“Kujekeswa” kweBhaibheri Muraibhurari Yekare Zvikuru yokuRussia

NYANZVI mbiri dziri kutsvaka manyoro eBhaibheri ekare. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anopfuura nomumagwenga achitsvaka mumapako, mudzimba dzemamongi, uye pamusoro pemawere paimbogarwa kare. Kwapera makore, vanoita mahwekwe muraibhurari yevanhu vose yekare zvikuru yokuRussia, kwavanowana manyoro eBhaibheri anonakidza zvikuru asati ambozivikanwa munyika. Varume ava vaiva vanaani? Pfuma yavakawana yakaguma sei yava muRussia?

Manyoro Ekare—Anodzivirira Shoko raMwari

Kuti tisangane nomumwe wenyanzvi mbiri idzi, tinofanira kudzokera shure pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, sangano rokuchinja zvedzidzo parakanga riri kukurumidza kupararira muEurope. Yaiva nguva yokufambira mberi mune zvesayenzi netsika, izvo zvakatsigira kusava nechokwadi netsika dzinodavirwa. Vanoongorora Bhaibheri vakaedza kuriita kuti risava nesimba. Kutaura zvazviri, nyanzvi dzairatidza kuti dzakanga dzisina chokwadi kana ndima dzeBhaibheri dzaiva dzechokwadi.

Vamwe vaidzivirira Bhaibheri nomwoyo wose vakanzwisisa kuti vadziviriri vatsva vaitozotsigira kuvimbika kweShoko raMwari, sezvo manyoro eBhaibheri ekare akanga asati ava kuwanikwa. Kudai manyoro ekare kudarika aripo aigona kuwanikwa, aizopupurira chinyararire kuti rugwaro rweBhaibheri ndorwechokwadi, kunyange zvazvo shoko racho rakanga raedza kuparadzwa kana kuti kuvhiringidzwa kwenguva refu. Manyoro akadaro aigonawo kuratidza nzvimbo shomanana dzakanga dzisina kushandurwa zvakarurama.

Kumwe kukakavadzana kwakasimba pamusoro pokuti Bhaibheri nderechokwadi here kwakatsviriridza muGermany. Ikoko mumwe purofesa wechiduku akasiya upenyu hwake hwomutambarakede hwaakanga awana nedzidzo achienda rwendo rwaizoita kuti awane zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru kwazvo zvine chokuita neBhaibheri munhoroondo yose yevanhu. Ainzi Konstantin von Tischendorf, nyanzvi yeBhaibheri yakaita kuti pave nokubudirira kunooneka pakudzivirira kuti rugwaro rweBhaibheri nderwechokwadi nokuramba kwayakaita kuongorora zvakanyorwa. Rwendo rwake rwokutanga kurenje reSinai muna 1844 rwakabudirira zvinoshamisa.  Paakangoti tarirei mubhini raiva muimba yemamongi akaona kopi yekare yeSeptuagint, kana kuti shanduro yechiGiriki yeMagwaro echiHebheru—yekare zvikuru yakanga isati yambowanikwa!

Achifara zvikuru, Tischendorf akakwanisa kutakura mapepa 43. Kunyange zvazvo aiva nechokwadi chokuti paiva nemamwe, paakadzokazve muna 1853 akangoona chikamu chawo. Mamwe ose aiva kupi? Mari yake yapera, Tischendorf akaedza kuti mumwe murume akanga akapfuma amutsigire nemari, uye akasarudza kusiyazve nyika yokumusha kwake kuti atsvake manyoro ekare. Zvisinei, asati aenda, aifanira kukumbira mambo weRussia.

