Philo wokuAlexandria Aisanganisa Magwaro Nokufungidzira

MUNA 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mukuru akapinda muIjipiti. Asati aenda kumabvazuva pakukunda kwaaizoita nyika yose, akavaka guta raakapa zita rokuti Alexandria. Ndiro rakava muzinda wetsika dzechiGiriki. Ikoko, munenge muna 20 B.C.E., mumwe mukundi akaberekwa, uyo akanga asina zvombo zvakadai semapakatwa nemapanga, asi kufunga kwouzivi. Anozivikanwa nezita rokuti Philo wokuAlexandria, kana kuti Philo Judaeus nokuti aibva kumhuri yechiJudha.

Kupararira kwakaita vaJudha mune dzimwe nyika, kwakaitika Jerusarema raparadzwa muna 607 B.C.E., kwakaita kuti vaJudha vakawanda vagare muIjipiti. Zviuru zvaigara muAlexandria. Zvisinei vaJudha vainetsana nevavakidzani vavo vechiGiriki. VaJudha vairamba kunamata vanamwari vevaGiriki, ukuwo vaGiriki vaishora Magwaro echiHebheru. Pamusana pedzidzo yaaiva nayo yechiGiriki uye kuti akanga arererwa mumhuri yechiJudha, Philo ainyatsoziva gakava racho. Aidavira kuti chiJudha ndicho chaiva chitendero chechokwadi. Asi kusiyana nevakawanda, Philo aitsvaka nzira ine rugare yokuita kuti Vemamwe Marudzi vauye kuna Mwari. Aida kuti vagamuchire chiJudha.

Kuita Kuti Zvinyorwa Zvekare Zvive Nezvitsva Zvazvinoreva

Philo aitaura chiGiriki sevamwe vaJudha vakawanda vaiva muAlexandria. Saka Septuagint yechiGiriki yeMagwaro echiHebheru ndiyo yaaishandisa pakudzidza kwaaiita. Paaiongorora magwaro eSeptuagint, akagutsikana kuti aiva nohumwe uzivi uye kuti Mosesi “aiva nyanzvi youzivi.”

Mazana emakore zvisati zvadaro, vazivi vakangwara vechiGiriki vakanga vaomerwa nokubvuma nyaya dzavanamwari navanamwarikadzi—hofori uye madhimoni aitaurwa mungano dzavo dzechiGiriki chekare. Vakatanga kududzirazve nyaya idzodzo dzekare. James Drummond, nyanzvi yechiGiriki nechiRoma akataura nezvenzira yavaishandisa achiti: “Muzivi wacho aizotanga nokutarisa zvairehwa nengano dzacho zvaisava pachena, ogumisa kubva mune zvainyangadza zvaitaurwa mungano idzodzo dzakanga dzisingagamuchirwi uye dzisina musoro kuti vanyori vadzo vaida kubudisa pfungwa yei vachishandisa mutauro wokufananidzira kuti vabudise chokwadi chinokosha.” Nzira iyi yokududzira inobva papfungwa yokuti zvakanyorwa zvose ndezvokufananidzira, uye Philo akaedza kushandisa nzira iyi kuti atsanangure Magwaro.

Somuenzaniso, funga nezvaGenesi 3:22 mushanduro yaBagster yeSeptuagint, iyo inoti: “Ishe Mwari akagadzirira Adhamu nomudzimai wake nguo dzedehwe, ndokuvapfekedza.” VaGiriki vaifunga kuti Mwari munhu Mukuru zvokuti haakodzeri kuita basa rokugadzira mbatya. Saka Philo akataura kuti ndima iyi ine mashoko okufananidzira achibva ati: “Nguo dzematehwe kutaura kuri kufananidzira ganda  chairo, kunoreva muviri wedu; nokuti Mwari paakatanga kugadzira pfungwa, akadzipa zita rokuti Adhamu; adaro akazosika chimwe chinhu chokunze, chaakapa zita rokuti Upenyu. Pakupedzisira, akaona zvakakodzera kusika muviri, achibva aupa zita rokufananidzira rokuti nguo yematehwe.” Saka Philo akaedza kuita kuti kupfekedza kwakaita Mwari Adhamu naEvha kuve pfungwa youzivi inotoda kufunga.

Fungawo nezvaGenesi 2:10-14, iyo inorondedzera kwaibva mvura yomubindu reEdheni uye inotaura nezvenzizi ina dzaiyerera dzichibuda mubindu racho. Philo akaedza kutsvakisisa zvinopfuura mashoko uye kunyatsotsvaka zvaanoreva muudzame. Ataura nezvenyika yacho pachayo, akati: “Pamwe ndima iyi inewo zvainoreva zvokufananidzira; nokuti nzizi ina dzinomirira zvinhu zvina zvakanaka.” Akafungidzira kuti rwizi rwaPishoni runomirira uchenjeri, uye rwizi rwaGihoni runomirira kukomba, uye Tigirisi runomirira simba, uye Yufratesi runomirira ruramisiro. Nokudaro mashoko okufananidzira anotsiva zvinhu chaizvo zviripo.

Philo akashandisa pfungwa yokuti zvakanyorwa ndezvokufananidzira pakududzira nhoroondo yokusika, nyaya yokupondwa kwaAbheri naKaini, Mafashamo omuzuva raNoa, kupesaniswa kwemitauro paBhabheri, nemimwe mirayiro yakawanda iri muMutemo waMosesi. Sezvinoratidzwa nomuenzaniso uri  mundima yapfuura, aiwanzobvuma zvinotaura ndima yeBhaibheri sezvairi ozotaura manzwisisiro ake okufananidzira nemashoko akadai sokuti: “Pamwe tinofanira kuona zvinhu izvi sezvakataurwa nepfungwa yokufananidzira.” Muzvinyorwa zvaPhilo, kufananidzira ndiko kunonyanya kusimbiswa, ukuwo zvinosuruvarisa kuti kutaura kwakajeka kweMagwaro hakuoneki.

Mwari Ndiani?

Philo akatsigira kuvapo kwaMwari nomuenzaniso wakasimba. Pashure pokunge arondedzera nyika, nzizi, mapuraneti, uye nyeredzi, akapedzisa achiti: “Nyika ndicho chinhu chakagadzirwa nounyanzvi hukuru kupfuura zvimwe zvose, kuita sokuti yakaumbwa nomumwe munhu ainyatsoziva zvaakanga achiita uye ane zivo yakakwana. Iyi ndiyo nzira yatakawana nayo pfungwa yokuti kuna Mwari.” Uku kwaiva kutaura kune musoro.—VaRoma 1:20.

Asi Philo paakazotsanangura zvakaita Mwari Wemasimbaose, akatsauka zvikuru pachokwadi. Philo akataura kuti Mwari “haana unhu hwaainahwo” uye kuti Mwari “haanzwisisiki.” Philo akaita kuti vanhu vasaedza kuziva Mwari, achitaura kuti “kuedza kutsvakisisa, kuitira kuti uongorore zvakaita Mwari kana kuti unhu hwake, upenzi chaihwo.” Mafungiro aya akanga asingabvi muBhaibheri, asi kumuzivi wechihedheni ainzi Plato.

Philo akati vanhu havatombogoni kunzwisisa Mwari zvokuti hazvibviri kumudana nezita. Philo akati: “Saka zvaiva nomusoro kuti pasava nezita raigona kupiwa uyo ari Mwari mupenyu zvechokwadi.” Izvi zvinopesana kwazvo nechokwadi!

Bhaibheri rinotaura zvakajeka kuti Mwari ane zita. Pisarema 83:18 inoti: “Vazive kuti imi moga, imi mune zita rinonzi Jehovha, ndimi wokumusoro-soro kumusoro kwapasi pose.” Isaya 42:8 inoti Mwari anoti: “Ndini Jehovha, ndiro zita rangu.” Nei Philo, muJudha aiziva ndima idzi dzeBhaibheri, akadzidzisa kuti Mwari haana zita? Nokuti akanga ari kurondedzera, kwete Mwari womuBhaibheri, asi Mwari asina zita, asingazivikanwi wevazivi vechiGiriki.

Mweya Chii?

Philo akadzidzisa kuti mweya nomuviri zvinhu zvakasiyana. Anotaura kuti munhu anoumbwa “nomuviri nomweya.” Mweya unofa here? Ona tsananguro yaPhilo yokuti: “Patinenge tiri vapenyu, zvinenge zvichiita sokuti mweya wedu wakafa uye kuti wakavigwa mumuviri wedu, kuita sokunge uri muguva. Asi kudai [muviri] waizofa, mweya wedu waizorarama sezvawaifanira kuita chaizvo, wasunungurwa pamuviri wakaipa newakafa mawaimbonge uri.” Kuna Philo, kufa kwomweya kwaiva kwokufananidzira. Wakanga usingambofi chaizvoizvo. Haufi.

Asi, Bhaibheri rinodzidzisei nezvomweya? Genesi 2:7 inoti: “Jehovha Mwari akaumba munhu neguruva revhu, akafuridzira mweya woupenyu mumhino dzake; munhu akava mweya mupenyu.” Maererano neBhaibheri, vanhu havana mweya; asi, ivo ndivo mweya.

Bhaibheri rinodzidzisawo kuti mweya unofa. Ezekieri 18:4 inoti: “Mweya unotadza, uchafa.” Kubva muMagwaro aya tinogona kugumisa zvakakodzera kuti: Munhu mweya. Saka, munhu paanofa, mweya unofa.—Genesi 19:19. *

Philo afa, vaJudha havana kuzonyanya kumuteerera. Zvisinei, vechiKristudhomu, vakamuteerera. Eusebius nevamwe vatungamiriri vechechi vaidavira kuti Philo akanga atendeukira kuchiKristu. Jerome akatomuti aiva mumwe wavanaBaba veChechi. VaKristu vakaramba kutenda, vakanga vasiri vaJudha, vakachengetedza zvakanga zvanyorwa naPhilo.

Zvakanyorwa naPhilo zvakachinja chitendero. Zvaakanyora zvakakonzera kuti vanozviti vaKristu vagamuchire dzidziso isiri  yomuMagwaro yomweya usingafi. Uye dzidziso yaPhilo nezveLogos (kana kuti Shoko) yakakonzera kutanga kwoUtatu, dzidziso isiri yomuBhaibheri yevaKristu vakaramba kutenda.

Musatsauswa

Paaidzidza Magwaro echiHebheru, Philo aiva nechokwadi chokuti akanga “asingasiyi mashoko okufananidzira api neapi angave akavanzwa pasi peakanyorwa.” Zvisinei, sezviri pana Dheuteronomio 4:2, Mosesi akati nezvoMutemo waMwari: “Musawedzera kana kutapudza pashoko randinokurayirayi, kuti muchengete mirayiro yaJehovha Mwari wenyu, yandinokurayirayi.” Zviri pachena kuti nevavariro dzake dzose dzakanaka, Philo akawedzera zvokufungidzira, zvokuti kungofanana nemadzerere, zvakavharidzira mirayiridzo yakajeka yeShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa.

“Hatina kukuzivisai simba nokuvapo kwaShe wedu Jesu Kristu nokutevera ngano dzakanyatsorukwa,” akadaro muapostora Petro. (2 Petro 1:16) Kusiyana nezvakanyorwa naPhilo, mirayiridzo yaPetro kuvaKristu veungano yokutanga yakanga yakavakirwa pachokwadi uye pakutungamirira kwomudzimu waMwari, “mudzimu wechokwadi,” wakatungamirira zvose kuti zvive chokwadi.—Johani 16:13.

Kana uchifarira kunamata Mwari womuBhaibheri, unofanira kutungamirirwa nechokwadi chaicho, kwete mashoko okufungidzira anobva mukufunga kwevanhu. Unofanira kuziva Jehovha zvakarurama uye kuziva zvaanoda, uye zvinoda kuzvininipisa kuti udzidze nomwoyo wose. Kana ukadzidza Bhaibheri uine mafungiro akanaka, uchasvika pakuziva “zvinyorwa zvitsvene, zvinokwanisa kukuita uve akachenjera nokuda kwokuponeswa nokutenda muna Kristu Jesu.” Uchaona kuti Shoko raMwari rinogona kuita kuti uve “anokwanisa kwazvo, akashongedzerwa zvakakwana basa rose rakanaka.”—2 Timoti 3:15-17.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

GUTA RAPHILO

Philo aishanda uye aigara kuAlexandria yokuIjipiti. Kwemazana emakore, guta iroro ndiro raiva guta guru munyika yose mune zvemabhuku uye muhurukuro dzedzidzo.

Vadzidzi vaidzidziswa nenyanzvi dzaidzidzisa muzvikoro zvomuguta racho. Raibhurari yomuAlexandria yakava nomukurumbira munyika yose. Yaiva nemazana ezviuru ezvinyorwa sezvo vaishanda muraibhurari yacho vaiedza kuunganidza makopi ezvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa.

Gare gare, uwandu hwemabhuku aiva muraibhurari yeAlexandria nomukurumbira wayo zvakapera zvishoma nezvishoma. Madzimambo omuRoma akakoshesa guta rawo, uye muzinda wetsika wakazova kuEurope. Alexandria yakazoguma yaparara muzana remakore rechinomwe C.E. apo varwi vakakunda guta racho. Nanhasi, vezvenhau dzakaitika kare vanochema-chema nokuparara kweraibhurari iyoyo yakakurumbira, vamwe vachitoti kubudirira kwakadzokera kumashure nemakore 1 000.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

L. Chapons/Illustrirte Familien-Bibel nach der deutschen Uebersetzung Dr. Martin Luthers

[Bhokisi riri papeji 12]

KUDUDZIRA NEMIFANANIDZO NHASI

Kazhinji kududzira mashoko nokufananidzira “kutaura nemashoko emifananidzo isipo nezvinhu chaizvo zvakaitika kana kuti nokungorerutsa kuvapo kwevanhu.” Nhoroondo dzinoshandisa mashoko okufananidzira dzinonzi dzinomiririra zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvinenge zvakavanzika. Kufanana naPhilo wokuAlexandria, vamwe vadzidzisi vechitendero vemazuva ano vanotsanangura Bhaibheri vachishandisa mutauro wokufananidzira.

Chimbofunga nezvezvitsauko 1-11 zvaGenesi, izvo zvine nhoroondo yevanhu kubvira pakusikwa kusvika pavakazopararira pashongwe yeBhabheri. The New American Bible inoti nezvechikamu ichocho cheBhaibheri: “Kuti chokwadi chiri muzvitsauko izvi chinzwisiswe nevanhu vaIsraeri avo vakanga vanzi ndivo vaifanira kuchichengetedza, chokwadi chacho chaifanira kutaurwa maererano nokunzwisisa kwaiita vanhu panguva iyoyo. Saka nechikonzero ichi, chokwadi chaicho chinofanira kunge chakasiyana nemashoko akanyorwa.” Izvi zviri kureva kuti, zvitsauko 1-11 zvaGenesi hazvifaniri kutorwa sezvazviri. Asi sezvipfeko (nhumbi) zvinovhara muviri, saka mashoko acho anovharidzira zvazvinonyatsoreva chaizvo.

Zvisinei, Jesu akadzidzisa kuti zvitsauko izvozvo zvokutanga zvaGenesi ndezvechokwadi sezvazviri. (Mateu 19:4-6; 24:37-39) Muapostora Pauro naPetro vakataurawo zvakafanana. (Mabasa 17:24-26; 2 Petro 2:5; 3:6, 7) Vanoda kudzidza Bhaibheri zvechokwadi vanoramba tsananguro dzisingabvumirani neShoko raMwari rose zvaro.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Imba huru yaAlexandria ine mwenje unotungamirira ngarava

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library