Martin Luther—Murume Uyu Nenhaka Yake

“ZVINONZI kwakanyorwa mabhuku akawanda pamusoro pa[Martin Luther] kupfuura ani zvake munhoroondo youpenyu, kunze kwatenzi wake, Jesu Kristu.” Ndizvo zvakataura magazini yeTime. Mashoko nezviito zvaLuther zvakabatsira kuti pave noKushandura—chiito chechitendero chinorondedzerwa so“kuchinja kukuru zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu.” Nokudaro akabatsira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu echitendero muEurope uye kugumisa nguva dzeMiddle Ages pakondinendi iyoyo. Luther akaisawo hwaro hwemanyorerwo omutauro wechiGerman. Shanduro yake yeBhaibheri inoramba iriyo yakakurumbira zvikuru kupfuura dzose mumutauro wechiGerman.

Martin Luther aiva munhu worudzii? Akasvika sei pakuva nesimba rakadaro panhau dzokuEurope?

Luther Anova Mudzidzi

Martin Luther akaberekerwa kuEisleben, Germany, muna November 1483. Kunyange zvazvo vaishanda pamugodhi wekopa, baba vake vakakwanisa kuwana mari yakakwana kuti vawanise Martin dzidzo yakanaka. Muna 1501, Martin akava mudzidzi paYunivhesiti yeErfurt. Muraibhurari yayo, akaverenga Bhaibheri kokutanga. “Bhuku racho rakandinakidza zvikuru,” akadaro, “uye ndaitarisira kuva neropafadzo yokuva nebhuku rakadaro rimwe zuva.”

Ava nemakore 22, Luther akanogara paimba yemamongi yaAugustine muErfurt. Gare gare akadzidza paYunivhesiti yeWittenberg, achiwana dhigirii redoctorate. Luther aizvitora somunhu asina kukodzerwa nenyasha dzaMwari uye dzimwe nguva aiora mwoyo nokunzwa aine mhosva. Asi kudzidza Bhaibheri, munyengetero, uye kufungisisa zvakamubatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani maonero ayo Mwari anoita vatadzi. Luther akaziva kuti nyasha dzaMwari hadzingavi mubhadharo. Asi, dzinopiwa nomutsa usina kufanirwa kune vaya vanotenda.—VaRoma 1:16; 3:23, 24, 28.

Luther akasvika sei pakuziva kuti zvaakanga ava kunzwisisa zvakanga zvakarurama? Kurt Aland, purofesa wenhoroondo yechechi yepakuvamba nokuongororwa kwemagwaro eTestamendi Itsva, akanyora kuti: “Akafungisisa Bhaibheri rose kuitira kuti aone kana zivo yake yaakanga achangobva kuwana yaigona kuenderana nemamwe mashoko omuBhaibheri, uye akawana kuti akanga achitsigirwa pose pose.” Dzidziso yokururamiswa, kana kuti kuponeswa nokutenda uye kwete nemabasa,  kana kuti kuzvipira, ndiyo yakaramba iri musimboti wezvaidzidziswa naLuther.

Akatsamwiswa Nekanganwiro Dzezvivi

Kunzwisisa kwaiita Luther maonero anoita Mwari vatadzi kwakaita kuti apesane neChechi yeRoma Katurike. Panguva iyoyo vakawanda vaidavira kuti pashure porufu, vatadzi vaifanira kurangwa kwenguva yakati. Zvisinei, zvainzi nguva iyi yaigona kuitwa pfupi nekanganwiro dzezvivi dzaipiwa nokutendera kwapapa ivo vachipiwa mari. Vatengesi vakadai saJohann Tetzel, aitengesa akamirira Bhishopu Mukuru Albert wokuMainz, vakaita bhizimisi raibudirira zvikuru rokutengesera vanhuwo zvavo kanganwiro dzezvivi. Vakawanda vaiona kanganwiro dzezvivi sokunge kuti dzaiva inishuwarenzi yezvivi zvomunguva yemberi.

