VaAnabaptist Vaiva Vanaani?

VASHANYI vanoenda pakati peguta reMünster muWestphalia kuGermany kokutanga nguva dzose vanowanzomira kuti vatarire zvizarira zvesimbi zvitatu zvinorembera pashongwe yechechi. Zvizarira izvi zvave zviripo kwemakore anoda kusvika 500, kunze kwenguva shomanana chete. Pakutanga muzvizarira izvi maiva nezvitunha zvevarume vatatu vakanga vatambudzwa pamberi pevanhu ndokuzourayiwa. Varume vacho vaiva vaAnabaptist, uye zvizarira zvacho zviyeuchidzo zvoUmambo hwavo.

VaAnabaptist vaiva vanaani? Sangano racho rakatanga sei? Dzidziso dzaro huru dzaiva dzipi? Nei varume vacho vakaurayiwa? Uye zvizarira zvacho zvitatu zvaiva zvei muumambo?

Kuchinja Chechi—Asi Sei?

Pakunopera kwezana remakore rechi15 uye pakutanga kwerechi16, kutsoropodzwa kweChechi yeRoma Katurike nokwevafundisi kwakawedzera. Uori nounzenza zvakanga zvapararira nechechi yacho yose; saka, vakawanda vakafunga kuti kuchinja kukuru kwaifanira kuitwa. Muna 1517, Martin Luther akazivisa pachena nezvokudiwa kwokuchinja, uye vamwe pavakapindira mukukurukurirana kwacho, nokukurumidza Kuchinja kwechiPurotesitendi kwakafambira mberi.

Asi vachinji vacho vakanga vasina pfungwa dzakafanana nezvokuti chii chaifanira kuitwa kana kuti kuchinja kwacho kwaifanira kugumira papi. Vakawanda vaiona kudiwa kwokuomerera kuBhaibheri munhau dzine chokuita nokunamata. Asi, vachinji vacho vaitotadza kubvumirana nokutsanangurwa kuri nyore kwedzidziso dzeBhaibheri. Vamwe vaifunga kuti Kuchinja kwacho kwakanga kuchinyanya kunonoka. Vanhu vakaumba sangano revaAnabaptist vakabva muvachinji ava.

“Kutaura zvazviri, pakanga pasina sangano rimwe bedzi revabaptist; paiva neanoverengeka,” anonyora kudaro Hans-Jürgen Goertz mubhuku rake rinonzi Die Täufer—Geschichte und Deutung. Somuenzaniso, muna 1521 varume vana vaizivikanwa sevaprofita veZwickau vakakonzera nyonganyonga nokuparidza dzidziso dzechiAnabaptist muWittenberg. Uye muna 1525 rimwe boka rakasiyana revaAnabaptist rakaumbwa muZurich, Switzerland. Nzanga dzevaAnabaptist dzakatangawo muMoravia—zvino yavaCzech Republic—uye iri muNetherlands.

Rubhabhatidzo—Rwevana Kana Kuti Rwevakuru?

Nzanga dzevaAnabaptist dzaiwanzova duku, uye vagari vemo vacho vaiwanzova norunyararo. Vatendi vacho vakanga vasingavanzi zvavaitenda; kutaura zvazviri, vaitoparidzira vamwe. Zvitendero zvinokosha zvokutenda kwevaAnabaptist zvakatsanangurwa muSchleitheim Confession muna 1527. Zvimwe zvacho ndezvokuti vairamba kutakura zvombo zvehondo, vairamba vakaparadzana nenyika, uye vaidzinga vaiti vezvakaipa. Asi chimwe chairatidza kutenda kwavo kupfuura zvose, chichinyatsosiyanisa vaAnabaptist nezvimwe zvitendero, kwaiva kudavira kuti rubhabhatidzo ndorwevanhu vakuru kwete vana. *

Rubhabhatidzo rwevakuru rwaisangova nhau yaitendwa muchitendero; rwaiva nhau yesimba. Kana munhu ainonoka kubhabhatidzwa kusvikira akura—zvichimubvumira kuti aite chisarudzo chakavakirwa pakutenda—vamwe vaigona kusazobhabhatidzwa zvachose. Uye vanhu vakanga vasina kubhabhatidzwa vaizoramba vasingadzorwi nomutemo wechechi muzvinhu zvakati  wandei. Kumamwe machechi, rubhabhatidzo rwevakuru rwaireva kurasikirwa nesimba.

