?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Rodrigo Borgia, Papa Alexander VI

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Baba vaLucrezia Borgia vakamushandisa kuti vawedzere simba ravo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Cesare Borgia aida chinzvimbo uye aiva nouori

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Nokuti Girolamo Savonarola akaramba kuvharwa muromo, akaurayiwa ndokupiswa