Luther akatsamwa nokutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi. Aiziva kuti vanhu havangatengeserani naMwari. Mumatsutso a1517, akanyora pfungwa dzake 95 dzakakurumbira, achipomera chechi kuti yaishandisa zvisina kunaka mari, dzidziso, uye chitendero. Achida kukurudzira kushandura, kwete kupandukira, Luther akatumira pfungwa dzake dzakanyorwa idzi kuna Bhishopu Mukuru Albert wokuMainz uye kune dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoverengeka. Vanyori venhau vakawanda vanoti gore ra1517 kana kuti pedyo negore iroro ndiyo nguva yakatanga Kushandura.

Luther akanga asiri oga pakuchema-chema nezvezvikanganiso zvechechi. Makore zana nguva iyi isati yasvika, mushanduri wechitendero wokuCzech Jan Hus akanga ashora kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi. Kunyange Hus asati adaro, John Wycliffe wokuEngland akanga ataura kuti dzimwe tsika dzaiitwa nechechi dzakanga dzisiri muMagwaro. Vamwe vairarama panguva yaLuther Erasmus wokuRotterdam naTyndale wokuEngland vakakurudzira kushandura. Asi nemhaka yokuti Johannes Gutenberg kuGermany akagadzira muchina wokudhindisa waitakurika, zvakataurwa naLuther zvakanzwika zvikuru uye kure zvikuru kupfuura zvakataurwa nevamwe vaida kushandura.

Muchina wokudhinda waGutenberg wakanga uchishanda muna 1455 kuMainz. Pakatanga zana remakore rakatevera, kwakanga kwava nemichina yokudhinda mumataundi 60 okuGermany nedzimwe nyika 12 dzokuEurope. Kwenguva yokutanga munhoroondo, vanhu vaigona kukurumidza kuudzwa nhau dzavanofarira. Pamwe pfungwa 95 dzaLuther dzakadhindwa dzikaparadzirwa iye asina kuzvitendera. Nyaya yokushandura chechi yakanga isisiri yomunyika iyoyo chete. Yakava gakava rakapararira, uye pakarepo Martin Luther akava munhu akakurumbira kupfuura vose muGermany.

“Zuva Nomwedzi” Zvinopindura

Kwemazana emakore, Europe yakanga ichidzorwa nemasangano maviri aiva nesimba zvikuru: Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma uye Chechi yeRoma Katurike. “Mambo napapa vaiva pamwe chete sezuva nomwedzi,” akatsanangura kudaro Hanns Lilje, aimbova purezidhendi weLutheran World Federation. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingambonyatsozivikanwi kuti ndiani aiva zuva uye ndiani aiva mwedzi. Pakazosvika mavambo ezana remakore rechi16, masangano acho ari maviri akanga apfuura nguva yawo yaaiva nesimba rakakura. Pakanga pava nekamweya kokuchinja.

Papa Leo X vakapindura pfungwa 95 dziya nokutyisidzira Luther kuti aizodzingwa muchechi kana asina kuchinja zvaakanga ataura.  Asingateereri izvi, Luther akapisira pachena chidhindo chapapa chaiva netyisidziro iyi ndokubudisa mamwe mabhuku aikurudzira vanhu kuti vashandure chechi kunyange kana papa vasina kubvuma. Muna 1521, Papa Leo X vakadzinga Luther muchechi. Apo Luther akati akanga adzingwa asina kumbopiwa mukana wakanaka wokutaurawo, Mambo Charles V vakadaidza mushanduri uyu kuti auye pamberi pedare, kana kuti musangano, kuWorms. Rwendo rwaLuther rwemazuva 15 kubva kuWittenberg kuenda kuWorms muna April 1521 rwakanga rwakaita sokufora kworukundo. Ruzhinji rwaimutsigira, uye kwose kwose vanhu vaida kumuona.

KuWorms, Luther akamira pamberi pamambo, machinda, uye nevamiriri vapapa. Jan Hus akanga ambotongwawo saizvozvo muConstance muna 1415 uye akanga apisirwa padanda. Maziso echechi yose uye amambo zvino atwiriridzwa paari, Luther akaramba kuchinja zvaakanga ataura kutoti vaimupikisa varatidza kubva muBhaibheri kuti akanga akanganisa. Asi hapana aigona kuyeuka Magwaro sezvaaiita. Gwaro rinonzi Edict of Worms rakataura zvakabuda pakutonga kwacho. Zvakanzi Luther akanga ari munhu asingateereri mutemo uye zvinyorwa zvake zvakarambidzwa. Adzingwa muchechi napapa uye anzi namambo haateereri mutemo, akanga ava pangozi yokuurayiwa zvino.