Saka, vaKaturike nevaLutheran vaida kushora tsika yokubhabhatidza vakuru. Pashure pa1529, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vaya vaibhabhatidza vakuru kana kuti vaibhabhatidzwa vakura vaigona kutongerwa rufu. Mutori wenhau Thomas Seifert anotsanangura kuti vaAnabaptist va“katambudzwa chaizvo muUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma hwose muNyika yeGermany.” Kutambudzwa kwacho kwakanyanyisa muMünster.

Guta reMünster romuMiddle Ages Rinotsvaka Kuchinja

Guta reMünster romuMiddle Ages raiva nevagari vanenge 10 000 uye rakanga risingapindiki, rakadzivirirwa kweanenge mamita 90 kufara uye anenge makiromita mashanu kutenderera. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu mukati meguta racho akanga asina kudzikama sokudzivirirwa kwaro. Bhuku rinonzi The Kingdom of the Anabaptists, rakabudiswa neCity Museum yeMünster, rinotaura nezve“mvonga mvonga yezvematongerwe enyika pakati peVatongi veGuta neVanhu vorukisheni rumwe norumwe.” Uyezve, vagari vomunzvimbo idzi vakashatiriswa nezviito zvevafundisi. Guta reMünster rakatsigira Kuchinja kwacho uye muna 1533 rakachinja kubva pakuva guta revaKaturike ndokuva revaLutheran.

Bernhard Rothmann, munhu aingomhanyirira kuita zvinhu, ndiye mumwe wevakatanga kuparidza kuchinja muMünster. Munyori Friedrich Oehninger anotsanangura kuti “zviri pachena kuti [Rothmann] akava nemaonero evaAnabaptist; iye nevamwe vake vakaramba kubhabhatidza vacheche.” Vanhu vakawanda muMünster vakamutsigira, kunyange zvazvo maonero ake akanga akasiyana chaizvo neevamwe. “Vakawanda vevaya vaida zvaiitwa kare vakabuda muguta racho, vasinganzwi zvakanaka uye vachizvityira. VaAnabaptist vakadirana kuMünster vachitarisira kuona kuzadzika kwezvavaifunga.” Kuwanda kwevaAnabaptist muMünster kwakaguma nechiitiko chinotyisa.

Jerusarema Idzva Rakombwa

Vanhu vaviri vokuNetherlands vakatamira muMünster—Jan Mathys, mubiki wechingwa wokuHaarlem, naJan Beuckelson, anozivikanwa saJohn weLeiden—vaizoita basa rinokosha mune zvaizoitika ikoko. Mathys akazviti muprofita uye akazivisa April 1534 senguva yokuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu. Guta racho rakanzi Jerusarema Idzva rinotaurwa muBhaibheri, uye vanhu vacho vakatanga kufunga nezvokuguma kwenyika. Rothmann akasarudza kuti pfuma yose yaifanira kuti ive yevanhu vose. Vagari vemo vakura vaifanira kusarudza: Kubhabhatidzwa kana kuti kubuda muguta. Kubhabhatidzwa kwemhomho kwaisanganisira vamwe vakangonyudzwa kuti vasasiye misha yavo nezvinhu zvavo.

