Mari—Guta Guru Rekare romuGwenga

“NDAKANGA ndisingabatiki nomufaro usiku ihwohwo pandakapinda muimba yangu yokurara pashure pokunge tapemberera zvatakanga tawana neshamwari dzangu,” yakayeuka kudaro imwe nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo yokuFrance inonzi André Parrot. Muna January wa1934, paTell Hariri, pedyo nekataundi keAbu Kemal kari pedyo norwizi rwaYufratesi muSiriya, Parrot neboka rake vakanga vafukunura chifananidzo chakanga chakanyorwa kuti: “Lamgi-Mari, mambo weMari, mupristi mukuru weEnlil.” Vakafara chaizvo nezvavakawana izvi.

Pakupedzisira guta reMari rakanga rawanikwa! Nei vadzidzi veBhaibheri vachifarira kuwanikwa kwakaitwa guta racho?

Nei Richifarirwa?

Kunyange zvazvo zvaizivikanwa kubva mumagwaro ekare kuti guta reMari raivapo, kwenguva refu paraiva chaipo hapana kuzivikanwa. Maererano nevanyori vokuSumer, kuMari ndiko kwaigara dzinza roumambo iro pane imwe nguva ringangodaro raitonga Mesopotamia yose. Zvarakanga rakavakirwa pamhenderekedzo dzorwizi rwaYufratesi, guta reMari rakanga rakavakwa zvakakodzera riri pamharadzano dzenzira dzaishandiswa nevezvokutengeserana dzaibatanidza Persian Gulf neAsiriya, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, uye Mediterranean Coast. Zvinhu zvaisanganisira mapuranga, simbi, uye matombo—zvose zvainetsa kuwana muMesopotamia—zvaipfuura nomuguta racho. Mitero yezvinhu  izvi yakapfumisa Mari kwazvo, ichiita kuti rive guta guru munharaunda yacho yose. Zvisinei, ukuru hwaro hwakaguma Siriya payakakundwa naSargon wokuAkkad.

Kwemakore anenge 300 pashure pokukundwa kwaSargon, Mari rakatongwa nemagavhuna echiuto aitevedzana. Paraitongwa nemauto, guta racho rakatangazve kubudirira. Zvisinei, pakasvika nguva yaraitongwa nomutongi waro wokupedzisira, Zimri-Lim, mukurumbira weguta reMari wakanga wava kupera. Zimri-Lim akaedza kusimbisa umambo hwake nokuita kuti mauto akunde zvakatevedzana, kuita zvibvumirano, uye kuroorerana nemamwe madzimambo. Asi munenge muna 1760 B.C.E., Mambo Hammurabi wokuBhabhironi akakunda uye akaparadza guta racho, achigumisa yainzi naParrot “imwe yenzanga dzekare yakanga yakabudirira zvikuru.”

Mauto aHammurabi paakaparadza Mari, asingazivi akabatsira zvikuru vanochera matongo mazuva ano uye vanyori venhau dzakaitika. Pavaiputsa masvingo ezvidhina zvisina kupiswa, mune dzimwe nzvimbo vaifushira zvimwe zvivako nemamita mashanu, vachiita kuti zvisaparara nokufamba kwenguva. Vezvokuchera matongo vakafukunura temberi nemizinda yemadzimambo zvakanga zvava matongo, pamwe chete nezvicherwa zvakawanda uye zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinotaura nezvemagariro ekare.

Nei tichifarira kunzwa nezvematongo eMari? Funga nezvenguva apo tateguru Abrahamu akararama pasi pano. Abrahamu akaberekwa mugore ra2018 B.C.E., makore 352 pashure peMafashamo makuru. Chizvarwa chake chaiva chechigumi kubva kuna Noa. Arayirwa naMwari, Abrahamu akasiya guta rokumusha kwake, Uri, akaenda kuHarani. Mugore ra1943 B.C.E., Abrahamu paakanga ava nemakore 75, akabva kuHarani akaenda kunyika yeKanani. “Abrahamu akatama kuUri achienda kuJerusarema, [muKanani] panguva yeguta reMari,” anodaro Paolo Matthiae, wezvokuchera matongo wokuItaly. Saka, kuwanikwa kwakaita Mari kunokosha mukuti kunogona kutibatsira kufungidzira kuti mushumiri waMwari akanga akatendeka Abrahamu airarama munyika yakaita sei. *—Genesi 11:10-12:4.