Zvadaro ndipo pakaitika zvinhu zvakanga zvichishamisa zvikuru uye zvisingatarisirwi. Paaidzoka kuWittenberg, Luther akapambwa zvokubata kumeso zvakanga zvarongwa naFrederick wokuSaxony aiva nomutsa. Izvi zvakaita kuti Luther ave kure nevavengi vake. Luther akavigwa munhare yaiva kure kuWartburg, uko akachengeta ndebvu ndokutumidzwa zita idzva—rainzi mungwaru anonzi Junker Jörg.

Bhaibheri raSeptember Raidiwa Zvikuru

Kwemwedzi gumi yakatevera, Luther akagara munhare yokuWartburg somupoteri aitiza mambo napapa. Bhuku rinonzi Welterbe Wartburg rinotsanangura kuti “nguva yaaiva kuWartburg yaiva pakati penhambo dzaakashandisa chaizvo muupenyu hwake.” Rimwe remabasa ake makuru, kushandurirwa kworugwaro rwaErasmus rweMagwaro echiGiriki muchiGerman, rakapedzerwa ikoko. Rabudiswa muna September 1522 risingatauri Luther somushanduri waro, rakazivikanwa seBhaibheri raSeptember. Mutengo waro waiva maguilder 1 1⁄2—aienderana nomubhadharo wegore rose womusikana aishanda mumba. Kunyange zvakadaro, Bhaibheri raSeptember raidiwa zvakanyanya. Mukati memwedzi 12, makopi 6 000 akadhindwa muzvinyorwa zviviri, uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinopfuura 69 zvakazodhindwazve mumakore 12 akatevera.

Muna 1525, Martin Luther akaroora Katharina von Bora, aimbova akapikira usisita. Katharina aikwanisa chaizvo kuronga zvinhu zvomumba uye akabva akwanisa kuita zvose zvairayirwa nomutsa womurume wake. Mhuri yaLuther haina kuzongova nomudzimai nevana vatanhatu chete asiwo shamwari, nyanzvi, uye vapoteri. Mumakore akazotevera Luther akava nechiremera chikuru sachipangamazano zvokuti vadzidzi vaiva vaeni mumba make vaibata zvinyoreso nemapepa kuti vanyore zvinhu zvaaitaura. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete kuva bhuku rinonzi Luthers Tischreden (Hurukuro yaLuther  Yepatafura). Kwenguva yakati kuti, rakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumutauro wechiGerman richingopfuurwa bedzi neBhaibheri.

Mushanduri Aiva Nechipo uye Nyanzvi Yokunyora

Pakazosvika 1534, Luther akanga apedza shanduro yake yeMagwaro echiHebheru. Aiva nemano okuenzanisa mwero wemanyorero, kupindirana kwepfungwa, nemashoko. Pakabuda Bhaibheri rainzwisiswa nevanhuwo zvavo. Achitsanangudza mashanduriro ake, Luther akanyora kuti: “Tinofanira kutaura naamai pamusha wavo, vana mumugwagwa uye munhuwo zvake pamusika, tobva tanyatsoteerera matauriro avanoita tobva tashandura zvinoenderana naizvozvo.” Bhaibheri raLuther rakavaka hwaro hwomutauro unonyorwa wakasvika pakugamuchirwa muGermany yose.

Chipo chaLuther somushanduri chakanga chakabatana nounyanzvi somunyori. Anonzi ainyora nhoroondo vhiki mbiri dzoga dzoga munguva yose yaaishanda muupenyu. Dzimwe dzenhoroondo idzi dzaikonzera gakava sezvaiita munyori wadzo. Kana zvinyorwa zvake zvokutanga zvakanga zvakanaka kwazvo mumanyorero, zera harina kuita kuti Luther azotadza kunyora zvakanaka. Nhoroondo dzake dzaakanyora pashure dzakatowedzera kusimba. Maererano neLexikon für Theologie und Kirche, mabhuku aLuther anoratidza “hasha dzake dzakanyanyisa” uye “kushayika kwokuzvininipisa norudo,” uyewo “pfungwa yakasimba zvikuru yokushanda basa rake.”