Dzimwe nzanga dzakakatyamadzwa sezvo Münster rakava guta rokutanga iro vaAnabaptist vakava chitendero chakasimba uye boka rezvematongerwe enyika rakasimba kupfuura ose. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Die Täufer zu Münster, izvi zvakaita kuti “guta reMünster rivengwe noUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma yeNyika yeGermany.” Mumwe Bhishopi Mukuru Count Franz von Waldeck, mukuru mukuru anoremekedzwa, akaunganidza mauto kuti akombe Münster. Mauto iwayo aiumbwa nevaLutheran nevaKaturike. Izvi zvitendero zviviri, izvo zvaiva zvisina kuwirirana panhau yoKuchinja uye nokukurumidza zvaizorwisana muHondo yeMakore Makumi Matatu, zvakabatana kuti zvirwise vaAnabaptist.

Kuparadzwa kwoUmambo hwevaAnabaptist

Simba remauto akanga akakomba harina kutyisa vaya vaiva vakapoteredzwa norusvingo  rweguta racho. Muna April 1534, paitarisirwa kuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu, Mathys akatasva bhiza jena achibuda muguta, achitarisira kudzivirirwa naMwari. Imbofungidzira kushamiswa kwevatsigiri vaMathys sezvavaidongorera neparusvingo rweguta ndokuona mauto aikomba achiita Mathys kanyama kanyama ndokusimudza musoro wake uri padanda.

John weLeiden akatsiva Mathys uye akatumidzwa kunzi Mambo Jan weAnabaptist muMünster. Akaedza kugadzirisa kusiyana kweuwandu hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi—guta racho raiva nevakadzi vakawanda kupfuura varume—nokukurudzira varume kuti varoore madzimai akawanda sezvavaida. Nezvokunyanyisa muumambo hwevaAnabaptist muMünster, aiita upombwe noufeve aipiwa chirango chorufu, asi barika raitenderwa, raitokurudzirwa. Mambo Jan pachake aiva nevakadzi 16. Mumwe wavo, Elisabeth Wandscherer, paakamukumbira mvumo yokubuda muguta racho, akadamburwa musoro pazere vanhu.

Kukomba kwacho kwakatora mwedzi 14, kusvikira muna June 1535 pakazotorwa guta racho. Guta reMünster rakaparadzwa zvarisina kuzoitwazve kusvikira paHondo Yenyika II. Rothmann akatiza, asi Mambo Jan nevamwe vakuru vakuru vaviri vevaAnabaptist vakabatwa, vakatambudzwa, uye vakaurayiwa. Zvitunha zvavo zvakaiswa muzvizarira ndokusimudzwa kuti zvirembere pashongwe yeChechi yeSt. Lambert. Izvozvo “zvaizova yambiro inotyisa kana paine aizombofunga zvokupandukira,” anotsanangura kudaro Seifert. Chokwadi, kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika kwakava nemigumisiro inorwadza.

Chii chakaitika kune dzimwe nzanga dzevaAnabaptist? Kutambudzwa kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi muEurope yose kwemakore anoverengeka. Vazhinji vevaAnabaptist vakaomerera kumitemo yavo yokusaenda kuhondo, kunyange zvazvo paiva nevaAnabaptist vashoma vaipanduka. Nokufamba kwenguva, aimbova mupristi Menno Simons akava mutungamiriri wevaAnabaptist, uye boka racho rakazozivikanwa sevaMennonite kana kuti nemamwe mazita.

Zvizarira Zvitatu

VaAnabaptist vaiva chaizvoizvo vanhu vechitendero vaiedza kuomerera kumirayiro yeBhaibheri. Asi vanyanyisi vomuMünster vakaita kuti vaAnabaptist vasiye izvozvo ndokupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Pakangoitika izvi, boka racho rakava simba rinopandukira. Izvi zvakareva njodzi kusangano revaAnabaptist uye kuguta reMünster romuMiddle Ages.

Vanoshanyira pakati peguta racho vachiri kuyeuchidzwa zviitiko izvi zvinotyisa zvakaitika makore anenge 500 akapfuura. Sei? Nezvizarira zvitatu zvesimbi zvinorembera pashongwe yechechi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 13]

Mambo Jan akatambudzwa, akaurayiwa, ndokurembedzwa pashongwe yeChechi yeSt. Lambert