Matongo Acho Anoratidzei?

Zvechitendero zvaibudirira muMari sezvazvaingoitawo kumwe muMesopotamia. Zvainzi munhu aifanira kushumira vanamwari. Munhu asati aita chisarudzo chinokosha chero chipi zvacho, aitanga abvunza zvaidiwa navanamwari. Vanochera matongo vakawana zvisaririra zvetemberi nhanhatu. Pane idzodzo paiva neTemberi yeShumba (inonzi nevamwe yaiva temberi yaDagan, Dhagoni womuBhaibheri) uye nzvimbo tsvene dzaIshtar, mwarikadzi wokubereka, pamwe namwari wezuva Shamash. Pakutanga temberi idzi dzaiva nechidhori chamwari aipiwa zvipiriso uye aitetererwa kwaari. Vanhu vakanga vakazvipira vaiisa zvifananidzo zvavo ivo zvakavezwa zvainyemwerera, vachinyengetera vari pamabhenji omunzvimbo tsvene, vachidavira kuti zvifananidzo zvavo zvaivamiririra kuti varambe vachingonamata. Parrot akati: “Chifananidzo chacho,  kufanana nekenduru inoshandiswa pakunamata nevaKaturike mazuva ano, chakanga chichimiririra mutendi wacho zvakatonyanya.”

Zvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa zvakawanikwa mumatongo eTell Hariri zvaiva zvisaririra zvomuzinda wamambo wakakura, waizivikanwa nezita romunhu akapedzisira kugaramo, Mambo Zimri-Lim. Mucheri wematongo wokuFrance Louis-Hugues Vincent akaurondedzera se“chivako chokuMabvazuva chinokosha kwazvo chakavakwa kare.” Muzinda wacho waiva nedzimba 300 nezvivanze, uchitora nzvimbo yakakura maeka matanhatu. Kunyange kare, muzinda wamambo uyu wainzi ndiwo mumwe wezvishamiso zvenyika. “Wakanga wakakurumbira zvikuru,” anodaro Georges Roux mubhuku rake rinonzi Ancient Iraq, “zvokuti Mambo weUgarit, aiva pamhenderekedzo yeSiriya, haana kuzeza kutumira mwanakomana wake kuti aende makiromita 600 kuti anoshanyira ‘imba yaZimri-Lim’ chete chete.”

Vasati vasvika pachivanze chacho chakakura, vashanyi vaipinda mumuzinda wamambo waiva nemasvingo vachishandisa suo rimwe chete raiva neshongwe kumativi ose. Akagara pachigaro choumambo chakanga chakaiswa pachikuva chakakwirira, Zimri-Lim, mambo wokupedzisira weguta reMari, aitarisira nyaya dzine chokuita nemauto, kutengeserana, uye unyanzvi, aitonga vanhu, uye aigamuchira vaeni nevamiririri venyika. Paiva nedzimba dzevaeni, avo vaigara vachivaraidzwa namambo pamitambo yake yaiva nezvokudya zvaidhura. Zvokudya zvacho zvaisanganisira nyama yemombe yakagochwa kana kuti yakabikwa, nyama yehwai, yemhara, yehove, uye yehuku—zvose vaizvipiwa paine muto une mhiripiri negariki uye nemiriwo yakasiyana-siyana uye chizi dzakasiyana-siyana. Vaizoseredzera  nemichero minyoro, yakaomeswa, kana kuti yakanyikwa mushuga uye makeke aibikirwa mutupani twakanaka-naka. Kuti vapedze nyota yavo, vaeni vacho vaipiwa doro kana kuti waini.

