Eusebius—“Muvambi Wenhoroondo Yechechi Here”?

MUGORE ra325 C.E., Mutongi weRoma Constantine akadaidza mabhishopu ose kuNicaea. Chinangwa chake chaiva ichi: kuti agadzirise nyaya yakanga ichiitiranwa gakava zvikuru youkama hwaMwari noMwanakomana wake. Pakati pevaivapo paiva nomurume ainzi ndiye akadzidza kwazvo panguva iyoyo, Eusebius wokuCaesarea. Eusebius akanga adzidza Magwaro zvakadzama uye akanga ave ari mudziviriri wedzidziso yechiKristu yokuti kuna Mwari mumwe chete.

PaDare reNicaea, “Constantine pachake akatungamirira,” inorondedzera kudaro Encyclopædia Britannica, “achinyatsotungamirira kurukurirano dzacho, uye iye pachake akapa . . . nzira inokosha inoratidza ukama hwaKristu naMwari pachitendero chakanga chataurwa nedare racho, ‘chokuti mumwe chete naBaba’ . . . Achitya mutongi uyu, mabhishopu acho, kunze kwemaviri bedzi, akasaina chitendero ichocho, akawanda acho achiita zvinopesana chaizvo nezvaaidavira.” Eusebius aiva mumwe wevasina kusaina here? Chii chatingadzidza kubva pane zvaakasarudza kuita? Ngatimbotarirai mavambo aEusebius—zvaaikwanisa uye zvaakaita.

Zvinyorwa Zvake Zvinokosha

Pamwe Eusebius akazvarwa muPalestine munenge muna 260 C.E. Achiri muduku, akashamwaridzana naPamphilus, mutariri wechechi muCaesarea. Paakapinda chikoro chechechi chaPamphilus, Eusebius akava mudzidzi anoshingaira. Akashandisa chaizvo raibhurari yakanga yakakura kwazvo yaPamphilus. Eusebius akazvipira pazvidzidzo zvake, kunyanya pakudzidza Bhaibheri. Akavawo shamwari yakaperera yaPamphilus, gare gare achizozviti “Eusebius mwana waPamphilus.”

Achitaura pamusoro pezvaaishuva kuita, Eusebius akati: “Chinangwa changu kuti ndinyore nhoroondo yokutsivana kweVaapostora vatsvene uyewo nezvenguva yapfuura kubva panguva yoMuponesi wedu kusvikira kune yedu; kutaura nzira iyo zviitiko zvakawanda uye zvinokosha zvinonzi zvakaitika nayo munhoroondo yechechi; uye kutaura vaya vakadzora nokutungamirira chechi munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotarisirwa nevafundisi dzakakurumbira, uye vaya muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe vakazivisa shoko raMwari zvichida nomuromo kana kuti mukunyora.”

Eusebius anorangarirwa nebhuku rake rinoremekedzwa zvikuru rine musoro unoti History of the Christian Church. Mavhoriyamu ake gumi akabudiswa munenge muna 324 C.E. anonzi ndiyo nhoroondo yechechi inokosha kupfuura dzose yakanyorwa kare kare. Somugumisiro webasa iri, Eusebius akasvika pakuzivikanwa somuvambi wenhoroondo yechechi.

Kunze kwebhuku rinonzi Church History, Eusebius akanyora bhuku rinonzi Chronicle, mumavhoriyamu maviri. Vhoriyamu rokutanga  raiva pfupiso yenhoroondo yenyika yose. Muzana remakore rechina, rakava bhuku rinoshandiswa pakutsvakurudza nhoroondo yokuverengwa kwenguva yenyika yose. Vhoriyamu yechipiri yakaratidza misi yezviitiko zvinokosha. Achishandisa zvikamu zviri pedyo nepedyo, Eusebius akaratidza kutsivana kwemadzimambo emarudzi akasiyana-siyana.

