Complutensian Polyglot—Chishandiso Chakakurumbira Pakushandura

MUNENGE muna 1455, kubudiswa kweBhaibheri kwakachinja zvikuru. Johannes Gutenberg akashandisa muchina wokudhinda kuti abudise Bhaibheri rakatanga kudhindwa pachishandiswa muchina waiita zvokuchinjwa-chinjwa mabhii. Pakupedzisira, kuparadzirwa kweBhaibheri kwakanga kusingachavhiringidzwi nokushomeka kwakanga kwakaita magwaro aiita zvokunyorwa nemaoko. MaBhaibheri akanga ava kubudiswa akawanda uye pachidiwa mari shoma. Munguva pfupi, Bhaibheri ndiro rakanga rava bhuku raiparadzirwa kupfuura mamwe ose pasi pose.

Bhaibheri rakashandurwa naGutenberg rakanga riri muchiLatin. Asi nyanzvi dzokuEurope dzakazoona kuti dzaida mashoko akavimbika eBhaibheri mumitauro yaro yokutanga—chiHebheru nechiGiriki. Chechi yeKaturike yaiona sokuti Vulgate yechiLatin ndiyo yoga shanduro yeBhaibheri yaifanira kushandiswa, nepo pakanga paine zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvaivhiringidza kufambira mberi kwacho. Muzana remakore rechi16, vanhu vakawanda vakanga vasinganzwisisi chiLatin. Uyezve, kwemakore ane chiuru, vakakopa Vulgate vakanga vaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda.

Vashanduri nenyanzvi vaida Bhaibheri romutauro wokutanga, pamwe chete neshanduro yechiLatin yakagadziriswa. Muna 1502, mufundisi Jiménez de Cisneros, mupizano wezvematongerwe enyika nezvokunamata waIsabella I wokuSpain, akasarudza kuti agutse zvavaida achishandisa bhuku rimwe chete bedzi. Ichi chishandiso chakakurumbira pakushandura chakazozivikanwa seComplutensian Polyglot. Cisneros aiva nechinangwa chokubudisa Polyglot, kana kuti Bhaibheri rine mitauro yakawanda, rine mashoko akanaka kwazvo muchiHebheru, chiGiriki, nechiLatin, pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu zvechiAramaic. Kudhinda kwakanga kuchangotanga, saka zvakaitika izvi zvaisazokanganwika mukufambira mberi kwokudhinda.

Cisneros akatanga basa rake rakaoma paakatenga manyoro echiHebheru ekare, ayo akanga akawanda kuSpain. Akaunganidzawo manyoro akasiyana-siyana echiGiriki nechiLatin. Aizoashandisa kutanga magwaro ePolyglot. Cisneros akaita kuti basa chairo rokubatanidza riitwe nenyanzvi dzaakaronga paYunivhesiti itsva yeAlcalá de Henares, kuSpain. Erasmus wokuRotterdam ndomumwe wenyanzvi dzakakumbirwa kubatsira, asi nyanzvi iyi yemitauro yakawanda yakanga yakakurumbira yakaramba chikumbiro chacho.

Nyanzvi dzacho dzakatora makore gumi kuti dziribatanidze, kudhinda chaiko kuchibva kwazotora mamwe makore mana. Pane zvakawanda zvakanga zvakavaomera, sezvo michina yokudhinda yechiSpanish yakanga isina mabhii echiHebheru, chiGiriki, kana kuti chiAramaic. Saka, Cisneros akashandisa mudhindi mukuru ainzi Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, kuti agadzire mabhii emitauro iyi. Pakupedzisira, vanodhinda vakazotanga basa racho muna 1514. Mavhoriyamu acho matanhatu akapedzwa musi waJuly 10, 1517, mwedzi mina bedzi mufundisi wacho asati afa. Zvinoshamisa kuti makopi anenge mazana matanhatu eBhaibheri rakapedzwa akabudiswa panguva chaipo apo Dare Rinobvunzurudza reSpain rakanga riri kupisapisa. *

 Kuronga Bhaibheri Racho

Peji yoga yoga yePolyglot yaiva nemashoko akawanda kwazvo. Mumavhoriyamu mana ane Magwaro echiHebheru, mashoko eVulgate aiva pakati pepeji yoga yoga; mashoko echiHebheru aiumba chikamu chokunze; uye mashoko echiGiriki pamwe chete neshanduro yechiLatin ine zvakanyorwa pakati pemitsetse, aiumba chikamu chomukati. Mumicheto maiva nemabhii anoumba mashoko akawanda echiHebheru. Uye nechepazasi pepeji yoga yoga inoenderana nePentateuch, vapepeti vakaisawo Targum of Onkelos (mashoko echiAramaic akapfupikiswa emabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri) pamwe chete neshanduro yechiLatin.