Utsanana hwaivapowo pamuzinda wacho. Pakawanikwa dzimba dzokugezera dzaiva nemabhavhu evhu rakapiswa uye zvimbudzi zvakanga zvisina pokugarira. Uriri uye muzasi memadziro edzimba idzi zvakanga zvakapendwa nebhitumini. Mvura yetsvina yaibudiswa nepamagata ezvidhina, uye pombi dzakagadzirwa nevhu dzikapendwa nebhitumini dzichiri kushanda pashure pemakore anenge 3 500. Vakadzi vatatu vomuimba yamambo pavakarwara nechirwere chinouraya, mirayiridzo yacho yakanga yakaoma. Mukadzi airwara zvakadaro aifanira kugara kwake oga kusina vamwe. “Hapana munhu anofanira kunwira mukapu yake, kudya naye, kugara pachigaro chake.”

Tingadzidzei Pane Zvave Zvakachengetedzwa?

Parrot neboka rake vakawana mahwendefa ecuneiform 20 000 akanga akanyorwa nomutauro weAkkadian. Mahwendefa acho aiva netsamba uye magwaro evaitarisira uye ezvoupfumi. Pane zvave zvakachengetedzwa izvi, chikamu chimwe pazvitatu chete ndicho chakabudiswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane mavhoriyamu 28. Anokosha zvakadini? “Zvinhu zvaiva zvakachengetedzwa zvokuMari zvisati zvawanikwa,” anodaro Jean-Claude Margueron, mukuru mukuru weMari Archaeological Mission, “hapana chataimboziva nezvezvakaitika, kurongwa kwezvinhu, uye mararamiro ezuva nezuva evanhu vokuMesopotamia neSiriya pakutanga kwechiuru chemakore chechipiri. Nemhaka yemahwendefa aya, tava kukwanisa kunyora mashoko akarurama nezvenguva iyoyo.” Sezvakataurwa naParrot, zvinhu zvave zvakachengetedzwa “zvinoratidza kufanana kunoshamisa kwakaita vanhu vazvinotaura uye zvatinoudzwa neTestamende Yekare nezvenguva yeMadzitateguru.”

Mahwendefa akawanikwa kuMari anojekesawo zvimwe zvikamu zvomuBhaibheri. Somuenzaniso, mahwendefa acho anoratidza kuti kutora madzimai nevarongo vomuvengi kwaiva “chinhu chaiwanzoitwa nemadzimambo panguva yacho.” Zano romutengesi Ahitoferi raakapa Absaromu mwanakomana waMambo Dhavhidhi rokuti arare nevarongo vababa vake yakanga isiri pfungwa itsva.—2 Samueri 16:21, 22.

Kubvira muna 1933, matongo okuTell Hariri akacherwa ka41. Zvisinei, kusvika iye zvino, maeka 20 chete pa270 eguta reMari ndiwo akaongororwa. Pamwe zvimwe zvinonakidza zvichawanikwa muMari, guta guru rekare romugwenga.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu iri papeji 10]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Persian Gulf

Uri

MESOPOTAMIA

Yufratesi

MARI

ASIRIYA

Harani

ANATOLIA

KANANI

Jerusarema

Gungwa reMediterranean (Gungwa Guru)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Mugwaro iri Mambo Iahdun-Lim weMari akazvirova dundundu nezvokuvaka kwaakanga aita

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Kuwanikwa kwakaita chifananidzo ichi chaLamgi-Mari kwakaita kuti guta reMari rizivikanwe zvakanaka

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Ebih-Il, mukuru mukuru weMari, achinyengetera

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Chikuva chiri mumuzinda wamambo, pangadaro paripo paiva nechifananidzo chamwarikadzi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Matongo eMari, achiratidza kuvaka kwaiitwa nezvidhina zvisina kutsva

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Imba yokugezera yomumuzinda wamambo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda kwakaita Naram-Sin, akakunda Mari

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Mahwendefa e“cuneiform” anenge 20 000 akawanikwa mumatongo omuzinda wamambo

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

© Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 11]

Gwaro: Musée du Louvre, Paris; chifananidzo: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 12]

Chifananidzo: Musée du Louvre, Paris; chikuva uye imba yokugezera: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 13]

Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda: Musée du Louvre, Paris; matongo omuzinda wamambo: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)