Eusebius akanyora mamwe mabhuku maviri akakurumbira, ane misoro inoti Martyrs of Palestine uye Life of Constantine. Rokutanga rinotaura nezvemakore a303 kusvikira kuna 310 C.E. uye rinotaura nezvokuurayirwa kutenda kwakaitika munguva iyoyo. Eusebius aizofanira kuve akapupurira zviitiko izvi. Bhuku rechipiri racho, rakabudiswa ari mabhuku mana pashure pokufa kwaMambo Constantine muna 337 C.E., raiva nemashoko akadzama anokosha ezvakaitika kare. Panzvimbo pokungova nhoroondo yakananga, zvikurukuru rinoita zvokutsanangudza.

Mabhuku okureverera aEusebius anosanganisira mhinduro yaakapa kuna Hierocles—gavhuna weRoma akararama panguva imwe naye. Hierocles paakanyora achishora vaKristu, Eusebius akapindura achivareverera. Uyezve, achitsigira kunyorwa kweMagwaro naMwari, akanyora mabhuku 35, ainzi ndiwo mabhuku anokosha uye akadzama kupfuura mamwe ose orudzi irworwo. Mabhuku 15 okutanga acho anoedza kureverera kugamuchira kwevaKristu manyoro matsvene echiHebheru. Mamwe 20 acho anopa uchapupu hwokuti vaKristu vakarurama mukupfuura mirayiro yechiJudha vachigamuchira mitemo nemiitiro mitsva. Ose pamwe chete, mabhuku aya anotsigira zvakasimba chiKristu sokunzwisiswa kwachaiitwa naEusebius.

Eusebius akararama kwemakore anenge 80 (kubva munenge muna 260 kusvikira munenge muna 340 C.E.), achiva mumwe wevanyori vakabudirira vekare kare. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinosanganisira zviitiko zvemazana emakore matatu okutanga kusvikira kunguva yaMambo Constantine. Muchikamu chokupedzisira choupenyu hwake, basa rake somunyori rakabatanidzwa nemabasa ake sabhishopu weCaesarea. Kunyange achinyanyozivikanwa somunyori wenhau dzakaitika kare, Eusebius aivawo murevereri, munyori wemepu, muparidzi, muongorori, uye munyori anotsanangudza.

Vavariro Yake Yaiva Nezvinangwa Zviviri

Nei Eusebius akatanga kuita mabasa akakura kudaro asina mumwe akanga amboaita? Mhinduro iri pakudavira kwake kuti akanga achirarama panguva yokuchinjira muchizvarwa chitsva. Akafunga kuti zviitiko zvikuru zvakanga zvaitika muzvizvarwa zvakapfuura uye nhoroondo yakanyorwa yaidiwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvaiuya.

Eusebius aiva nechimwe chinangwa—chiya chomurevereri. Aidavira kuti chiKristu chakatangwa naMwari. Asi vamwe vaipikisana nepfungwa iyi. Eusebius akanyora kuti: “Chinangwa changu ndechokupawo mazita nouwandu hwevaya vakaita zvikanganiso zvakakura kwazvo pamusana pokuda kutanga zvinhu zvitsva, pamwe chete nouwandu hwenguva dzavakadaro, uye vachizviti vakanga vawana zivo, idzo dziri nhema zvadzo, kufanana nemapere anotyisa vakaparadza noutsinye makwai aKristu.”

Iye Eusebius aizviona somuKristu here? Sezviri pachena aidaro, nokuti akataura nezvaKristu so“Muponesi wedu.” Akati: “Ivavariro yangu . . . kurondedzera njodzi dzakabva dzangouya parudzi rwose rwechiJudha somugumisiro wokuronga kwavo kuuraya Muponesi wedu, uye kunyora nzira nouwandu hwenguva dzakarwiswa shoko raMwari neveMamwe Marudzi, uye kurondedzera unhu hwevaya avo panguva dzakasiyana-siyana vakarirwira pasinei nokuurayiwa uye kutambudzwa, uyewo kupfidza kwakaitwa muzuva  redu pachedu, uye rubatsiro rwengoni nomutsa rwavakapiwa vose noMuponesi wedu.”