Apo Hondo Yevanhuwo zvavo yakamuka uye vanhu vakawanda vachiurayiwa munharaunda yacho, Luther akabvunzwa zvaaifunga nokumukira kwacho. Vanhu ava vaiva nechikonzero chakarurama chokunyunyutira madzishe avo here? Luther haana kuedza kutsvaka kutsigirwa nevanhu nokupa mhinduro inofadza ruzhinji. Aidavira kuti vashumiri vaMwari vanofanira kuteerera vaye vane simba. (VaRoma 13:1) Muchisarudzo chakananga, Luther akati paifanira kushandiswa simba kumisa kumukira kwacho. “Ani naani anogona ngaabaye, ngaarove, ngaauraye,” akadaro. Hanns Lilje akataura kuti mhinduro iyi yakaita kuti Luther arasikirwe no“kufarirwa kunoshamisa kwaaiitwa nevanhu kusvika panguva iyoyo.” Uyezve, nhoroondo dzakazonyorwa naLuther pamusoro pevaJudha vaya vakaramba kutendeukira kuchiKristu, zvikurukuru inonzi On the Jews and Their Lies, dzakaita kuti vakawanda vatumidze munyori wacho kuti munhu asingafariri vaJudha.

Nhaka yaLuther

Kushandura, kwakakurudzirwa nevarume vakadai saLuther, Calvin, naZwingli, kwakaita kuti patangwe maonero matsva echitendero anonzi chiPurotesitendi. Nhaka huru yaLuther kuchiPurotesitendi yaiva dzidziso yake huru yokururamiswa nokutenda. Nharaunda yechiGerman imwe neimwe yakazvibatanidza nokutenda kwechiPurotesitendi kana kuti kwechiKaturike. ChiPurotesitendi chakapararira ndokutsigirwa zvikuru muScandinavia, Switzerland, England, uye Netherlands. Nhasi chine vateveri vane mazana emamiriyoni.

Vakawanda vasingatsigiri zvose zvaitendwa  naLuther vachiri kumuremekedza zvikuru. Yaimbova German Democratic Republic, iyo yaibatanidza Eisleben, Erfurt, Wittenberg, uye Wartburg mumiganhu yayo, muna 1983 yakapemberera gore rechi500 rokuzvarwa kwaLuther. Umambo uhwu hwechiSocialist hwakabvuma kuti aiva munhu akakurumbira munhoroondo netsika zvechiGerman. Uyezve, nyanzvi yezvechitendero yechiKaturike yokuma1980 yakapfupikisa mukurumbira waLuther ndokuti: “Hapana akauya shure kwaLuther aigona kuenzana naye.” Purofesa Aland akanyora kuti: “Gore rimwe nerimwe kune mabhuku matsva asiri pasi pe500 anotaura nezvaMartin Luther noKushandura—uye anowanika mumitauro mikuru inenge yose zvayo yepasi pose.”

Martin Luther aiva nepfungwa dzakapinza, ndangariro dzinoshamisa, unyanzvi hwokushandisa mashoko, uye aibishaira pabasa. Akanga asingagoniwo kushivirira uye achitsvinya, uye aishora zvakasimba zvaaiona sounyengeri. Paakanga ava kuda kufa muEisleben muna February 1546, shamwari dzakabvunza Luther kana akanga akaomerera pazvitendero zvaakanga adzidzisa vamwe. “Hungu,” akapindura kudaro. Luther akafa, asi vakawanda vachakaomerera kuzvitendero izvozvo.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Luther akashora kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Luther akaramba kuchinja zvaakanga ataura kutoti vaimupikisa varatidza kubva muBhaibheri kuti akanga akanganisa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi The Story of Liberty, 1878

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 29]

Kamuri raLuther muNhare yeWartburg, maakashandurira Bhaibheri

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mifananidzo yose: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Martin Luther The Reformer, 3rd Edition, rakabudiswa neToronto Willard Tract Depository, Toronto, Ontario

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 30]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi The History of Protestantism (Vol. I)