Vhoriyamu yechishanu yePolyglot yaiva neMagwaro echiGiriki muzvikamu zviviri. Chimwe chaiva nemashoko echiGiriki, uye chimwe chacho chaiva nemashoko anoenderana echiLatin omuVulgate. Kuenderana kwemashoko acho mumitauro yose kwairatidzwa notumabhii twairatidza muverengi mashoko anopindirana muzvikamu zvacho zvose. Mashoko echiGiriki ePolyglot ndiwo bhuku rokutanga rakakwana reMagwaro echiGiriki, kana kuti, “Testamende Itsva,” rakanga rati rambodhindwa, richibva razoteverwa nerimwe rakaitwa naErasmus.

Nyanzvi dzacho dzaiva dzakangwaririra zvikuru pakuverenga vhoriyamu yechishanu dzichitsvaka zvikanganiso zvokuti rakazongowanikwa riine zvikanganiso zvokudhinda 50 bedzi. Nemhaka yokuti nyanzvi idzi dzaishanda nokungwaririra kwakadaro, vanoongorora vemazuva ano vanoriti rinopfuura magwaro echiGiriki akakurumbira aErasmus. Mabhii acho echiGiriki akanaka chaizvo aipindirana neemanyoro ekare akanyorwa nemaoko. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, R. Proctor anoti: “Spain inopiwa rukudzo rwokubudisa Bhaibheri rokutanga rechiGiriki, rine chiGiriki chakanyorwa nemabhii akanakisisa ati ambogadzirwa.”

Vhoriyamu yechitanhatu yePolyglot yaive nezvinobatsira kudzidza Bhaibheri zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinoti: Duramazwi rechiHebheru nechiAramaic, kududzirwa kwemazita echiGiriki, chiHebheru, nechiAramaic, tsanangudzo dzemataurirwo echiHebheru, uye indekisi yechiLatin yeduramazwi racho. Saka hazvishamisi kuti Complutensian Polyglot yakarumbidzwa pachena se“chinhu chinoyeuchidza unyanzvi hwokudhinda mabhii uye ruzivo rweMagwaro.”

Cisneros aida kuti Bhaibheri iri “rimutsiridze kudzidzwa kwemagwaro kwakanga kwarova,” asi akanga asingadi kuti Bhaibheri riwanikwe nevoruzhinji. Aifunga kuti “Shoko raMwari raifanira kunyatsovanzwa zvisinganzwisisiki risingambowaniki nevanhuwo zvavo.” Aidavirawo kuti “Magwaro anofanira kuramba ari mumitauro mitatu yekare iyo Mwari akabvumira kuti ishandiswe pamashoko akanga akanyorwa nechepamusoro poMwanakomana wake akarovererwa.” * Saka, Complutensian Polyglot haina kumboshandurirwa muchiSpanish.

Vulgate Inoenzaniswa Nemitauro Yakashandiswa Pakutanga

Zvaizova zvakaita Polyglot zvakaita kuti pave nokusawirirana pakati penyanzvi dzakaiita. Antonio de Nebrija, * nyanzvi yaiva nomukurumbira  yokuSpain ndiye akanzi atarisire kudzokororwa kwemagwaro eVulgate aizoiswa muBhaibheri rePolyglot. Kunyange zvazvo Chechi yeKaturike yaiti Vulgate yaJerome ndiyo yoga shanduro inotenderwa, Nebrija akaona zvakakodzera kuti Vulgate ienzaniswe nemagwaro echiHebheru chekare, chiAramaic chekare, uye chiGiriki chekare. Aida kururamisa zvikanganiso zvaiva pachena zvakanga zvava mumakopi eVulgate akanga avapo.

Kuti agadzirise zvainge zvakasiyana pakati peVulgate nezvaiva mumitauro yekare, Nebrija akakurudzira Cisneros kuti: “Tungidzazve mwenje miviri yakadzima yechitendero chedu, mutauro wechiHebheru nowechiGiriki. Ipa mubayiro kune vaya vakazvipira pabasa iri.” Akakurudzirawo zvinotevera: “Nguva imwe neimwe patinoona pakasiyana mumanyoro echiLatin neTestamende Itsva, tinofanira kudzokera kumanyoro echiGiriki. Nguva dzose panenge pasingawirirani manyoro echiLatin akasiyana-siyana kana kuti manyoro echiLatin neechiGiriki eTestamende Yekare, tinofanira kutsvaka zvakarurama muchiHebheru chaicho.”