Kutsvakurudza Kwake Zvakadzama

Uwandu hwemabhuku ayo Eusebius pachake akaverenga nokunongedzera kwaari hwakakura kwazvo. Vanhu vakawanda vakakurumbira vomumazana matatu emakore okutanga C.E. vakatojekeserwa nezvinyorwa zvaEusebius chete. Nhoroondo dzinoshanda dzinojekesa zviitiko zvinokosha dzinongobuda muzvinyorwa zvake chete. Zvinobva mumabhuku ezivo asingachawanikwi.

Pakuunganidza mashoko, Eusebius aishingaira uye ainyatsotsvakisisa. Anoratidzika seakanyatsoedza kusiyanisa mashoko akavimbika neasina kuvimbika. Asi, basa rake harishayiwo zvikanganiso. Dzimwe nguva, anofungawo zvisizvo pamusoro pevanhu nezvavanoita uye kunyange kusavanzwisisa. Mukuverengwa kwenguva, dzimwe nguva haana kururama. Eusebius akanga asingakwanisiwo kutaura zvinhu zvake nounyanzvi. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvikanganiso zvake zviri pachena, mabhuku ake akawanda anoonekwa sepfuma inokosha kwazvo.

Aida Chokwadi Here?

Eusebius ainetseka nenyaya isina kugadzikiswa yokuti Baba noMwanakomana vaiva noukama hworudzii. Baba vaivapo Mwanakomana asati avapo here, sezvaidavirwa naEusebius? Kana kuti Baba noMwanakomana vakavapo panguva imwe chete here? “Kana vakavapo panguva imwe chete,” akabvunza, “Baba vangava sei Baba uye Mwanakomana angava sei Mwanakomana?” Akatotsigira zvaaidavira neMagwaro, achitaura nezvaJohani 14:28, iyo inotaura kuti ‘Baba vakuru kuna Jesu,’ uye Johani 17:3, apo Jesu anonzi ‘akatumwa’ naMwari mumwe bedzi wechokwadi. Achitaura nezvaVaKorose 1:15 naJohani 1:1, Eusebius akati Logos, kana kuti Shoko, “mufananidzo waMwari asingaoneki”—Mwanakomana waMwari.

Zvisinei, zvinoshamisa kuti pakapera Dare reNicaea, Eusebius akatsigira pfungwa inopesana neizvi. Kusiyana nezvaaitsigira maererano neMagwaro zvokuti Mwari naKristu vakanga vasiri vanhu vakaenzana vakavapo panguva imwe chete, akabvumirana namambo.

Chatinofanira Kudzidza

Nei Eusebius akabvuma zvisizvo paDare reNicaea ndokutsigira dzidziso isiri muMagwaro? Aifunga nezvezvinangwa zvematongerwe enyika here? Iye akambopindirei mudare racho? Kunyange mabhishopu ose akadaidzwa, kachikamu chete—300—ndivo vakapinda. Kuti Eusebius angadaro aifunga nezvokuchengetedza mukurumbira wake munyika here? Uye nei Mambo Constantine aimuremekedza zvikuru? Eusebius akagara kurudyi rwamambo padare racho.

Zviri pachena kuti Eusebius haana kuteerera zvaidiwa naJesu zvokuti vateveri Vake vasave “rutivi rwenyika.” (Johani 17:16; 18:36) “Imi mhombwekadzi, hamuzivi here kuti kushamwaridzana nenyika kuvengana naMwari?” akabvunza kudaro mudzidzi Jakobho. (Jakobho 4:4) Uye zano raPauro rakakodzera sei rinoti: “Musasungwa zvisina kufanira pajoko nevasingatendi”! (2 VaKorinde 6:14) Ngatirambei takaparadzana nenyika sezvatino“namata [Baba] nomudzimu nechokwadi.”—Johani 4:24.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]

Mufananidzo unoratidza Dare reNicaea

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Scala/Art Resource, NY

[Vakatipoa Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Kubva kuSpecial Collections Library, Yunivhesiti yeMichigan