Mambo Wacho Anozvifarira

Tischendorf angave akanetseka zvikuru kuti iye, nyanzvi yechiPurotesitendi, aizogamuchirwa sei kuRussia, nyika yakakura yakanga yagamuchira chitendero chokuRussia cheOrthodox. Zvinofadza kuti Russia yakanga yapinda munguva yakanaka kwazvo yokuchinja. Kusimbiswa kwedzidzo kwakanga kwaita kuti St. Petersburg’s Imperial Library itangwe muna 1795 naEmpress Catherine II (anozivikanwawo saCatherine Mukuru). Zvayakanga iri raibhurari yevanhu vose yokutanga muRussia, yaiva nemabhuku akawanda akadhindwa aikwanisa kuwanikwa nemamiriyoni evanhu.

Kunyange zvazvo yairumbidzwa seimwe yeraibhurari dzakanaka kwazvo muEurope, The Imperial Library yaiva nechinetso chimwe chete. Makore makumi mashanu yatangwa, raibhurari yacho yaingova nemanyoro echiHebheru matanhatu. Yakanga isingagoni kufambirana nokuwedzera kufarira kudzidza mitauro yeBhaibheri uye shanduro dzaro kwaiitwa neRussia. Catherine II akanga atumira nyanzvi kuyunivhesiti dzeEurope kuti dzinodzidza chiHebheru. Nyanzvi dzacho dzadzoka, kosi dzokudzidzira chiHebheru dzakatangwa muzvikoro zvikuru zvechitendero chokuRussia cheOrthodox zvokudzidzira upristi, uye kokutanga, nyanzvi dzokuRussia dzakatanga basa rokushandura Bhaibheri zvakarurama kubva muchiHebheru chekare dzichirishandurira mumutauro wokuRussia. Asi dzakanga dzisina mari uye dzaitoshorwa nevafundisi vaiomera nemari. Kuvhenekerwa kwechokwadi kwakanga kusati kwatanga kune vaya vaitsvaka zivo yeBhaibheri.

Mambo Alexander II, akakurumidza kunzwisisa kukosha kwerwendo rwaTischendorf achibva amutsigira nemari. Pasinei ne“godo uye kushora kwakanyanyisa” zvaiitwa nevamwe, Tischendorf akadzoka parwendo rwake rwokuSinai aine Septuagint * yakazara. Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Codex Sinaiticus, uye ichiri rimwe remanyoro eBhaibheri ekare zvikuru aripo. Adzoka kuSt. Petersburg, Tischendorf akakurumidza kuenda kumba kwamambo, kuImperial Winter Palace. Akakumbira kuti mambo wacho atsigire “rimwe remabasa makuru zvikuru pakuongorora uye kudzidza Bhaibheri”—Bhaibheri rakabudiswa remanyoro akanga achangobva kuwanikwa, iro rakazoiswa muThe Imperial Library. Mambo wacho akabvuma nyore nyore, uye Tischendorf achifara zvikuru akazonyora kuti: “Mwari apa chizvarwa chedu . . . Bhaibheri reSinaitic, kuti rinyatsotijekesera rugwaro chairwo rweShoko raMwari rakanyorwa, uye kuti ritibatsire pakudzivirira chokwadi nokuratidza kuti nderechokwadi.”

 Pfuma yeBhaibheri Kubva kuCrimea

Imwe nyanzvi yaitsvaka pfuma iri muBhaibheri yambotaurwa kwokutanga. Yaiva ani? Makore mashomanana Tischendorf asati adzokera kuRussia, The Imperial Library yakapiwa muunganidzwa wemagwaro aishamisa kwazvo zvokuti wakaita kuti mambo afare uchibva waita kuti nyanzvi dzose dzomuEurope dziuye kuRussia. Dzakashamiswa nezvadzakaona. Pamberi padzo paiva nomuunganidzwa wakakura wemanyoro nowezvimwewo zvinhu. Waiva nenhamba inoshamisa yemabhuku 2 412, kusanganisira manyoro uye mipumburu 975. Pakati pawo paiva nemanyoro eBhaibheri 45 aivapo zana remakore rechigumi risati rasvika. Kunyange zvazvo zvaiita sezvisingadaviriki, manyoro ose aya akanga aunganidzwa nomumwe murume ainzi Abraham Firkovich ari oga, nyanzvi yechiKaraite yakanga yava nemakore anodarika 70 panguva iyoyo! Asi vaKaraite vaiva vanaani? *

Mambo akafarira chaizvo mubvunzo uyu. Russia yakanga yawedzera miganhu yayo kuti ibatanidze nzvimbo yaimbova yedzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakanga zvaita kuti mapoka matsva emadzinza avepo munzvimbo yacho. Nharaunda yakanaka kwazvo yeCrimea, iri kumahombekombe eBlack Sea, yaigara vanhu vaiita sevaJudha asi vaiva netsika dzokuTurkey uye vaitaura mutauro wakada kuita seTatar. VaKaraite ava vakaona kuti vaiva vedzinza revaJudha vakanga vatapwa kuBhabhironi pashure pokuparadzwa kweJerusarema muna 607 B.C.E. Zvisinei, kusiyana navanarabhi vechiJudha, vakaramba Talmud vachibva vasimbisa kuverengwa kweMagwaro. VaKaraite vokuCrimea vaida zvikuru kuratidza mambo kuti vakanga vakasiyana navanarabhi vechiJudha, zvichiita kuti vave nezvinzvimbo zvakasiyana. Pavakamuratidza manyoro ekare aiva nevaKaraite, vaida kuratidza kuti vakanga vabva kuvaJudha vakanga vatamira kuCrimea pashure pokutapwa neBhabhironi.

Firkovich paakatanga kutsvaka zvinyorwa nemanyoro ekare, akatanga nepamusoro pemawere eCrimea eChufut-Kale paimbogarwa. Zvizvarwa zvevaKaraite zvakanga zvagara uye zvanamata mudzimba idzi duku dzaivakwa nematombo aivezwa mumawere. VaKaraite havana kumboparadza makopi eMagwaro akanga asakara aiva nezita raMwari rokuti Jehovha, nokuti vaifunga kuti kuita zvakadaro kwaiva kusaremekedza zvinhu zvitsvene. Manyoro acho akanga akanyatsoiswa mune kamwe kamba kokuchengetera zvinhu kanonzi genizah, kureva kuti “nzvimbo yokuvanza zvinhu” muchiHebheru. Sezvo vaKaraite vairemekedza zita raMwari zvikuru, kazhinji mapepa akadaro akanga asingavhiringidzwi.

Firkovich akanyatsotsvaka mugenizah, asingaori mwoyo nehuruva yakanga yapinda kwemazana emakore. Mune imwe yacho, akawana manyoro akakurumbira omuna 916 C.E. Inonzi Petersburg Codex of the Latter Prophets, nokuti ndiyo imwe yemakopi ekare zvikuru eMagwaro echiHebheru aripo.

Firkovich akakwanisa kuunganidza manyoro akawanda, uye muna 1859 akasarudza kupa The Imperial Library muunganidzwa wake mukuru. Muna 1862, Alexander II akabatsira kutenga muunganidzwa weraibhurari nechitsama chikuru chemari inokwana maruble 125 000. Panguva  iyoyo, mari yose yokushandisa muraibhurari yakanga isingadariki maruble 10 000 pagore! Zvakatengwa apa zvaisanganisira Leningrad Codex (B 19^A) yaizivikanwa zvikuru. Inotangira muna 1008 uye ndiyo kopi yekare zvikuru yakakwana yeMagwaro echiHebheru munyika yose. Imwe nyanzvi yakati “pamwe ndiwo manyoro eBhaibheri anonyanya kukosha nokuti ane rugwaro rwemazuva ano rwakanatsiridzwa rweBhaibheri rechiHebheru.” (Ona bhokisi riri munyaya ino.) Gore iroro ra1862, Codex Sinaiticus yaTischendorf yakabudiswa, ikarumbidzwa pasi pose.

Kuvhenekerwa Mune Zvokunamata Mazuva Ano

Raibhurari yacho iye zvino yava kuzivikanwa seThe National Library of Russia, ndiyo yakaunganidza manyoro ekare akawanda zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe raibhurari dzose pasi pose. * Tichifunga nezvenhoroondo yeRussia, zita reraibhurari yacho rakachinjwa kanomwe mumazana emakore maviri adarika. Rimwe zita rinonyatsozivikanwa nderokuti The State Saltykov-Shchedrin Public Library. Kunyange zvazvo nyonganyonga yezana remakore rechi20 yakakuvadza raibhurari yacho, manyoro ayo akapukunyuka ose muhondo dzose dzenyika uye pakakombwa Leningrad. Tinobatsirwa sei nemanyoro akadaro?

Shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzakawanda dzemazuva ano dzinovimba nemanyoro ekare. Dzinobvumira vaya vanotsvaka chokwadi nomwoyo wose kuti vave neshanduro yakajeka yeMagwaro Matsvene. Kodhekisi yeSinaiticus neyePetersburg dzakabatsira zvikuru pakushandura Bhaibheri reNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, rakabudiswa neZvapupu zvaJehovha rakazara muna 1961. Somuenzaniso, manyoro eBiblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia uye Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica, akashandiswa neDare reBhaibheri Reshanduro yeNyika Itsva, anobva muLeningrad Codex uye anoshandisa Tetragrammaton, kana kuti zita raMwari ka6 828 murugwaro rwepakutanga.

Vaverengi veBhaibheri vashomanana zvikuru vanoziva kuonga kwavanofanira kuita raibhurari iri munzvimbo yakanyarara iri kuSt. Petersburg uye manyoro ayo, mamwe ane zita raimbova reguta racho, rokuti Leningrad. Asi, tinofanira kunyanya kuonga Munyori weBhaibheri, Jehovha, uyo anopa chiedza chezvokunamata. Naizvozvo munyori wepisarema akamukumbira kuti: “Tumai chiedza chenyu nezvokwadi yenyu; zvinditungamirire.”—Pisarema 43:3.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 13]

ZITA RAMWARI RINOZIVIKANWA UYE RINOSHANDISWA

Nouchenjeri hwake, Jehovha akava nechokwadi chokuti Shoko rake Bhaibheri, rave rakachengetedzwa kusvikira iye zvino. Kubishaira kwavanyori mumakore ose aya kwave kuchisanganisira kurichengetedza. Vakanyanya kuita nokungwarira vaiva vaMasorete, vanyori vechiHebheru vaiva nounyanzvi avo vakashanda kubvira muzana remakore rechitanhatu kusvikira kune rechigumi C.E. ChiHebheru chekare chainyorwa chisina mavhawero. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvakawedzera ngozi yokurasikirwa nokududzwa kwakarurama sezvo chiAramaic chakatsiva chiHebheru. VaMasorete vakatanga muitiro wokuwedzera mavhawero kumashoko eBhaibheri kuti varatidze kududzwa kwakarurama kwemashoko echiHebheru.

Zvinokosha kuti mavhawero ari muLeningrad Codex anoratidza kududzwa kunofanira kuitwa Tetragrammaton—makonzonendi mana echiHebheru anoumba zita raMwari—kuti Yehwah’, Yehwih’, uye Yeho·wah’. “Jehovha” ndiwo madudzirwo anozivikanwa nevakawanda ava kuitwa zita racho. Zita raMwari raiva zita benyu, raizivikanwa nevanyori veBhaibheri nevamwe vekare. Nhasi, zita raMwari rinozivikanwa uye rinoshandiswa nemamiriyoni anobvuma kuti ‘Jehovha oga ndiye Wokumusorosoro kumusoro kwepasi pose.’—Pisarema 83:18.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Kamuri remanyoro riri muThe National Library

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Empress Catherine II

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 11]

Konstantin von Tischendorf (ari pakati) naAlexander II, mambo weRussia

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Abraham Firkovich

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Mifananidzo yose: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 11]

Catherine II: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; Alexander II: Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1898