Cisneros akaita sei? Mumashoko ake okusuma ari muBhaibheri rePolyglot, Cisneros haana kumbosiya mubvunzo pamusoro pepfungwa dzake. “Takaisa shanduro yechiLatin yaJerome akakomborerwa pakati peyeSinagogi [magwaro echiHebheru] neiya yeChechi yokuMabvazuva [magwaro echiGiriki], sokungorovererwa kwakaitwa mbavha, imwe neimwe kurutivi rwaJesu, uyo anomiririra Chechi yeRoma, kana kuti yeLatin.” Saka, Cisneros haana kubvumira Nebrija kuti aruramise Vulgate yechiLatin maererano nezvaiva mumitauro yekare. Pakupedzisira, Nebrija akasarudza kusiya basa racho pane kuti azoisawo zita rake pakudzokorora kusina kunyatsoitwa.

Comma Johanneum

Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri rePolyglot reAlcalá de Henares rakanga riri nhanho huru mukufambira mberi pakubudisa shanduro yakanatsiridzwa ichibva mumitauro yekare yeBhaibheri, zvaitendwa nevanhu zvaiwanzokunda zvainzwisiswa nenyanzvi. Vulgate yairemekedzwa chaizvo zvokuti vapepeti vayo pane dzimwe nguva vaitonzwa vachifanira kururamisa magwaro echiGiriki e“Testamende Itsva” kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti inopindirana nechiLatin pane kuti varuramise Vulgate. Mumwe wemienzaniso iyi mashoko enhema akakurumbira anozivikanwa secomma Johanneum. * Hapana manyoro echiGiriki ekare aiva nemashoko aya, ayo sezviri pachena akazoisirwa mazana emakore anoverengeka Johani atonyora tsamba yake, uyewo akanga asingawaniki mumanyoro echiLatin ekare kare eVulgate. Saka Erasmus akasiya  mashoko aya akaita zvokuzoisirwa mu“Testamende Itsva” yake yechiGiriki.

Vapepeti vePolyglot vakanga vasingadi kubvisa ndima yaiva chikamu cheVulgate yainge yagara ichishandiswa kwemazana emakore. Saka, havana kubvisa mashoko enhema muchiLatin asi vakatosarudza kuashandura ndokuaisa mumagwaro echiGiriki kuitira kuti zvikamu zvacho zviviri zvipindirane.

Kushandiswa Padzimwe Shanduro Itsva dzeBhaibheri

Kukosha kweComplutensian Polyglot hakusi pakungoti ndiyo yokutanga kuva neMagwaro akakwana echiGiriki akadhindwa ari pamwe chete neSeptuagint. Sezvo “Testamende Itsva” yechiGiriki yaErasmus yakava Received Text (kureva kuti Rugwaro Rwakagamuchirwa) yeMagwaro echiGiriki (yakashandiswa kushandurira mumitauro yakawanda), magwaro echiHebheru ePolyglot ndiwo akava musimboti weMagwaro echiHebheru neechiAramaic. * William Tyndale akashandisa Polyglot iyi sepokuwana mashoko echiHebheru mukushandurira kwake Bhaibheri muChirungu.

Saka, basa rounyanzvi rechikwata chakabudisa Complutensian Polyglot rakaita chinhu chinokosha mukufambira mberi kwounyanzvi mune zvokutsvakurudzwa kweMagwaro. Rakabudiswa panguva apo kufarira Bhaibheri muEurope yose kwakanga kwava kukurudzira kuti rishandurirwe mumitauro yainyanya kushandiswa nevanhu. Polyglot yakavazve rimwe rematanho okutanga-tanga aitevedzana akabatsira pakunatsiridzwa nokuchengetedzwa kwemagwaro echiGiriki neechiHebheru. Zvose izvi zvinoenderana nechinangwa chaMwari chokuti ‘shoko raJehovha rakanatswa,’ ‘shoko raMwari wedu, richagara nokusingaperi.’—Pisarema 18:30; Isaya 40:8; 1 Petro 1:25.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Mufundisi Jiménez de Cisneros

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid